 Bell says, even though most of the

ECIPROCATIN researchers emphasized parent’s influence

on children, in reality, interaction between

G INFLUENCE 
these two is reciprocal.
If you are nice to someone they feel good, it
creates a positive impression in their mind. In

BY BELL AND return, they feel obligated to be nice to you in

equal measure or more.

CAIRNS
ROBERT CAIRNS (1998)
ECIPROCATIN  points out the idea of bidirectionality does not
assume that parents and children exercise

G INFLUENCE 
equal influences over each other.
Bidirectional- capable of reacting or

BY BELL AND
functioning in two, opposite, directions.
 parents have the most control of their
children and children depends on them so

CAIRNS they don’t have equal influences.

RECIPROCATING
INFLUENCE
BY BELL AND CAIRNS
WHAT IS RECIPROCAL INFLUENCE?
It means that a child’s behavior is influenced by
others and others influenced their behavior.

Example:

If a child is showing bad behavior, the people around

the child will treat him/her more negatively. This may
then make the child exhibit more bad behavior.

LAW OF RECIPROCITY
States that every positive action can get a positive
reaction.

RICHARD Q. BELL (1979)

 American Psychologist
 Focused on the mutually interactive effects of
the mother and child.