Homework vs.

Mental /Physical Health & Student Performance

By: Ray Peguero, Jah Scudder, Gavin Mahoney, Aryas Sapkota

Wentworth Institute of Technology

MGMT 2200 Business Research Methods

Professor Cindy Stevens

18 December 2022
 2
Homework vs. Mental Health & Student Performance

Table of Contents

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................... 3

Research Objectives (Management Questions) ........................................................................................ 4
Hypothesis ................................................................................................................................................. 5
Literature Review....................................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 5
Stress and Anxiety...................................................................................................................................... 6
Academic burnout ..................................................................................................................................... 6
Student Health Reductions ........................................................................................................................ 7
Loss of motivation...................................................................................................................................... 9
Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 10
Impacts on academic performance ......................................................................................................... 12
Limitations and Biases ............................................................................................................................. 13
Research Design ....................................................................................................................................... 13
Data Collection......................................................................................................................................... 14
Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................................ 14
Findings .................................................................................................................................................... 15
Summary and Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 18
Recommendations ................................................................................................................................... 19
References ............................................................................................................................................... 19

2
 3
Homework vs. Mental Health & Student Performance

Executive Summary
Mental health is a big topic around the world and can come in many different forms. While
researching the topic of students' mental & physical health alongside the amount of homework
that students are given it has been clear that there is some sort of correlation between stages of
stress and anxiety, health reductions, loss of motivation, and student burnout. It has been
statistically proven that most students entering college do not walk the ceremonial stage for
graduation. Education is a cumulative process, as you progress the workload expands, and the
problems become more cumbersome. As students progress not only through college but at
different school levels, many students end up experiencing some common phases that many
students go through which impacts their academic performance.
The symptoms are
- Stress & Anxiety

3
 4
Homework vs. Mental Health & Student Performance

- Health Reductions
- Lack of motivation
- Student burnout
The symptoms I just listed above are the most crucial factors that contribute to the whole point of
this literature review as we tie it all to the excessive amount of workload/homework that students
are given daily. We sent out a survey and approxametly received 54 responses asking them broad
questions on their health and academic performance. The most effective way to improve these
phases is by doing physical activities such as sports, walking, running, or going to the gym.
Another way students can get through tough phases like these is to invest in their mental health is
by staying active, maintaining a healthy diet, and by learning how to relax and to take things
slowly. By giving less homework to students, increasing the social aspect around the school and
school spirit we could see an increase in morale across students in different majors. The school
spirit at Wentworth is low and we could change that in both a positive and psychological way.

Definitions
Mental Health: A person’s condition regarding their psychological and emotional well-being.
Academic burnout: Academic burnout can be defined as a negative emotional, physical, and
mental reaction to prolonged study that results in exhaustion, frustration, lack of motivation and
reduced ability in school.
Homework structure: The way that homework is given out and how you are instructed to
complete it.
Depression: Common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how a person feels, the
way they think, and how they act.
Anxiety: A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease.

Research Objectives (Management Questions)

- At what point is homework affecting mental health?

4
 5
Homework vs. Mental Health & Student Performance

- If the homework structure is changed, will more students want to do it?

- Will a decrease in the amount of homework affect test/exam grades?
- How much more homework will be done if it is not as time-consuming?
- Does engaging in school events boost morale of students?
- How does an overload of homework affect student performance?
- How does an excessive amount of homework impact a student's mental & physical
health?
- Is homework making young students feel alone which is taking away from outside
activities and family/friends time?
- How can institutions help students deal with mental health while in school?

Hypothesis
An excessive amount of homework causes extreme mental and physical health problems that
range from elevated levels of stress and anxiety, health reductions, loss of motivation, and
student burnout among college students aged 18-25.
By lowering the amount of homework given to students and increasing school spirit, we can
lower the rate of student’s mental and physical health by 20%.

Literature Review
Introduction
When students step on foot for the first time on campus, they should feel a wave of happiness
and excitement as they enter this new path in their lives. But many students do not feel that way
after a few weeks or even a month. At this point, a student experiences many different emotions
that can impact them mentally and physically. In our literature review, you will see a range of
topics that all impact student health due to excessive amounts of homework given in the different
courses that piles on which ends up impacting the general body. We are not saying that
homework should be removed but the amount of homework given should be decreased.

5
 6
Homework vs. Mental Health & Student Performance

Stress and Anxiety

The more homework that a student receives, the higher their stress levels increase. “56 percent of
the students considered homework a primary source of stress, according to the survey data.
Forty-three percent viewed tests as a primary stressor, while 33 percent put the pressure to get
good grades in that category. Less than 1 percent of the students' said homework was not a
stressor.” (Stanford University, 2014) It is standard in most academic curriculums that tests, and
quizzes are the greatest factor towards your grades, yet homework leads 56 percent of students
who decided that homework is a greater cause of stress than tests and quizzes. The word
“homework” can be a trigger word for many. Once you think of homework, you think about
hours of work you are forced to do to accomplish a good grade.
The number of assignments students have on top of their weekly classes can be difficult to
balance, especially when the teacher is grading for completion and quality. If you add in the fact
that many teachers take homework assignments for grades, it adds even more pressure onto
students. If they do not have time to complete the homework during the day, many will either get
a zero and, thus, a bad grade or sacrifice their sleep, which affects them the next day. “It
becomes an endless and damaging cycle of burnout.” (Baylor, 2019) The pressure some students
may face can be harsh on their mental health, especially if they have a conflicting schedule daily.
Many students' schedules are dependent on the type of major they are enrolled in hence there are
many distinct types of courseloads corresponding to the major a particular student is in. For
example, a student that is enrolled in a stem major would end up having a higher courseload
compared to an arts major who may have a small courseload and less stress depending on the
student.

Academic burnout
A result of academic burnout is having elevated expectations where you force yourself too much
and become self-critical of your work. Having elevated expectations is okay, we all want to
succeed but sometimes it is okay to go with the flow and slow down the pace. Trying to be
perfect is hard and no student is. Every student is unique, and we want to push ourselves to
succeed but there will always be bumps along the way hence, you should take things slow and

6
 7
Homework vs. Mental Health & Student Performance

steady. In college many students are taking five or six courses with different workload structures
which can be overwhelming and stressful.
“If you’re feeling college burnout at any time, take some time to relax. Yes, I realize that you
have things to work on and study for, but let’s be honest: are you really going to be productive
when you’re feeling that bad? Don’t push yourself over the edge; it’s just not worth it. On
another note, try not to give yourself a hard time when it comes to grades. Although academics is
central to the college experience, don’t allow yourself to become involved only in academics.”
(Virginia University, 2019) Find your peace; look for something that will bring you at ease.
Whether it may be going for a stroll, reading a book, or playing a sport, having the ability to look
forward to something you enjoy doing could bring you a sense of peace. Sometimes having
something to look forward to can be exciting and gives you the energy you need to keep pushing
forward.
“Study burnout results from emotional and physical exhaustion caused by excessive and
prolonged stress of all or any of these factors. It occurs when you feel overwhelmed and unable
to meet constant demands. As the stress continues, you begin to lose the interest or motivation
that led you to take on a certain role in the first place. Student burnout reduces your productivity
and saps your energy, and may leave you feeling increasingly hopeless, powerless, cynical, and
resentful.” (Albert Einstein College of Medicine,2022)

Student Health Reductions

While in school, students are constantly thinking about schoolwork and other long term school
projects. In college, we get many assignments that are semester long projects, along with many
other deadlines that we must keep in mind with varying courses. Due to this, we lose ourselves
throughout the semester. We may be in the wrong mindset, and we might not be eating as much
as we are used to, a problem that occurs often. This impacts both physical and mental health,
which can cause a lack of focus and interest during classes. "In their open-ended answers, many
students said their homework load led to sleep deprivation and other health problems. The
researchers asked students whether they experienced health issues such as headaches,
exhaustion, sleep deprivation, weight loss and stomach problems.” (Stanford, 2014)

7
 8
Homework vs. Mental Health & Student Performance

Due to excessive amounts of homework, students do not get much time to wind down and reset
for following classes. Students will wake up the next day already stressed out thinking about the
next assignment due. This becomes what feels like an endless cycle of repetition. With this
repetition, students do not realize how exhausted they are, nor do students have time to work on
their physical and mental health. School becomes a constant cycle of stress for many students
hence why we should have mental health days for students who need them. “Academic pressure
is another major factor leading to the decline in physical health of college students. Before
entering colleges and universities, students experienced three years of hardcore studies in high
school and gave up a lot of exercise time in high school. Therefore, even after entering college,
most students have lost the habit of exercising, and their physical fitness gradually deteriorated.”
(National Library of Medicine, 2016) Physical and mental health work hand in hand with one
another, therefore it is important that students have the time during the day to work on
themselves physically as this could have an impact on their mental state as well.

When beginning the academic year, students have a target in mind as to what they want to
achieve. When students do not reach their goals, they tend to feel like they have failed and
become disappointed in themselves. Students push themselves so much that they end up losing
track of their physical health. In high school, students would have gym periods or something
equivalent to recess time, to get physical exercise in for the day but once you enter college,
physical health is not encouraged as much. Most college campuses and universities have workout
gyms or basketball gyms, but a particular set of students might not feel comfortable working out
in a competitive environment like a gymnasium. Dietary factors are also a key factor in health
reduction among students. College food is not that good and is not necessarily healthy. There
will always be salads and your regular vegetables, but is this appealing to students? Eating
unhealthily can lead to students getting sick, impacting their academic performance resulting in a
drop of grades. “Try lean red meat, spinach, whole grain breads and cereal, eggs, nuts, oranges,
apples and carrots. Eat Fruit - Fruit ranks high among the best foods you can eat for your brain.
The natural sugars in fruit offer clean energy, so you don't experience the crash that follows
consumption of refined sugar.” (Davidson, 2022)

8
 9
Homework vs. Mental Health & Student Performance

Loss of motivation
Motivation is important in ensuring that students can complete a full semester and not quit. Many
students lose interest throughout the course quickly. This could be due to the types of classes
they enrolled in, the duration of the course, and the type of work that is given for that specific
course. “Students can lose motivation in college for a variety of reasons, ranging from being
unsure of what to pick for a major or disliking classes, to more serious conditions like anxiety
and depression. They may also realize that they do not like their college, have become socially
alienated, or have never developed the self-discipline to tackle high workload times.” (Ludovici,
2022). When first-year students start their first year of college, they do not really know what to
expect in the types of classes they get registered in. Some high school students might still have
the high school mindset of how classes are going to be in that just does noot work well in high
level college courses at all. “Particular Points along the path to college graduation make one
susceptible to "hesitations of motivation". Some students experience a big downturn in
motivation sometime in their first year. They have relentlessly pushed themselves for 12 or 13
years to gain admittance to a prestigious institution of higher learning, and here they are.
realizing there is no rest for the weary. They must push, and push, and push themselves for 4 or 6
or 10 more years before they can relax. (Brown University, 2022) Students who are just starting
college have been working to get to this stage for their whole life almost 12-13 years to get to the
goal they have always set for themselves. A loss of motivation can really impact a young
student's health negatively and make them feel like they are not built for the college system or
education. Motivating and encouraging younger students are important and making them feel
welcome to the school is important to encourage and motivate them to have this mindset where
they believe in themselves to walk across the stage after 4 years.

How can treating these problems help Wentworth? (Conclusion)

By dealing with these problems, we would see a huge boost in morale at Wentworth among
students. We would see more students engaging in the community by hosting events that
students would like to participate in. Wentworth should also try to promote physical health and
the gymnasium more to improve the physical health of students. If Wentworth can bring students
together and make everyone feel welcome, we would see an increase in admissions rate along
with more success across the different majors that Wentworth has to offer. “From academic

9
 10
Homework vs. Mental Health & Student Performance

achievement to general happiness, the survey indicated a positive relationship to school spirit.
Principals overwhelmingly believe it is important that they personally build school spirit at their
school (89%) and that higher levels of school spirit are tied to higher student achievement.
Among the ways that principals indicated that they build school spirit were awarding students for
academic performance; engaging faculty, administrators, and staff; promoting clubs and
organizations; holding social events.” (NFHS, 2022) By finding ways to improve outside of class
activities it has been proven that the atmosphere of everything else just feels good and falls in
place. A positive mindset plays a huge role as we would see more student engagement across
campus along with more social events with students meeting other people, etc. The faculty and
staff at Wentworth are great when it comes to communicating with students, but we could take it
a step further and try to become even closer and build stronger relationships with students that
could help in the future.

Methodology
We conducted two surveys to figure out how students feel about homework and what changes
they would like to see or make to improve their physical and mental health. We had sent out our
survey originally to classmates which helped us get a moderate number of responses. We then
waited a couple of weeks and tried to make our questions more informed. We then sent out our
surveys to a larger audience. Our group members sent out our surveys to members in different
classes and we also posted our survey on our social media accounts to get students from other
institutions' points of view on how they feel regarding homework. We collected data by using
two different methods that we thought would be useful for this project. The two methods we
used gained insight on the way students feel about homework and how answers varied depending
on the student. The first way we received data was by conducting an observation study in which
we collected information that was collected in a spreadsheet. As a group we decided to target the
library as our main point for collecting data to observe. We had a recording sheet to help us
identify students with labels that consisted of: Individual, Sex (M/F), Time spent on HW (< 1 hr./
> 1 hr.), identifiers, and comments. The individual section was used as numbers to track how
many students we observed while the sex refers to the student's gender. The identifier section
was for us to identify students with what they were wearing. In the comment section we jotted
down notes on trends we might have come across, for example we wrote down if students were

10
 11
Homework vs. Mental Health & Student Performance

checking their phones, talking to someone, scrolling on the internet, etc. Below you will see the
list of survey questions we sent out:

Survey

Demographic:

What is your gender?

- Male
- Female
- Other:

What year do you graduate?

What is your major?

Do you live on campus or commute?

What type of learner are you?

- Visual
- Auditory
- Read/Write
- Kinesthetic

Student preference on assignments:

What types of assignments do you enjoy working on?

- Essays
- Individual Projects
- Group Projects
- Research Assignments
- Worksheet
- Other:

What helps you learn class material the most?

11
 12
Homework vs. Mental Health & Student Performance

- In class activities
- Working with a group
- Lectures
- Homework

Impacts on academic performance

Have you felt a drop in your mental and physical health due to homework?

Do you think homework boosts learning?

If you had the choice, would you assign homework to students?

How much time do you spend on homework per day?

- 0-30 min
- 31-60 min
- 1 hour to 2 hours
- 2 hours or more

What time of day do you typically do homework?

- In class
- After or before school
- Do not do any homework at all
- Other:

What gives you the most stress?

1. Excessive amounts of homework

2. Small quiz
3. Semester long project
4. Other:

Have you ever cheated on homework to get it done faster?

12
 13
Homework vs. Mental Health & Student Performance

Limitations and Biases

Throughout this research project our group faced many limitations and biases that could have
altered our data collection and records. We sent out our surveys numerous times and students not
attempting to complete the survey could have made our process slower. Some students' mental
and physical health may not be impacted by homework compared to other students as it differs
by student. We believe and trust our classmates to be as honest as can be during these surveys as
they are anonymous, allowing students to input answers as accurately as possible. Some factors
that could come into play are:

- Not taking the survey seriously therefore we get some questions that had no submissions or
only completed a couple of questions while leaving the rest of the survey empty.

- Student interpretation of how they see our survey can be different and that can skew our data a
certain way.

- Not all students are comfortable speaking out about their mental health, anonymous or not.

Research Design
We chose this survey because we felt like it had a bit of everything regarding the types of
questions we were asking. We wanted to really see the different demographics we received and
categorize them into diverse groups regarding gender, if they dorm or commute, etc. These types
of questions are important to research studies because you can do some further research and
create some questions regarding if students who live on campus have a better mental status and
academic performance compared to a student who may commute and have a higher level of
stress regarding their academic performance. Some strengths and weaknesses we believe in this
research design is that we think we got a suitable number of responses that got filled out
compared to other groups, we also believe that we could expand more on this topic with the data
we received. Some weaknesses are that we were not allowed, or we hesitated to ask students
about sensitive topics regarding mental health. We believe that if we had that aspect or approach,
we could have gotten a lot more survey results, but we know that mental health is a real thing,
and that privacy is important.

13
 14
Homework vs. Mental Health & Student Performance

Data Collection
Raw data from the survey was collected by sending it out to classmates in which we received
many responses. We received approximately 54 responses, which we are happy with. In the
beginning, we made a couple of rough draft of our surveys and then ended up finalizing one with
many questions ranging from demographics to student preferences, mental & physical health,
and finally with some questions regarding academic performance. The survey starts off with
basic student information such as gender, major, graduation year, and if they lived on campus or
were a commuter. These are basic questions to get a feel for how different students would end up
responding to more in-depth questions such as academic performance and health impact. By
doing this, we could further expand our research and create categories in which we would be
able to look at any trends depending on the demographic questions. After some basic
demographic questions, we decided to ask questions based on student preferences in order to get
some of their input on how they feel about the amount of schoolwork they are given and to see
how they really feel about just the way things run on campus. By asking these questions, we got
to really analyze the differences in the way students learn things varying from the types of
learners to the types of assignments they enjoy doing or what types of things help them learn
class material. To further our data collection, we then directly went into asking the impact that
school had on their academic performance and if they had felt a drop in their mental and physical
health levels. We asked things like what gives a student stress, how much time they spent a day
doing homework, what time they do homework, and if they ever cheated on homework just so
they could get it done. It became quite clear to us that students here don’t really have the social
ife they really want to because most of them are just stressed out trying to figure out how to
complete all their assignments on a given day or deadline.

Data Analysis
Based on the responses we received, responses were mostly similar based on the students that
surveyed. The data showed that a significant percentage of students said that they felt a mental
impact on them coming in at a whooping 88.5%. Regarding gender information, the respondents
who surveyed 61.1% came out to be male while 38.9% of students were female. The ages
collected in this survey were about 18-25 years old, all being college students. About 44.4% of

14
 15
Homework vs. Mental Health & Student Performance

the students who surveyed turned out to be sophomores while 38.8% of the students turned out to
be first-year students. The questions we chose were built off each other so that we could analyze
trends and data that we thought were similar. For our observation study, we wanted the data to
depend on a few factors. As a group, we stayed for a span of about 4 hours and watched students
as they came in, noted their time, loomed at their faces to see emotions of how they were feeling
and jotted down what time they ended up leaving the library to see how long a usual assignment
takes.

Findings
As a result of our survey study, it was found that many students find that we get excessive
amounts of homework given to us that slowly contributes to a drop in their mental health levels
along with seeing an increased rise in stress, anxiety and a lack of motivation for other
assignments. As a result of our observation study, we conducted we found that a majority of
students spent about over 2 hours in the library working on different assignments with breaks in
between getting distracted by phones, friends, etc. The presence of students in the library was
found to be very saturated around 12 pm and 4 pm with many seats being taken by students. We
have also observed through the Douglas Schuman Library website that it is hard to book a study
room for students to work in as most are taken or booked daily. In order to get a study room, you
would most likely need to book a week in advance.

Figure A

15
 16
Homework vs. Mental Health & Student Performance

As seen in the figure above, many students (88.5%) of respondents who did the survey, said that
they have felt a drop in their mental and physical health due to the workload of homework they
receive.

Figure B
As seen in the figure above we can see that most students do not believe that homework does not
help boost their learning at all. 59.6% of respondents said no while 29% of respondents said it
depends on other factors.

Figure C
In figure c, we can see that 40.4% of students tend to spend about 2 hours or more on homework
per day while 38 % Of students said that they spend about an hour or 2 doing homework while
15.4% only said that they spend about a half an hour to an hour max on homework.

16
 17
Homework vs. Mental Health & Student Performance

Figure D
Now in the above figure we can see that the leading cause of stress to students is “Excessive
amounts of homework” with the percentage of 69.2 compared to the next closest factor which is
“semester long project” which came out to about 19%.

17
 18
Homework vs. Mental Health & Student Performance

Figure E
In the figure above you can see the way we conducted our observation study with the labels next
to them along with a small comment section on the right side explaining any comments and types
of things they see with students.

Summary and Conclusions

When researching the several types of subjects ranging on academic performance while
correlating them with student’s feelings and emotions, we found that that as proven by our data,
excessive amounts of homework can be detrimental for a student to strive throughput the year.
We are inconclusive, however, regarding homework being a burden to students. Our research
shows that too much homework has a negative effect on students but there are many factors we
must consider like the school we attend, the classes Wentworth has to offer, and the amount of

18
 19
Homework vs. Mental Health & Student Performance

homework that is given to our students compared to students at other universities, making our
study inconclusive.

Recommendations
There are many ways that we could cut down excessive amount of homework being given in
order to improve general student health while in college. To begin, we could start off by trying to
improve the social life here at Wentworth and the general body. We could also try to improve the
school spirit and try to tie the community together and make all students with different
backgrounds feel welcome. By doing this, students could feel a bit happier and could have the
opportunity to meet new people instead of making them feel like they are alone, which could
lead to a negative impact on their general health. Along with trying to improve social and general
body life at the school we should try to have students receive less amount of homework due to
the high course load from the different courses that each student is enrolled in. By making the
load of homework less students have a chance to have a social life and to do things that they
enjoy doing. Most students are stressed in school due to the workload and barely have time to
take care of their bodies and to get their mind right. We could also have more events for students
which can help students boost morale and social engagement with different students and majors.
These events could take place every couple of days with innovative ideas being recommended.
Wentworth could ask students to fill in our surveys to see what type of events they would like to
have at school and in general just try to lighten up students and make them feel better.

References

The Princeton Review. (2014). High School Workloads, Student Stress, and How Parents Can
Help. Princetonreview.com. https://www.princetonreview.com/college-
advice/homework-wars

Parker, C. B. (2014, March 10). Stanford research shows pitfalls of homework. Stanford News;
Stanford University. https://news.stanford.edu/2014/03/10/too-much-homework-031014/

19
 20
Homework vs. Mental Health & Student Performance

Trinh, F. (n.d.). Is Homework Necessary to Assign? Silver Streak.

https://silverstreakonline.com/opinion/2021/05/25/is-homework-necessary-to-assign/

News | Department of Economics. (n.d.). Economics.virginia.edu.

https://economics.virginia.edu/news/3-reasons-you

Alfie Kohn. (2006, October 19). Homework: No Proven Benefits. Edutopia; George Lucas
Educational Foundation. https://www.edutopia.org/no-proven-benefits

Wexler, N. (n.d.). Why Homework Doesn’t Seem To Boost Learning--And How It Could.
Forbes. Retrieved November 14, 2022, from
https://www.forbes.com/sites/nataliewexler/2019/01/03/why-homework-doesnt-seem-to-
boost-learning-and-how-it-could/?sh=1ad5bf868ab1

Patterson, K. (n.d.). Homework isn’t helpful in first grade or in college | The Baylor Lariat.
https://baylorlariat.com/2021/11/09/homework-isnt-helpful-in-first-grade-or-in-college/

Weir, K. (2016, March). Is homework a necessary evil? Https://Www.apa.org.

https://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/03/homework

Yavich, R., & Davidovitch, N. (2020). Homework: At Home or at School?—Attitudes of

Teachers, Parents and the General Public: A Case Study. International Education Studies,
13(6), 170. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v13n6p170

Bates, A. (2013, November 14). The Case Against Homework: Why It Doesn’t Help Students
Learn | Resilient Educator. ResilientEducator.com.
https://resilienteducator.com/classroom-resources/the-homework-debate-the-case-
against-homework/

Hough, L. (2012). Are You Down With or Done With Homework? Harvard Graduate School of
Education. https://www.gse.harvard.edu/news/ed/12/01/are-you-down-or-done-
homework

Is homework beneficial in today’s education landscape? (2019, October 9). Study International.
https://www.studyinternational.com/news/homework-beneficial-education-landscape/

20
 21
Homework vs. Mental Health & Student Performance

Oxford Learning. (2017, June 16). Infographic: How Does Homework Actually Affect Students?
| Oxford Learning. Oxford Learning. https://www.oxfordlearning.com/how-does-
homework-affect-students/

Hovav, K. (2022, January 18). Should Homework Be Banned? GoodRx.

https://www.goodrx.com/health-topic/childrens-health/should-homework-be-banned

University Of The People. (2020, January 23). The Pros and Cons: Should Students Have
Homework? University of the People; university of the people.
https://www.uopeople.edu/blog/the-pros-and-cons-of-homework/

Levy, S. (2019, August 22). Why Homework Is Bad: Stress and Consequences. Healthline;
Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health-news/children-more-homework-means-
more-stress-031114

Dealing with study burnout. Albert Einstein College of Medicine. (n.d.). Retrieved December 6,
2022, from https://www.einsteinmed.edu/education/student-affairs/academic-support-
counseling/medical-school-challenges/study-burnout.aspx

Student health and well-being. Davidson. (n.d.). Retrieved December 6, 2022, from
https://www.davidson.edu/offices-and-services/student-health-and-well-being

Ludovici, J., & Ludovici, J. L. J. (n.d.). Jeff Ludovici. Learning At College Strategy Blog.
Retrieved December 6, 2022, from https://www.learning.collegestrategyblog.com/students-
motivation-in-college/

Brown University. Motivation: Lost or Just Misplaced? | Counseling and Psychological Services
(CAPS). (n.d.). Retrieved December 6, 2022, from https://www.brown.edu/campus-
life/support/counseling-and-psychological-services/motivation-lost-or-just-misplaced

Survey shows students with school spirit are top achievers. NFHS. (n.d.). Retrieved December 6,
2022, from https://www.nfhs.org/articles/survey-shows-students-with-school-spirit-are-
top-achievers/

21