Chapter 1 Full Solns

Chapter 1
Section 1.2 Practice Exercises 12 12

c. 3= since simplifies to 3.
4 4
1. a. 5 < 8 since 5 is to the left of 8 on the number
line. 7. a. |−8| = 8 since −8 is 8 units from 0 on a
number line.
b. 6 > 4 since 6 is to the right of 4 on the
number line. b. |9| = 9 since 9 is 9 units from 0 on a number
line.
c. 16 < 82 since 16 is to the left of 82 on the
number line.
c. |−2.5| = 2.5 since −2.5 is 2.5 units from 0 on
a number line.
2. a. 9 ≥ 3 is true, since 9 > 3 is true.
b. 3 ≥ 8 is false, since neither 3 > 8 nor 3 = 8 is 5 5 5 5

d. = since is unit from 0 on a
true. 11 11 11 11
number line.
c. 25 ≤ 25 is true, since 25 = 25 is true.
1 1 1 1
d. 4 ≤ 14 is true, since 4 < 14 is true. e. − = since − is unit from 0 on a
2 2 2 2
3. a. 3<8 number line.
b. 15 ≥ 9 8. a. |8| = |−8| since 8 = 8.
c. 6≠7 b. |−3| > 0 since 3 > 0.
4. The integer −10 represents 10 meters below sea c. |−7| < |−11| since 7 < 11.
level.
d. |3| > |2| since 3 > 2.
5. a. The natural number is 25.
e. |0| < |−4| since 0 < 4.
b. The whole number is 25.
Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 1.2
c. The integers are 25, −15, −99.
1. The whole numbers are {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...}.
7 3 2. The natural numbers are {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}.
d. The rational numbers are 25, , −15, − ,
3 4
−3.7, 8.8, −99. 3. The symbols ≠, ≤, and > are called inequality
symbols.
e. The irrational number is 5.
4. The integers are {..., −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}.
7 3
f. The real numbers are 25, , −15, − , 5. The real numbers are {all numbers that
3 4 correspond to points on a number line}.
5, −3.7, 8.8, −99.
6. The rational numbers are
6. a. 0 < 3 since 0 is to the left of 3 on a number a 
line.  a and b are integers, b ≠ 0  .
b 
b. 15 > −5 since 15 is to the right of −5 on a
7. The irrational numbers are {nonrational numbers
number line.
that correspond to points on a number line}.
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

Chapter 1: Review of Real Numbers ISM: Beginning Algebra
8. The distance between a number b and 0 on a 28. Negative seven is not equal to seven is written as
number line is |b|. −7 ≠ 7.
9. To form a true statement: 0 < 7. 30. The integer 535 represents 535 feet above sea
level. The integer −8 represents 8 feet below sea
10. Five is greater than or equal to four; 5 ≥ 4 level.
11. 0 belongs to the whole numbers, the integers, the 32. The integer −11,496 represents 11,496 fewer
rational numbers, and the real numbers; since 0 students.
is a rational number, it cannot also be an
irrational number. 34. 30 represents an ascent of feet. −50 represents a
descent of 50 feet.
12. The absolute value of a real number a, denoted
by |a|, is the distance between a and 0 on a 1
number line. 36. The number belongs to the sets of: rational
4
Exercise Set 1.2 numbers and real numbers.
2. 9 < 15 since 9 is to the left of 15 on a number 1

38. The number − belongs to the sets of: rational
line. 2
numbers and real numbers.
4. 2.13 > 1.13 since 2.13 is to the right of 1.13 on a
number line. 40. The number 5 belongs to the sets of: natural
numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational
6. 20 > 0 since 20 is to the right of 0 on a number numbers, and real numbers.
line.
42. The number 3 belongs to the sets of: irrational
8. −4 > −6 since −4 is to the right of −6 on a numbers and real numbers.
number line.
5
10. 0 < 100 since 0 is to the left of 100 on a number 44. The number −1 belongs to the sets of: rational
line. 9
numbers and real numbers.
12. 360 ≥ 180 since 360 is to the right of 180 on a
number line. 46. False; negative numbers may be irrational.
14. 4 ≥ 7 is false, since 4 is to the left of 7 on a 48. True

number line.
50. False; irrational numbers are real.
16. 17 > 16 is true, since 17 is to the right of 16 on a
number line. 1
52. False; is not an integer.
2
18. 8 ⋅ 8 ≤ 8 ⋅ 7 is false, since 56 is to the left of 64
on a number line. 54. False; 0 is a whole number that is not positive.
20. 4 < 7 is true, since 4 is to the left of 7 on a 56. −200 < −20 since −200 is to the left of −20 on a
number line. number line.
22. 0 < −15 is false, since 0 is to the right of −15 on 58. 7.1 > −7 since 7.1 is to the right of −7 on a
a number line. number line.
24. Fifteen is greater than five is written as 15 > 5. 18 24

60. < since 6 < 8.
3 3
26. Negative ten is less than or equal to thirty-seven
is written as −10 ≤ 37. 62. |−20| > −200 since 20 > 200.
2 Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc.

ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 1: Review of Real Numbers
64. 0 = |0| since 0 = 0. 63 3⋅3⋅ 7 7 7

2. a. = = =
72 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 8
2 2 2 2
66. = − since = .
5 5 5 5 64 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 16
b. = = =
12 2⋅2⋅3 3 3
68. −500 < |−50| since −500 < 50.
7 7
24 24 c. =
70. −12 = since 12 = . 25 5 ⋅ 5
2 2 There are no common factors other than 1,
72. The 2020 blueberry production in Michigan was 7
so is already in lowest terms.
74 million pounds, while the 2020 blueberry 25
production in Washington was 168 million
pounds. 3 7 3⋅7 3⋅7 7 7
3. ⋅ = = = =
74 million < 168 million 8 9 8 ⋅ 9 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 24
74. The 2020 blueberry production in Oregon was 3 4 3 9 3 ⋅ 9 27
154 million pounds, while the 2020 blueberry 4. a. ÷ = ⋅ = =
4 9 4 4 4 ⋅ 4 16
production in Washington was 168 million
pounds.
5 5 1 5 ⋅1 5 1
168 − 154 = 14 b. ÷ 15 = ⋅ = = =
The production in Oregon was 14 million pounds 12 12 15 12 ⋅ 15 12 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 36
less or −14 million.
7 7 7 15 7 ⋅ 15 15 3 ⋅ 5 5
c. ÷ = ⋅ = = = =
76. The tallest bar represents 55 players admitted. 6 15 6 7 6⋅7 6 2⋅3 2
78. Look for the bars that have heights less than 30; 8 3 8−3 5
1931−1940 and 1951−1960. 5. a. − = = =1
5 5 5 5
80. answers may vary
8 2 8−2 6
b. − = =
82. 0.96 < 0.98 since 0.96 is to the left of 0.98 on the 5 5 5 5
number line.
3 1 3 +1 4
84. Spica is dimmer since 0.98 > 0.96. c. + = =
5 5 5 5
86. Regulus is dimmest since 1.35 is to the right of
all other numbers listed. 5 1 5 +1 6 1
d. + = = =
12 12 12 12 2
88. 13 ≥ −13 has the same meaning as −13 ≤ 13.
2 2 7 2 ⋅ 7 14
90. 73 < 75 has the same meaning as 75 > 73. 6. = ⋅ = =
3 3 7 3 ⋅ 7 21
92. −2 > −4 has the same meaning as −4 < −2. 5 1 5 ⋅ 7 1 ⋅ 11
7. a. + = +
94. answers may vary 11 7 11 ⋅ 7 7 ⋅ 11
35 11
= +
Section 1.3 Practice Exercises 77 77
35 + 11
1. a. 36 = 4 ⋅ 9 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 =
77
46
b. 200 = 2 ⋅100 = 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 25 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 =
77

5 10 4. A fraction is said to be simplified when the

b. = numerator and the denominator have no common
21 42
1 7 factors other than 1.
− = −
6 42
1 5. In 7 ⋅ 3 = 21, the numbers 7 and 3 are called
3
= factors and the number 21 is called the product.
42 14
2 9
1 29 4 10 29 4 ⋅ 6 6. The fractions and are called reciprocals.
c. + − = + − 9 2
3 30 5 30 30 5 ⋅ 6
10 + 29 24 7. Fractions that represent the same quantity are
= −
30 30 called equivalent fractions.
39 − 24
= 8. 5, Fundamental Principle of Fractions
30
15
= 9. The division operation changes to multiplication
30
1 1
= and the second fraction changes to its
20
2
20
reciprocal .
1 2 31 22 1
8. 5 ⋅ 4 = ⋅
6 5 6 5
10. Find the LCD; two fractions must have the same
31 ⋅ 22
= or common denominator before you can subtract
6⋅5 (or add).
31 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 11
=
2 ⋅3⋅5 7
11. The number 4 is not in proper mixed number
341 6
=
15 7
form as the fraction part, , should not be an
11 6
= 22
15 improper fraction.
1 1 13 Exercise Set 1.3

9. 76= 76 = 75
12 12 12 1
1 3 3 2. 1 of the 4 equal parts are shaded;
− 35 = − 35 = − 35 4
4 12 12
10 5
40 = 40 2
12 6 4. 2 of the 5 equal parts are shaded;
5
6. 60 = 4 ⋅ 15 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5
5
1. A quotient of two numbers, such as , is called 8. 27 = 3 ⋅ 9 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3
8
a fraction. 10. 56 = 4 ⋅ 14 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 7
3 12. 32 = 4 ⋅ 8 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2
2. In the fraction , the number 3 is called the
11
numerator and the number 11 is called the 14. 24 = 4 ⋅ 6 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3
denominator.
3 1⋅ 3 1
16. = =
3. To factor a number means to write it as a 6 2 ⋅3 2
product.

15 3 ⋅ 5 3 13 35 13 + 35
18. = = 48. + =
20 4 ⋅ 5 4 132 132 132
48
=
5 5 132
20. =
9 9 2 ⋅2 ⋅2 ⋅2 ⋅3
=
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 11
42 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 7 14 2⋅2
22. = = =
45 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 15 11
4
=
360 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 18 11
24. = = =
700 2⋅ 2⋅5⋅5⋅7 5⋅7 35
2 2 ⋅3 6
50. = =
7 3 7 ⋅ 3 21 3 3⋅3 9
26. ⋅ = =
11 5 11 ⋅ 5 55
8 8 ⋅ 8 64
52. = =
7 3 7⋅3 7⋅3 1 7 7 ⋅ 8 56
28. ⋅ = = =
8 21 8 ⋅ 21 8 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 7 8
4 4 ⋅ 5 20
54. = =
7 1 7 2 7⋅2 7⋅2 7 5 5 ⋅ 5 25
30. ÷ = ⋅ = = =
12 2 12 1 12 ⋅ 1 2 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 1 6
3 1 3 ⋅ 3 1⋅ 2 9 2 11
56. + = + = + =
3 9 3 10 3 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 2 4 6 4 ⋅ 3 6 ⋅ 2 12 12 12
32. ÷ = ⋅ = = =
5 10 5 9 5⋅9 5⋅3⋅3 3
11 1 44 3 44 − 3 41
58. − = − = =
3 10 3 ⋅ 10 3⋅2⋅5 2 2 12 16 48 48 48 48
34. ⋅ = = = =
35 63 35 ⋅ 63 5 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 7 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 7 147
7 8 7⋅3 8⋅2
60. − = −
1 19 1 ⋅ 19 1 ⋅ 19 19 10 15 10 ⋅ 3 15 ⋅ 2
36. ⋅ = = = 21 16
4 6 4 ⋅ 6 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 24 = −
30 30
1 1 5 1 5 5 21 − 16
38. Area = bh = ⋅ ⋅ = = sq m =
2 2 4 2 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2 16 30
5
=
2 3 2 ⋅3 6 30
40. Area = l ⋅ w = ⋅ = = square meters 1
5 11 5 ⋅ 11 55 =
6
6 1 6 −1 5
42. − = = 3 16 3 16 − 3 13
7 7 7 7 62. 2 − = − = =
8 8 8 8 8
6 1 6 +1 7
44. + = = =1 3 2 11 3 2 11 − 3 − 2 6
7 7 7 7 64. 1 − − = − − = =
11 11 11 11 11 11 11
18 11 18 − 11 7 7 1 6
46. − = = = = The unknown part is .
35 35 35 35 5 ⋅ 7 5 11
1 3 10 1 3 ⋅ 2 10 − 1 − 6 3
66. 1 − − = − − = =
10 5 10 10 5 ⋅ 2 10 10
3
The unknown part is .
10

1 1 5 12 1 ⋅ 2 1 ⋅ 4 5 7 7 7 ⋅ 5 7 ⋅ 3 35 21 35 − 21 14
68. 1 − − − = − − − 90. − = − = − = =
6 3 12 12 6 ⋅ 2 3 ⋅ 4 12 15 25 15 ⋅ 5 23 ⋅ 3 75 75 75 75
12 − 2 − 4 − 5
=
12 57 13 57 − 13 44 4 ⋅ 11 1
92. − = = = =
1 132 132 132 132 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 11 3
=
12
1 3 7 13 47
The unknown part is . 94. 2 + 4 = +
12 5 10 5 10
13 ⋅ 2 47
= +
3 7 11 15 165 5 5 ⋅ 2 10
70. 2 ⋅1 = ⋅ = =5 26 47
4 8 4 8 32 32 = +
10 10
7 8 15 35 15 9 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 9 27 26 + 47
72. 1 ÷ 3 = ÷ = ⋅ = = =
8 9 8 9 8 35 8 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 56 10
73
=
11 7 11 14 10
74. 26 + 40 = 26 + 40 3
20 10 20 20 =7
25 10
= 66
20
5 8 1 1 8 ⋅ 4 1 ⋅ 11 1 ⋅ 22
= 67 96. − + = − +
20 11 4 2 11 ⋅ 4 4 ⋅ 11 2 ⋅ 22
1 32 11 22
= 67 = − +
4 44 44 44
32 − 11 + 22
=
3 3 19 44
76. 4 4 3 43
16 16 16 =
7 14 14 44
−2 −2 −2
8 16 16
5  1  3  2 33 2 99
1 98. 2  16  + 2  12  = ⋅ + ⋅
16  2  8 1 2 1 8
33 99
= +
11 3 11 + 3 14 2 ⋅ 7 2 1 4
78. + = = = = 33 ⋅ 4 99
35 35 35 35 5 ⋅ 7 5 = +
1⋅ 4 4
11 3 11 ⋅ 5 3 55 3 52 132 99
80. − = − = − = = +
7 35 7 ⋅ 5 35 35 35 35 4 4
132 + 99
=
3 7 3⋅7 3⋅7 7 7 4
82. ⋅ = = = = 231
4 12 4 ⋅ 12 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 16 =
4
3
3 7 3 12 3 ⋅ 12 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 9 = 57 feet
84. ÷ = ⋅ = = = 4
4 12 4 7 4⋅7 4⋅7 7
1 70 1 70 + 1 71
86. 7 + = + = =
10 10 10 10 10
5 1 59 1 59 6 59 ⋅ 6 59
88. 9 ÷ = ÷ = ⋅ = = = 59
6 6 6 6 6 1 6 ⋅1 1

1 1 1 3 7 11 17 7 2
3
 2  2  2  8
102. 3 + 5 + 2 + 1 = + + +
2 2 8 4 2 2 8 4 e.  5  =  5   5   5  = 125
     
7 ⋅ 4 11 ⋅ 4 17 7 ⋅ 2
= + + +
2⋅4 2⋅4 8 4⋅2 2. a. 6 + 3 ⋅ 9 = 6 + 27 = 33
28 44 17 14
= + + +
8 8 8 8 b. 43 ÷ 8 + 3 = 64 ÷ 8 + 3 = 8 + 3 = 11
28 + 44 + 17 + 14
=
8 2
103 2 4 32 5
= c.  3  ⋅ −8 = 9 ⋅ 8 = 9 or 3 9
8  
7
= 12 9(14 − 6) 9(8) 72
8 d. = = = 36
7 −2 2 2
The distance for all 4 trails is 12 mi.
8
7 1 1 7 4 3
e. ⋅ − = − =
147 4 4 4 16 16 16
104. The sector for digital 3D is labeled .
250
62 − 5 36 − 5 31 31
1 147 1 ⋅ 5 147 3. = = =
106. + = + 3 + 6 − 5 ⋅ 8 3 + 1 ⋅ 8 3 + 8 11
50 250 50 ⋅ 5 250
5 147 4. 4[25 − 3(5 + 3)] = 4[25 − 3(8)]
= +
250 250 = 4[25 − 24]
152
= = 4[1]
250 =4
2 ⋅ 76
=
2 ⋅125 36 ÷ 9 + 5 4+5 9
76 5. = =
= 2
5 −3 25 − 3 22
125
76 6. a. 2x + y = 2(2) + 5 = 4 + 5 = 9
of movie screens were analog or digital 3D.
125
4 x 4(2) 8
108. The work is correct. b. = =
3 y 3(5) 15
110. The work is incorrect.
3 x 3 2 15 4 19
16 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 4 c. + = + = + =
= = x y 2 5 10 10 10
28 2⋅2⋅7 7
Section 1.4 Practice Exercises d. x 3 + y2 = 23 + 52 = 8 + 25 = 33
1. a. 13 = 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 = 1 7. 9x − 6 = 7 x
9(4) − 6 0 7(4)
b. 52 = 5 ⋅ 5 = 25 36 − 6 0 28
30 = 28 False
2 4 is not a solution of 9x − 6 = 7x.
 1   1  1  1
c.  10  =  10  10  = 100
     8. a. Six times a number is 6 ⋅ x or 6x, since 6x
denotes the product of 6 and x.
d. 91 = 9
b. A number decreased by 8 is x − 8 because
“decreased by” means subtract.

c. The product of a number and 9 is x ⋅ 9 or 9x. 4. To simplify (8 + 2) ⋅ 6, the operation that should
be performed first is addition.
d. Two times a number is 2x, plus 3 is 2x + 3.
5. To simplify 9(3 − 2) ÷ 3 + 6, the operation that
e. The sum of 7 and a number x is 7 + x. should be performed first is subtraction.
9. a. A number x increased by 7 is x + 7, so 6. To simplify 8 ÷ 2 ⋅ 6, the operation that should
x + 7 = 13. be performed first is division.
b. Two less than a number x is x − 2, so 7. A combination of operations on letters (variables)
x − 2 = 11. and numbers is an expression.
c. Double a number x is 2x, added to 9 is 8. A letter that represents a number is a variable.
2x + 9, so 2x + 9 ≠ 25.
9. 3x − 2y is called an expression, and the letters x
d. Five times 11 is 5(11), so 5(11) ≥ x, where x and y are variables.
is an unknown number.
10. Replacing a variable in an expression by a
Calculator Explorations number and then finding the value of the
expression is called evaluating the expression.
1. 54 = 625
11. A statement of the form
4 “expression = expression” is called an equation.
2. 7 = 2401
12. A value for the variable that makes an equation a
3. 95 = 59, 049 true statement is called a solution.
4. 86 = 262,144 13. The order in which we perform operations does

matter! We came up with an order of operations
to avoid getting more than one answer when
5. 2(20 − 5) = 30
evaluating an expression.
6. 3(14 − 7) + 21 = 3(7) + 21 = 21 + 21 = 42
14. The replacement value for z is not used because
7. 24(862 − 455) + 89 = 9857 it’s not needed⎯there is no variable z in the
given algebraic expression.
8. 99 + (401 + 962) = 1462
15. No; the variable was replaced with 0 in the
4623 + 129 equation to see if a true statement occurred, and
9. = 2376 it did not.
36 − 34
16. We translate phrases to mathematical
956 − 452 expressions and sentences to mathematical
10. = 168
89 − 86 equations.
Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 1.4 Exercise Set 1.4
1. In 25 , the 2 is called the base and the 5 is called 2. 2 5 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 = 32

the exponent.
4. 4 4 = 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 = 256
2. “ 25 means 2 ⋅ 5” is a false statement: 25 means
5 factors of 2 or 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2. 6. 18 = 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 = 1
3. To simplify 8 + 2 ⋅ 6, the operation that should 8. 81 = 8

be performed first is multiplication.
10. 92 = 9 ⋅ 9 = 81
6
2
 6  6  6⋅6 36 16 + 13 − 5 + 42 16 + 8 + 42
12.   =     = = 40. =
11
  11
  11 11 ⋅ 11 121 17 − 5 17 − 5
16 + 8 + 42
5 =
1  1   1   1   1  1  17 − 5
14.   =          16 + 8 + 16
2  2   2   2   2  2  =
1 ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅1 17 − 5
= 40
2⋅2⋅2⋅2⋅2 =
1 12
= 4 ⋅ 10
32 =
4 ⋅3
10
16. (1.5)2 = (1.5)(1.5) = 2.25 =
3
18. (0.03)3 = (0.03)(0.03)(0.03) = 0.000027 42. 3 + 4[8(5 ⋅ 5 − 20) − 39] = 3 + 4[8(25 − 20) − 39]
= 3 + 4[8(5) − 39]
20. 8 + 5 ⋅ 3 = 8 + 15 = 23 = 3 + 4[40 − 39]
= 3 + 4[1]
22. 12 ⋅ 5 − 3 ⋅ 6 = 60 − 18 = 42
= 3+ 4
24. 5(6 − 2) = 5(4) = 20 =7
2
26. 6 − 2 ⋅ 2 + 2 5 = 6 − 2 ⋅ 2 + 32 = 6 − 4 + 32 = 34 3 1 1 3 9 1 1 3
44.   + + ⋅ = + + ⋅
8
  4 8 2 64 4 8 2
28. 2 ⋅ 52 = 2 ⋅ 25 = 50 9 1 3
= + +
64 4 16
3 1 2 3 2 9 16 25 9 16 12
30. ⋅ + = + = + = = + +
4 2 3 8 3 24 24 24 64 64 64
37
=
32. 3[4 + 3(6 − 4)] = 3[4 + 3(2)] 64
= 3[4 + 6]
= 3[10] 46. a. (1 + 4) ⋅ 6 − 3 = 5 ⋅ 6 − 3 = 30 − 3 = 27
= 30
b. 1 + 4 ⋅ (6 − 3) = 1 + 4 ⋅ 3 = 1 + 12 = 13
4 ⋅ 3 + 2 12 + 2 14 7
34. = = = c. 1 + 4 ⋅ 6 − 3 = 1 + 24 − 3 = 22
4 + 3 ⋅ 2 4 + 6 10 5
d. (1 + 4) ⋅ (6 − 3) = 5 ⋅ 3 = 15
15 − 3 − 1 15 − 2 15 − 2 13
36. = = = 48. Let x = 1.
12 − 3 ⋅ 2 12 − 6 6 6
4x = 4(1) = 4
3 + 6(8 − 5) 3 + 6(3)
38. = 50. Let y = 3 and z = 5.
2
4 +2 42 + 2 y 3 3
3 + 6(3) = =
= 2 z 2(5) 10
16 + 2
3 + 18
= 52. Let y = 3.
16 + 2 6y − 8 = 6(3) − 8 = 18 − 8 = 10
21
=
18 54. Let y = 3 and z = 5.
7 5z − 2 y = 5(5) − 2(3) = 25 − 6 = 19 = 19
=
6

56. Let x = 1, y = 3, and z = 5.

yz − x = 3 ⋅ 5 − 1 = 15 − 1 = 14
58. Let z = 5.
2 z 2 = 2(5)2 = 2(25) = 50
60. Let x = 12, y = 8, and z = 4.

y 8
+ 8 x = + 8(12) = 2 + 96 = 98
z 4
62. Let x = 12 and y = 8.

y 2 − 3 x + y = (8)2 − 3(12) + 8 = 64 − 36 + 8 = 36
64. Let x = 12 and y = 8.

y2 + x (8)2 + 12 64 + 12 76 19
= = = =
2 2 144 + 24 168 42
x + 3y (12) + 3(8)
66. No; answers may vary.
68. Let x = 6.
2 x + 7 = 3x
2(6) + 7 0 3(6)
12 + 7 0 18
19 = 18, false
6 is not a solution of the equation.
70. Let x = 2.
4x + 2 = x + 8
4(2) + 2 0 2 + 8
8 + 2 0 10
10 = 10, true
2 is a solution of the equation.
72. Let x = 6.
3x − 10 = 8
3(6) − 10 0 8
18 − 10 0 8
8 = 8, true
74. Let x = 10.

x+6 = x+6
10 + 6 0 10 + 6
16 = 16, true
76. Let x = 1.
4 = 1− x
40 1 − 1
4 = 0, false

78. A number increased by 9 is written as x + 9.
80. Five decreased by a number is written as 5 − x.
x
82. The quotient of a number and 9 is written as .
9
84. Twice a number, decreased by 72 is written as 2x − 72.
86. Four subtracted from eight is equal to two squared is written as 8 − 4 = 2 2.
88. The difference of sixteen and four is greater than ten is written as 16 − 4 > 10.
90. Seven subtracted from a number is 0 is written as x − 7 = 0.
92. 9.1 times a number equals 4 is written as 9.1x = 4.
94. Eight added to twice a number is 42 is written as 2x + 8 = 42.
96. To simplify the expression (1 + 3) ⋅ 6, first add.
98. To simplify the expression 20 − 4 ÷ 2, first divide.
100. Yes; answers may vary.
Length, l Width, w Perimeter of Rectangle: Area of Rectangle:

2l + 2w lw
102. 6 in. 1 in. 2l + 2w lw
= 2(6 in.) + 2(1 in.) = (6 in.)(1 in.)
= 12 in. + 2 in. = 6 sq in.
= 14 in.
104. 4.6 in. 2.4 in. 2l + 2w lw
= 2(4.6 in.) + 2(2.4 in.) = (4.6 in.)(2.4 in.)
= 9.2 in. + 4.8 in. = 11.04 sq in.
= 14 in.
108. 2 ⋅ (5 + 32 ) = 2 ⋅ (5 + 9) = 2 ⋅14 = 28
110. a. 3 x 2 − 26 is an expression since it does not contain an equal sign.
b. 3 x 2 − 26 = 1 is an equation since it contains an equal sign.
c. 2x − 5 = 7x − 5 is an equation since it contains an equal sign.
d. 9y + x − 8 is an expression since it does not contain an equal sign.
e. 32 − 4(5 − 3) is an expression since it does not contain an equal sign.

114. answers may vary, for example, 2(10 − 7) + 1: 3  2 5

6. a. − +  −  = − = −1
2(10 − 7) + 1 = 2(3) + 1 = 6 + 1 = 7 5  5 5
116. Let h = 5, B = 15, and b = 7.
b. 3 + (−9) = −6
1 1 1
A = h( B + b) = (5)(15 + 7) = (5)(22) = 55
2 2 2 c. 2.2 + (−1.7) = 0.5
The area is 55 sq in.
2 3 20 21 1
118. Let P = 650, T = 3, and I = 126.75. d. − + =− + =
7 10 70 70 70
I 126.75 126.75
= = = 0.065 = 6.5%
PT (650)(3) 1950 7. a. 8 + (−5) + (−9) = 3 + (−9) = −6
Section 1.5 Practice Exercises b. [ −8 + 5] +  −5 + −2  = [ −3] + [ −5 + 2]

2 4 = −3 + [ −3]
= −6
1.
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8. −7 + 4 + 7 = −3 + 7 = 4
2+4=6 The temperature at 8 A.M. was 4°F.
–3 –2
5 5
9. a. The opposite of − is .
2. 9 9
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−2 + (−3) = −5 b. The opposite of 8 is −8.
3. a. −5 + (−8) c. The opposite of 6.2 is −6.2.

Add the absolute values.
5 + 8 = 13 d. The opposite of −3 is 3.
The common sign is negative, so
10. a. Since |−15| = 15, −|−15| = −15.
−5 + (−8) = −13.
b. −31 + (−1)  3 3
b. −−  =
Add the absolute values.  5 5
31 + 1 = 32
The common sign is negative, so c. −(−5y) = 5y
−31 + (−1) = −32.
d. −(−8) = 8
–3
8 Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 1.5
4. 1. Two numbers that are the same distance from 0

–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 but lie on opposite sides of 0 are called
−3 + 8 = 5 opposites.
5. a. 15 + (−18) 2. If n is a number, then n + (−n) = 0.

Subtract the absolute values.
18 − 15 = 3 3. If n is a number, then −(−n) = n.
Use the sign of the number with the largest
4. The sum of two negative numbers is always a
absolute value.
negative number.
15 + (−18) = −3
5. To add two numbers with the same sign, add
b. −19 + 20 = 20 − 19 = 1 their absolute values and use their common sign
as the sign of the sum.
c. −0.6 + 0.4 = −(0.6 − 0.4) = −(0.2) = −0.2

6. Negative; when you add two numbers with 5 1 5 1⋅ 3 5 3 2

different signs, the sign of the sum is the same as 38. − + = − + =− + =−
9 3 9 3⋅3 9 9 9
the sign of the number with the larger absolute
value and −8.4 has a larger absolute value than 5  2 5  2⋅2 
6.3. 40. − +  −  = − +  −
6  3 6  3 ⋅ 2 
7. Elevations below sea level; the ending elevation 5  4
= − +− 
is −95 m or 95 meters below sea level. 6  6
9
8. Example 13 is an example of the opposite of the =−
absolute value of −a, not the opposite of −a. The 6
3
absolute value of −a is positive, so its opposite is =−
negative, therefore the answers to Examples 12 2
and 13 have different signs.
42. −9 + 15 + (−5) = 6 + (−5) = 1
Exercise Set 1.5
44. −18 + (−6) + (−40) = −24 + (−40) = −64
2. 9 + (−12) = −3
46. −14 + (−3) + 11 = −17 + 11 = −6
4. −6 + (−14) = −20
48. |7 + (−17)| = |−10| = 10
6. 6 + (−4) = 2
50. 8 + (−2) + 7 = 6 + 7 = 13
8. −10 + 5 = −5
52. [−2 + (−7)] + [−11 + 22] = [−9] + [11] = 2
10. −7 + (−4) = −11
54. |43 + (−73)| + |−20| = |−30| + 20 = 30 + 20 = 50
12. 7 + (−5) = 2
56. −3.7 + [0.1 + ( −0.6) + 8.1] = −3.7 + [ −0.5 + 8.1]
14. −5 + 9 = 4 = −3.7 + [7.6]
= 3.9
16. 8 + (−6) = 2
58. −35 + 142 = 107
18. 3 + (−6) = −3 The highest recorded temperature in
Massachusetts is 107°F.
20. 23 + (−23) = 0
60. −52 + 439 = 387
22. 53 + (−37) = 16 Your elevation is 387 feet.
24. −26 + 14 = −12 62. 328 + (−678) + 393 + 622 = −350 + 393 + 622
= 43 + 622
26. −18 + (−26) = −44 = 665
The total net income for fiscal year 2020 was
28. 9.2 + (−11.4) = −2.2
$665 million.
30. |−6| + (−61) = 6 + (−61) = −55
64. −4 + (−1) + 0 + 4 = −1
32. 144 + (−88) = 56 His score was −1 or 1 under par.
34. −6.7 + (−7.6) = −14.3 66. The opposite of 4 is −4.
5 7 2 1 68. The opposite of −8 is 8.

36. − + = =
12 12 12 6 1 1
70. The opposite of − is .
4 4

72. Since |−11| is 11, the opposite of |−11| is −11. b. −8 − (−1) = −8 + 1 = −7
74. −(−3) = 3 c. 9 − (−3) = 9 + 3 = 12
2 2 d. 5 − 7 = 5 + (−7) = −2
76. − =
3 3
2. a. 8.4 − (−2.5) = 8.4 + 2.5 = 10.9
78. −(−7) = 7
5  1 5 1 4 1
b. − −−  = − + = − = −
80. Let x = 10. 8  8 8 8 8 2
7 = −x + 3
70 − (10) + 3 3 1 3  1
c. − − = − +− 
7 = −7, false 4 5 4  5
10 is not a solution of the equation. 15  4 
= − +− 
20  20 
82. Let y = −6.
19
1= y+7 =−
10 −6+ 7 20
1 = 1, true
3. −2 − 5 = −2 + (−5) = −7
−6 is a solution of the equation.
4. a. −15 − 2 − ( −4) + 7 = −15 + ( −2) + 4 + 7 = −6
84. Look for the bar that extends farthest in the
negative direction. The month for which the b. 3.5 + (−4.1) − (−6.7) = 3.5 + ( −4.1) + 6.7
temperature is the lowest is February. = 6.1
86. Look for the bar whose length has a negative 5. a. −4 + [(−8 − 3) − 5] = −4 + [(−8 + (−3)) − 5]
value closest to 0; November
= −4 + [(−11) − 5]
88. [(−19.3) + 27.0 + 8.8] ÷ 3 = [7.7 + 8.8] ÷ 3 = −4 + [ −11 + (−5)]
= [16.5] ÷ 3 = −4 + [ −16]
= 5.5 = −20
The average was 5.5°F.
b. −13 − 32 + [2 − (−7)] = 13 − 9 + [2 + 7]
90. −4 + 14 = 10 = 13 − 9 + 9
= 13
92. −15 + (−17) = −32
7− x 7 − (−3) 7+3 10
94. Since b is a negative number, −b is a positive 6. a. = = = =2
number. 2 y + x 2(4) + (−3) 8 + (−3) 5
96. Since b is a negative number, b + b is a negative b. y 2 + x = (4)2 + (−3) = 16 + (−3) = 13

number.
7. 282 − (−75) = 282 + 75 = 357
98. True The overall change was $357.
100. True
8. a. x = 90° − 62° = 28°
b. y = 180° − 43° = 137°
Section 1.6 Practice Exercises
1. 7 minus a number 7 − x
1. a. −7 − 6 = −7 + (−6) = −13
2. 7 subtracted from a number x − 7.

3. A number decreased by 7 x − 7 3 7 3  7
8. − = + −
4 8 4  8 
4. 7 less a number 7 − x
3⋅2  7 
= + −
5. A number less than 7 7 − x 4 ⋅ 2  8 
6  7
= +− 
6. A number subtracted from 7 7 − x 8  8
1
7. To evaluate x − y for x = −10 and y = −14, we =−
8
replace x with −10 and y with −14 and evaluate
−10 − (−14). d
10. −20 − (−48) = −20 + 48 = 28
8. The expression −5 − 10 equals −5 + (−10). c
12. −8 − 4 = −8 + (−4) = −12
9. To subtract two real numbers, change the
14. 3 − (−6) = 3 + 6 = 9
operation to addition and take the opposite of the
second number.
16. −4 − (−16) = −4 + 16 = 12
10. −10 + (8) + (−4) + (−20); it’s rewritten to change
18. 15 − (−33) = 15 + 33 = 48
the subtraction operations to addition and turn
the problem into an addition of real numbers 20. 8.3 − 11.2 = 8.3 + (−11.2) = −2.9
problem.
22. −36 − 51 = −36 + (−51) = −87
11. There’s a minus sign in the numerator and the
replacement value is negative (notice parentheses 24. −17 − (−17) = −17 + 17 = 0
are used around the replacement value), and it’s
always good to be careful when working with 26. −6.1 − (−5.3) = −6.1 + 5.3 = −0.8
negative signs.
4  1 4 1 3
12. This means that the overall vertical altitude 28. − −  −  = − + = −
change of the jet is actually a decrease in altitude 7  7 7 7 7
from when the Example started.
1 7 1  7
30. − − = − +− 
13. In Example 9, you have two supplementary 10 8 10  8 
angles and know the measure of one of them. 1⋅ 4  7 ⋅ 5 
From the definition, you know that the measures =− + −
10 ⋅ 4  8 ⋅ 5 
of two supplementary angles must sum to 180°.
Therefore you can subtract the known angle 4  35 
= − +− 
measure from 180° to get the measure of the 40  40 
other angle. 39
=−
40
Exercise Set 1.6
32. 4.3 − (−0.87) = 4.3 + 0.87 = 5.17
2. −12 − 8 = −12 + (−8) = −20
34. −2 − 3 = −2 + (−3) = −5
4. 8 − 11 = 8 + (−11) = −3
36. 1 − 17 = 1 + (−17) = −16
6. 12 − (−5) = 12 + 5 = 17
38. −4 − 9 = −4 + (−9) = −13
40. 11 − (−14) = 11 + 14 = 25

42. −16 − (−3) + (−11) − 14 = −16 + 3 + (−11) + (−14) 62. Let x = −5 an y = 4.

= −13 + (−11) + (−14) 15 − x 15 − (−5) 15 + 5 20 2 ⋅ 10 10
= −24 + (−14)
= = = = =
y+2 4+2 4+2 6 2 ⋅3 3
= −38
64. Let x = −5 and t = 10.
44. 7 − 12 + (−5) − 2 + (−2)
= 7 + (−12) + (−5) + (−2) + (−2) t 2 − x = 102 − (−5) = 100 + 5 = 105
= −5 + (−5) + (−2) + (−2)
66. Let x = −5, y = 4 and t = 10.
= −10 + (−2) + (−2)
= −12 + (−2) 5y − x 5(4) − (−5)
=
= −14 6t 6(10)
20 + 5
46. −9 − (3 − 8) = −9 − (−5) = −9 + 5 = −4 =
6(10)
25
48. 23 − 6 ⋅ 3 = 8 − 6 ⋅ 3 = 8 − 18 = 8 + (−18) = −10 =
6(10)
50. 4 − 6(7 − 3) = 4 − 6(4) = 4 − 24 = 4 + ( −24) = −20 25
=
60
5⋅5
52. (2 − 3) + 52 = [2 + (−3)] + 52 =
12 ⋅ 5
= [ −1] + 52 5
= [ −1] + 25 =
12
= 24
68. 93 − 18 − 26 = 93 + (−18) + (−26)
54. −5 + [(4 − 15) − (−6) − 8]
= 75 + (−26)
= −5 + [(4 + (−15)) + 6 + (−8)]
= 49
= −5 + [(−11) + 6 + (−8)]
She owes $49 on her account.
= −5 + [(−5) + (−8)]
= −5 + [ −13] 70. 115 − (−61) = 115 + 61 = 176
= −18 115°F is 176°F warmer than −61°F.
56. −2 + 62 + (−3 − 8) = 2 + 62 + [ −3 + (−8)] 72. 16,024 − (−36,201) = 16,024 + 36,201 = 52,225

2 Puncak Jaya is 52,225 feet higher.
= 2 + 6 + [ −11]
= 2 + 36 + [ −11] 74. 27 − 32 = 27 + (−32) = −5
= 38 + [ −11] His new score is −5.
= 27
76. 22,834 − (−131) = 22,834 + 131 = 22,965
58. Let x = −5 and y = 4. Mt. Aconcagua is 22,965 feet higher.
y − x = 4 − (−5) = 4 + 5 = 9
78. x = 90 − 50 = 90 + (−50) = 40
60. Let x = −5, y = 4, and t = 10. The complementary angle is 40°.
x + t − 7 y = −5 + 10 − 7(4)
= −5 + 10 − 28 80. y = 180 − 105 = 180 + (−105) = 75
The supplementary angle is 75°.
= −5 + 10 + (−28)
= 5 + (−28) 82. Let x = 3.
= −23 x − 10 = −7
= 23 3 − 10 0 − 7
−7 = −7, true

84. Let x = −10.

−x − 6 = −x −1
−(−10) − 6 0 − (−10) − 1
10 + (−6) 0 10 + (−1)
4 = 9, false
−10 is not a solution of the equation.
86. Let x = 5.
4 = 1− x
4 0 1− 5
4 0 1 + (−5)
4 = −4, false
88. The difference of −3 and a number is −3 − x.
90. Add a number and −36 is x + (−36).
92. Month Monthly Increase or Decrease

July 33.6 − 29.7 = 33.6 + (−29.7) = 3.9°F
August 33.3 − 33.6 = 33.3 + (−33.6) = −0.3°F
September 27.0 − 33.3 = 27.0 + (−33.3) = −6.3°F
October 8.8 − 27.0 = 8.8 + (−27.0) = −18.2°F
November −6.9 − 8.8 = −6.9 + (−8.8) = −15.7°F
December −17.2 − (−6.9) = −17.2 + 6.9 = −10.3°F
94. The largest negative number corresponds to October.
98. −4 − 8 = −4 + (−8) = −12
100. −3 − (−10) = −3 + 10 = 7
102. true; answers may vary
104. true; answers may vary
106. Since 4.362 is less than 7.0086, the answer is negative.

4.362 − 7.0086 = −2.6466
Mid-Chapter Review
1. The opposite of a positive number is a negative number.
2. The sum of two negative numbers is a negative number.
3. The absolute value of a negative number is a positive number.
4. The absolute value of zero is 0.

5. The reciprocal of a positive number is a positive 26. 11 − 20 + (−3) − 12 = 11 + (−20) + (−3) + (−12)
number. = −9 + (−3) + (−12)
= −12 + (−12)
6. The sum of a number and its opposite is 0. = −24
7. The absolute value of a positive number is a 27. 24 − 6(14 − 11) = 24 − 6[14 + (−11)]
positive number.
= 24 − 6(3)
8. The opposite of a negative number is a positive = 24 − 18
number. = 24 + (−18)
=6
Number Opposite Absolute Value
28. 30 − 5(10 − 8) = 30 − 5[10 + (−8)]
1 − 17 1 = 30 − 5(2)
9. 7 7
= 30 − 10
10. − 12
5
12
5
12
5
= 30 + (−10)
= 20
11. 3 −3 3
9 9 9 29. (7 − 17) + 42 = [7 + (−17)] + 42 = (−10) + 16 = 6
12. − 11 11 11
30. 92 + (10 − 30) = 92 + [10 + (−30)]

13. −19 + (−23) = −42 = 81 + (−20)
= 61
14. 7 − (−3) = 7 + 3 = 10
15. −15 + 17 = 2 31. −9 + 32 + (−4 − 20) = 9 + 9 + [ −4 + (−20)]

= 9 + 9 + (−24)
16. −8 − 10 = −8 + (−10) = −18 = 18 + (−24)
= −6
17. 18 + (−25) = −7
32. −4 − 5 + 52 + (−50) = −4 + (−5) + 52 + (−50)
18. −2 + (−37) = −39
= −9 + 25 + (−50)
19. −14 − (−12) = −14 + 12 = −2 = 9 + 25 + (−50)
= 34 + (−50)
20. 5 − 14 = 5 + (−14) = −9 = −16
21. 4.5 − 7.9 = 4.5 + (−7.9) = −3.4 33. −7 + [(1 − 2) + (−2 − 9)] = −7 + [(−1) + (−11)]
= −7 + [ −12]
22. −8.6 − 1.2 = −8.6 + (−1.2) = −9.8
= −19
3 1 21 4 21  4  25 34. −6 + [(−3 + 7) + (4 − 15)] = −6 + [(4) + (−11)]
23. − − = − − = − +−  = −
4 7 28 28 28  28  28 = −6 + (−7)
= −13
2 7 16 21 16  21  5
24. − = − = +−  = −
3 8 24 24 24  24  24 35. 1 − 5 = 1 + (−5) = −4
25. −9 − (−7) + 4 − 6 = −9 + 7 + 4 − 6 36. −3 − (−2) = −3 + 2 = −1

= −9 + 7 + 4 + (−6)
= −4 1  2 1 2 5 8 13
37. −−  = + = + =
4  5  4 5 20 20 20

5  1  25 4 25  4  29 c. (−4)(0)(5) = 0(5) = 0
38. − −   = − − = − +−  = −
8  10  40 40 40  40  40
d. (−2)(−3) − (−4)(5) = 6 − (−20)
= 6 + 20
39. 2(19 − 17)3 − 3(−7 + 9)2 = 26
= 2[19 + (−17)]3 − 3(−7 + 9)2
= 2(2)3 − 3(2)2 3. a. (0.23)(−0.2) = −[(0.23)(0.2)] = −0.046
= 2(8) − 3(4)
 3 4 3⋅ 4 12 4
= 16 − 12 b.  − 5  ⋅  9  = − 5 ⋅ 9 = − 45 = − 15
= 16 + (−12)    
=4
 7 7 ⋅ 24
2 3
c.  − 12  (−24) = 12 ⋅ 1 = 7 ⋅ 2 = 14
40. 3(10 − 9) + 6(20 − 19)  
= 3[10 + (−9)]2 + 6[20 + (−19)]3
4. a. (−6)2 = (−6)(−6) = 36
= 3(1)2 + 6(1)3
= 3+6
=9 b. −62 = −(6 ⋅ 6) = −(36) = −36
41. x − y = −2 − (−1) = −2 + 1 = −1 c. (−4)3 = (−4)(−4)(−4) = 16(−4) = −64
42. x + y = −2 + (−1) = −3
d. −43 = −(4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4) = −[16(4)] = −64
43. y + z = −1 + 9 = 8
8 3 8 3
5. a. The reciprocal of is since ⋅ = 1.
44. z − y = 9 − (−1) = 9 + 1 = 10 3 8 3 8
5z − x 5(9) − (−2) 45 + 2 47 1 1
45. = = = = 47 b. The reciprocal of 15 is since 15 ⋅ = 1.
y−x −1 − (−2) −1 + 2 1 15 15
−x − y + z −(−2) − (−1) + 9 2 7
46. = c. The reciprocal of − is − since
2z 2(9) 7 2
2 +1+ 9  2  7 
=  − 7  − 2  = 1.
18   
12
= 1
18 d. The reciprocal of −5 is − since
12 5
=
18  1
(−5)  −  = 1.
2  5
=
3
16  1
Section 1.7 Practice Exercises 6. a. = 16  −  = −8
−2  2
1. a. 8(−5) = −40
 1
b. 24 ÷ (−6) = 24  −  = −4
b. (−3)(−4) = 12  6
c. (−6)(9) = −54 −35 35 5 ⋅ 7

c. = = =5
−7 7 7
2. a. (−1)(−5)(−6) = 5(−6) = −30
b. (−3)(−2)(4) = 6(4) = 24

−18 18 3 ⋅ 6 3. 134 + 25(68 − 91) = −441

7. a. = = =3
−6 6 6
4. 45(32) − 8(218) = −304
−48 48 3 ⋅ 16
b. =− =− = −16 −18(817)
3 3 3 5. = 163.4
175 − 265
3  1 3 6
c. ÷ − = ⋅ (−2) = − −444 − 444.8
5  2  5 5 6. = 1.76
−181 − 324
4 4 1 4 1 1
d. − ÷8 = − ⋅ = − =− =− 7. 95 − 4550 = 54, 499
9 9 8 9⋅4⋅2 9⋅2 18
0 8. 58 − 6259 = 384,366
8. a. =0
−2
9. (−125)2 = 15, 625
−4
b. is undefined.
0 10. −1252 = −15,625
−5 −5 Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 1.7

c. = is undefined.
6(0) 0
1. If n is a real number, then n ⋅ 0 = 0 and 0 ⋅ n = 0.
(−8)(−11) − 4 88 − 4 84 84
9. a. = = =− 0
−9 − (−4) −9 + 4 −5 5 2. If n is a real number, but not 0, then = 0 and
n
n
3(−2)3 − 9 3(−8) − 9 we say is undefined.
b. = 0
−6 + 3 −3
−24 − 9 3. The product of two negative numbers is a
=
−3 positive number.
−33
=
−3 4. The quotient of two negative numbers is a
= 11 positive number.
10. a. 7y − x = 7(−2) − (−5) = −14 + 5 = −9 5. The quotient of a positive number and a negative
number is a negative number.
b. x 2 − y3 = (−5)2 − (−2)3
6. The product of a positive number and a negative
= 25 − (−8) number is a negative number.
= 25 + 8
= 33 7. The reciprocal of a positive number is a positive
number.
2 x 2(−5) −10 5
c. = = = 8. The opposite of a positive number is a negative
3 y 3(−2) −6 3
number.
11. total score = 4 ⋅ (−13) = −52 9. The parentheses, or lack of them, determine the
The card player’s total score was −52.
base of the expression. In Example 6, (−2)4 , the
Calculator Explorations base is −2 and all of −2 is raised to the fourth
power. In Example 7, −24 , the base is 2 and
1. −38(26 − 27) = 38
only 2 is raised to the fourth power.
2. −59(−8) + 1726 = 2198

10. Remember, the product of a number and its 34. (−2)( −3)( −4)(−2) = 6(−4)(−2) = −24( −2) = 48
2 3
reciprocal is 1, not −1. ⋅ = 1, as needed. 36. 8( −3) − 4( −5) = −24 − ( −20) = −24 + 20 = −4
3 2
11. Yes; because division of real numbers is defined 38. 20 − ( −4)(3)(−2) = 20 − (24) = 20 + (−24) = −4
in terms of multiplication.
40. True; example: 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 = 8
12. The replacement values are negative and both
will be squared. Therefore they must be placed in 42. True; example: 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 = 16
parentheses so the entire value, including the
negative, is squared. 44. −2 4 = −(2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2) = −16
13. The football team lost 4 yards on each play and a
loss of yardage is represented by a negative 46. (−1)5 = (−1)(−1)(−1)(−1)(−1) = −1
number.
48. −52 = −(5 ⋅ 5) = −25
Exercise Set 1.7
2. −8(5) = −40 50. (−7)2 = (−7)(−7) = 49
4. 9(−4) = −36 1 1
52. Reciprocal of 100 is since 100 ⋅ = 1.
100 100
6. −6(−11) = 66
1 1
8. −2 ⋅ 8 = −16 54. Reciprocal of is 7 since ⋅ 7 = 1.
7 7
10. −6 ⋅ 0 = 0
1 1
56. Reciprocal of −8 is − since −8 ⋅ − = 1.
12. 3(−5) = −15 8 8
1  1  1 ⋅1 1 6 13 6 13
14. −  −  = = 58. Reciprocal of − is − since − ⋅ − = 1.
8  3  8 ⋅ 3 24 13 6 13 6
5  3  5 ⋅ 3 15 15 1 1 1
16. −  −  = = = = 60. Reciprocal of 1.5 is since 1.5 ⋅ = 1.
6  10  6 ⋅10 60 15 ⋅ 4 4 1.5 1.5
18. 6(−2.5) = −15 1

62. Reciprocal of is −8.9 since
−8.9
20. −0.5(−0.3) = 0.15 1
⋅ −8.9 = 1.
−8.9
22. −20(60) = −1200
24. 5(−9) = −45 20 1

64. = 20 ⋅ − = −2
−10 10
26. (−7)(−7) = 49
−18 1
66. = −18 ⋅ − = 3
2 2  2⋅2 4 −6 6
28. − =− =−
7  11  7 ⋅ 11 77
−60 1
68. = −60 ⋅ = −12
30. −12(12) = −144 5 5
25  6  25 ⋅ 6 150 5 0 1
32. −   =− =− =− 70. = 0⋅− = 0
36  15  36 ⋅ 15 480 18 −9 9

24 1 104. Let x = −5 and y = −3.

72. − = −24 ⋅ = −3
8 8 4x + 5y = 4(−5) + 5(−3) = −20 + (−15) = −35
3 106. Let x = −5 and y = −3.

74. is undefined.
0 x 2 − 2 y2 = (−5)2 − 2(−3)2
= 25 − 2(9)
−45 1 = 25 + (−18)
76. = −45 ⋅ − = 5
−9 9 =7
14 1 108. Let x = −5 and y = −3.

78. = 14 ⋅ − = −7
−2 2 y3 + 3 x = (−3)3 + 3(−5) = −27 + (−15) = −42
4  1 4  2 4⋅2 8 110. Let x = −5 and y = −3.

80. ÷ −  = ⋅ −  = − =−
5  2 5  1 5 ⋅1 5 2 y − 12 2(−3) − 12 −6 − 12 −18
= = = =2
x−4 −5 − 4 −5 − 4 −9
1  8 1  11  1 ⋅11 11
82. − ÷ −  = − ⋅ −  = = 112. Let x = −5 and y = −3.
10  11  10  8  10 ⋅ 8 80
4 − 2 x 4 − 2(−5) 4 + 10
= = is undefined.
5 5 5 12 5 ⋅ 12 y+3 −3 + 3 0
84. − ÷ =− ⋅ =− = −1
12 12 12 5 12 ⋅ 5
−8
114. The quotient of −8 and a number is or
−6(−3) 18 9 x
86. = =−
−4 −4 2 −8 ÷ x.
−15 −15 116. The sum of a number and −12 is x + (−12).

88. = =5
1 − 4 −3
118. The difference of a number and −10 is x − (−10).
2
−3 + 4 −9 + 4 −5 120. Multiply a number by −17 is x ⋅ (−17) or −17x.
90. = = =1
−5 −5 −5
122. A loss of $400 is represented by −400.
6 + (−2)2
6 + 4 10 7 ⋅ (−400) = −2800
92. = = = −2 The total loss was $2800.
4−9 4 − 9 −5
124. A drop of 5 degrees is represented by −5.
−20 + (−4)(3) −20 + (−12) −32 6 ⋅ (−5) = −30
94. = = =8
1− 5 1− 5 −4 The total drop in temperature was 30 degrees.
−2 − 42 −2 − 16 −2 + (−16) −18 126. Let x = −4.

96. = = = =1 2x = x −1
3(−6) 3(−6) −18 −18
2(−4) 0 − 4 − 1
−8 = −5, false
8 − 3(−2) 8 − (−6) 8 + 6 14 7
98. = = = = −4 is not a solution of the equation.
2 − 5(−4) 2 − (−20) 2 + 20 22 11
128. Let x = −3.
−4 − 8(−2) −4 − (−16) −4 + 16 12 45
100. = = = = −4 = −15
−9 − 2(−3) −9 − (−6) −9 + 6 −3 x
45
−3 + 6 + −2 + 7 3+5 0 − 15
3+5 8 −3
102. = = = =2
−2 ⋅ 2 −4 4 4 −15 = −15, true
−3 is a solution of the equation.

130. Let x = −4. e. −( x − 7 + 2 s) = (−1)( x − 7 + 2 s)

2x + 4 = x + 8 = (−1) x + (−1)(−7) + (−1)(2 s)
2(−4) + 4 0 − 4 + 8 = − x + 7 − 2s
−8 + 4 0 4
−4 = 4, false 1 1 1
f. (2 x + 4) + 9 = (2 x) + (4) + 9
−4 is not a solution of the equation. 2 2 2
= x+2+9
330 = x + 11
132. = −330
−1
The surface temperature of Neptune is −330°F. 5. a. 5 ⋅ w + 5 ⋅ 3 = 5(w + 3)
134. answers may vary b. 9w + 9z = 9 ⋅ w + 9 ⋅ z = 9(w + z)
136. answers may vary 6. a. (7 ⋅ 3x) ⋅ 4 = (3x ⋅ 7) ⋅ 4; commutative

property of multiplication
138. Since q is negative, r is negative, and t is
b. 6 + (3 + y) = (6 + 3) + y; associative
positive, then q 2 ⋅ r ⋅ t is negative. property of addition
140. Not possible to determine whether t + r is c. 8 + (t + 0) = 8 + t; identity element for
positive or negative. addition
142. Since q is negative, r is negative, and t is 3  4
positive, then r(q − t) is positive. d. − ⋅  −  = 1; multiplicative inverse
4  3
144. 1 + (−8)(−5) = 1 + 40 = 41 property
0 e. (2 + x) + 5 = 5 + (2 + x); commutative
146. − 7 = 0 − 7 = −7 property of addition
5
f. 3 + (−3) = 0; additive inverse property
Section 1.8 Practice Exercises
g. (−3b) ⋅ 7 = (−3 ⋅ 7) ⋅ b; commutative and
1. a. x⋅8=8⋅x associative properties of multiplication
b. x + 17 = 17 + x Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 1.8
2. a. (2 + 9) + 7 = 2 + (9 + 7) 1. x + 5 = 5 + x is a true statement by the
commutative property of addition.
b. −4 ⋅ (2 ⋅ 7) = (−4 ⋅ 2) ⋅ 7
2. x ⋅ 5 = 5 ⋅ x is a true statement by the
3. a. (5 + x ) + 9 = ( x + 5) + 9 = x + (5 + 9) = x + 14
commutative property of multiplication.
b. 5(−6x) = [5 ⋅ (−6)]x = −30x 3. 3(y + 6) = 3 ⋅ y + 3 ⋅ 6 is true by the distributive
property.
4. a. 5(x − y) = 5(x) − 5(y) = 5x − 5y
4. 2 ⋅ (x ⋅ y) = (2 ⋅ x) ⋅ y is a true statement by the
b. −6(4 + 2t) = −6(4) + (−6)(2t) = −24 − 12t associative property of multiplication.
c. 2(3 x − 4 y − z) = 2(3 x ) + 2(−4 y) + 2(− z) 5. x + (7 + y) = (x + 7) + y is a true statement by the
= 6 x − 8y − 2z associative property of addition.
d. (3 − y) ⋅ (−1) = 3(−1) + (−y)(−1) = −3 + y 2 3

6. The numbers − and − are called reciprocals
3 2
or multiplicative inverses.

2 2 7 2  7 2
7. The numbers − and are called opposites or 30. + + y = + + y
3 3 9 9  9 9
additive inverses. 9
= +y
9
8. order; grouping = 1+ y
9. 2 is outside the parentheses, so the point is made
32. 7(a + b) = 7a + 7b
that you should only distribute the −9 to the
terms within the parentheses and not also to the 34. 11(y − 4) = 11y − 11 ⋅ 4 = 11y − 44
2.
36. 5(7 + 8y) = 5(7) + 5(8y) = 35 + 40y
10. The identity element for addition is 0 because if
we add 0 to any real number, the result is that 38. 3(8x − 1) = 3(8x) − 3(1) = 24x − 3
real number.
The identity element for multiplication is 1 40. 2(x + 5) = 2(x) + 2(5) = 2x + 10
because any real number times 1 gives a result of
that original real number. 42. −3(z − y) = −3z − (−3)y = −3z + 3y
Exercise Set 1.8 44. −5(2r + 11) = −5(2r) + (−5)(11) = −10r − 55
2. 4 + y = y + 4 46. 8(3y + z − 6) = 8(3y) + 8z − 8(6) = 24y + 8z − 48
4. −2 ⋅ x = x ⋅ (−2) 48. −4(4 + 2 p + 5q) = −4(4) + (−4)(2 p) + (−4)(5q)
= −16 − 8 p − 20q
6. ab = ba
8. 19 + 3y = 3y + 19 50. −(9r + 5) = −1(9r + 5)

= −1(9r ) + (−1)(5)
10. 3 ⋅ (xy) = (3x) ⋅ y = −9r − 5
12. (y + 4) + z = y + (4 + z) 52. −(q − 2 + 6r ) = −1(q − 2 + 6r )

= −1q − (−1)(2) + (−1)(6r )
14. (−3y) ⋅ z = −3 ⋅ (yz) = −q + 2 − 6r
16. 6 + (r + s) = (6 + r) + s
1 1 1
54. (4 x − 2) = (4 x ) − (2)
18. (r + 3) + 11 = r + (3 + 11) = r + 14 4 4 4
1  1 
=  ⋅4 x − ⋅2
20. 2(42x) = (2 ⋅ 42)x = 84x 4  4 
1
1 1  = x−
22. (8z) =  ⋅ 8  z = 1 ⋅ z = z 2
8 8 
1 1  1
24. 7 + (x + 4) = 7 + (4 + x) = (7 + 4) + x = 11 + x 56. − (10 a − 25b) = − (10 a) −  −  (25b)
5 5  5
26. −3(12y) = (−3 ⋅ 12)y = −36y  1   1 
=  − ⋅ 10  a −  − ⋅ 25  b
 5   5 
27  2 7 = −2 ⋅ a + 5 ⋅ b
28. r = ⋅ r = 1r = r
7  2   7 2  = −2 a + 5b
58. 10(4 s + 6) − 40 = 10(4 s) + 10(6) − 40

= 40 s + 60 + (−40)
= 40 s + 20

60. −11(5 x + 3) + 10 = −11(5 x ) + (−11)(3) + 10 96. “Reading the sports section” and “reading the
= −55 x − 33 + 10 comics section” are commutative, since the order
= −55 x − 23 in which they are performed does not affect the
outcome.
62. −6(2 x + 1) − 1 = −6(2 x ) + (−6)(1) − 1
= −12 x + (−6) − 1 98. “Baking a cake” and “eating the cake” are not
= −12 x − 7 commutative, since the order in which they are
performed affects the outcome.
64. 14 ⋅ z + 14 ⋅ 5 = 14(z + 5)
100. “Feeding the dog” and “feeding the cat” are
66. 9a + 9b = 9(a + b) commutative, since the order in which they are
performed does not affect the outcome.
68. (−3)a + (−3)b = −3(a + b)
102. a. The property illustrated is the associative
70. 25x + 25y = 25(x + y) property of addition since the grouping of
addition changed.
72. 4(3 + 8) = 4 ⋅ 3 + 4 ⋅ 8; distributive property
b. The property illustrated is the commutative
74. (x + 9) + 3 = (9 + x) + 3; commutative property property of addition since the order in which
of addition they are added changed.
76. 1 ⋅ 9 = 9; identity element for multiplication c. The property illustrated is the commutative
property of addition since the order in which
1 they are added changed.
78. 6 ⋅ = 1; multiplicative inverse property
6 104. answers may vary
80. (a + 9) + 6 = a + (9 + 6); associative property of 106. answers may vary
addition
Chapter 1 Vocabulary Check
82. (11 + r) + 8 = (r + 11) + 8; commutative
property of addition 1. The symbols ≠, <, and > are called inequality
symbols.
84. r + 0 = r; identity element for addition
2. A mathematical statement that two expressions
Expression Opposite Reciprocal are equal is called an equation.
86. − 23 2
3
− 23 3. The absolute value of a number is the distance
between that number and 0 on a number line.
88. 4y 1
−4y 4y 4. A symbol used to represent a number is called a
variable.
90. −7x 7x − 71x
5. Two numbers that are the same distance from 0
but lie on opposite sides of 0 are called
a 2 opposites.
92. False; the reciprocal of − is − .
2 a
a a 6. The number in a fraction above the fraction bar
The opposite of − is . is called the numerator.
2 2
94. “Putting on your shoes” and “putting on your 7. A solution of an equation is a value for the
socks” are not commutative, since the order in variable that makes the equation a true statement.
which they are performed affects the outcome.
8. Two numbers whose product is 1 are called
reciprocals.

9. In 23 , the 2 is called the base and the 3 is called 1

d. The rational numbers are −6, 0, 1, 1 , 3,
the exponent. 2
and 9.62.
10. The number in a fraction below the fraction bar
is called the denominator. e. The irrational number is π.
11. Parentheses and brackets are examples of f. The real numbers are all numbers in the
grouping symbols. given set.
12. A set is a collection of objects. 16. a. The natural numbers are 2 and 5.
Chapter 1 Review b. The whole numbers are 2 and 5.
1. 8 < 10 since 8 is to the left of 10 on a number c. The integers are −3, 2, and 5.
line.
11
2. 7 > 2 since 7 is to the right of 2 on a number line. d. The rational numbers are −3, −1.6, 2, 5, ,
2
and 15.1.
3. −4 > −5 since −4 is to the right of −5 on a
number line.
e. The irrational numbers are 5 and 2π.
12
4. > −8 since 6 > −8. f. The real numbers are all numbers in the
2 given set.
5. |−7| < |−8| since 7 < 8. 17. Look for the negative number with the greatest
absolute value. The greatest loss was on Friday.
6. |−9| > −9 since 9 > −9.
18. Look for the largest positive number. The
7. −|−1| = −1 since −1 = −1. greatest gain was on Wednesday.
8. |−14| = −(−14) since 14 = 14. 19. 36 = 4 ⋅ 9 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3

9. 1.2 > 1.02 since 1.2 is to the right of 1.02 on a 20. 120 = 8 ⋅ 15 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5
number line.
8 27 8 ⋅ 27 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 12
3 3 3 3 21. ⋅ = = =
10. − < since − is to the left of on a 15 30 15 ⋅ 30 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 25
2 4 2 4
number line. 7 21 7 32 7 ⋅ 32 7 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 4 4
22. ÷ = ⋅ = = =
11. Four is greater than or equal to negative three is 8 32 8 21 8 ⋅ 21 8 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 7 3
written as 4 ≥ −3.
7 5 7⋅2 5⋅5
23. + = +
12. Six is not equal to five is written as 6 ≠ 5. 15 6 15 ⋅ 2 6 ⋅ 5
14 25
= +
13. 0.03 is less than 0.3 is written as 0.03 < 0.3. 30 30
14 + 25
14. 155 < 400 =
30
39
15. a. The natural numbers are 1 and 3. =
30
b. The whole numbers are 0, 1, and 3. 3 ⋅ 13
=
3 ⋅ 10
c. The integers are −6, 0, 1, and 3. 13
=
10

3 3 3⋅5 3 1 1 12 1 ⋅ 2 1 ⋅ 3
24. − = − 29. 1 − − = − −
4 20 4 ⋅ 5 20 6 4 12 6 ⋅ 2 4 ⋅ 3
15 3 12 2 3
= − = − −
20 20 12 12 12
15 − 3 12 − 2 − 3
= =
20 12
12 7
= =
20 12
3⋅4 7
= The unknown part is .
5⋅4 12
3
=
5 1 1 10 5 2 10 − 5 − 2 3
30. 1 − − = − − = =
2 5 10 10 10 10 10
3 5 11 53
25. 2 + 6 = + 3
4 8 4 8 The unknown part is .
10
11 ⋅ 2 53
= +
4⋅2 8 31. P = 2l + 2 w
22 53
= +  1 7
8 8 P = 2 1  + 2  
22 + 53   3 8
= 2 4 2 7
8 = ⋅ + ⋅
75 1 3 1 8
= 8 14
8 = +
3 3 8
=9 8 ⋅ 8 14 ⋅ 3
8 = +
3⋅8 8⋅3
1 2 43 8 64 42
= +
26. 7 − 2 = − 24 24
6 3 6 3
64 + 42
43 8 ⋅ 2 =
= − 24
6 3⋅2
106
43 16 =
= − 24
6 6 10
43 − 16 =4
= 24
6 5
27 =4 meters
= 12
6
A = lw
9⋅3
= 1 7
2 ⋅3 A =1 ⋅
9 3 8
= 4 7
2 = ⋅
1 3 8
=4 4⋅7
2 =
3⋅2 ⋅ 4
1 3 7
27. 5 ÷ = 5 ⋅ = 15 =
3 1 6
1
= 1 sq meters
3 35 2 ⋅ 35 35 1 6
28. 2 ⋅ 8 = 2⋅ = = = 17
4 4 2⋅2 2 2

32. P = the sum of the lengths of the sides 3

3 3 3 3 27
5 8 3 3 2 5 26 4 42.   = ⋅ ⋅ =
P= + + + + + = =2 in. 4
  4 4 4 64
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
A = the sum of the two areas, each given by lw 43. 3(1 + 2 ⋅ 5) + 4 = 3(1 + 10) + 4
5 5 3 3 25 9 34 = 3(11) + 4
A= ⋅ + ⋅ = + = sq in. = 33 + 4
11 11 11 11 121 121 121
= 37
1 1 3 9 13 7
33. 2 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 44. 8 + 3(2 ⋅ 6 − 1) = 8 + 3(12 − 1)
2 16 4 16 16 16
5 49 7 41 29 39 = 8 + 3(11)
= + + + + + = 8 + 33
2 16 4 16 16 16
40 49 28 41 29 39 = 41
= + + + + +
16 16 16 16 16 16
226 4 + 6 − 2 + 82 4 + 4 + 64
= 45. =
16 4 + 6⋅4 4 + 24
2 4 + 4 + 64
= 14 =
16 4 + 24
1 72
= 14 lb =
8 28
4 ⋅ 18
=
1 3 17 35 34 35 69 5 4⋅7
34. 2 + 2 = + = + = =4 lb 18
8 16 8 16 16 16 16 16 =
7
35. Total weight = weight of boys + weight of girls
226 69 46. 5[3(2 + 5) − 5] = 5[3(7) − 5]
= + = 5[21 − 5]
16 16
295 = 5[16]
= = 80
16
7
= 18 lb 47. The difference of twenty and twelve is equal to
16 the product of two and four is written as
20 − 12 = 2 ⋅ 4.
36. Look for the largest number. Baby C weighed
the most. 48. The quotient of nine and two is greater than
37. Look for the smallest number. Baby E weighed 9
negative five is written as > −5.
the least. 2
1 3 49 7 49 28 21 5 49. Let x = 6 and y = 2.

38. 3 −1 = − = − = = 1 lb 2x + 3y = 2(6) + 3(2) = 12 + 6 = 18
16 4 16 4 16 16 16 16
50. Let x = 6, y = 2, and z = 8.
39. 6 ⋅ 32 + 2 ⋅ 8 = 6 ⋅ 9 + 2 ⋅ 8 = 54 + 16 = 70 x( y + 2 z) = 6[2 + 2(8)] = 6[2 + 16] = 6[18] = 108
The answer is c.
51. Let x = 6, y = 2, and z = 8.
40. 68 − 5 ⋅ 23 = 68 − 5 ⋅ 8 = 68 − 40 = 68 + (−40) = 28 x z 6 8 6 8
+ = + = + = 3+2 = 5
The answer is b. y 2 y 2 2(2) 2 4
2
2 2 2 4
41.   = ⋅ =
7 7 7 49

52. Let x = 6 and y = 2. 1  1  1  1⋅ 4 

63. + − = + −
x 2 − 3 y2 = (6)2 − 3(2)2 16  4  16  4 ⋅ 4 
= 36 − 3(4) 1  4 
= +− 
= 36 − 12 16  16 
= 36 + (−12) 3
= 24 =−
16
53. Replace a with 37 and b with 80.
64. −8 + |−3| = −8 + 3 = −5
180 − a − b = 180 − 37 − 80
= 180 + (−37) + (−80) 65. −4.6 + (−9.3) = −13.9
= 143 + (−80)
= 63 66. −2.8 + 6.7 = 3.9
The measure of the unknown angle is 63°.
67. 6 − 20 = 6 + (−20) = −14
54. Replace a with 93, b with 80, and c with 82.
360 − a − b − c = 360 − 93 − 80 − 82 68. −3.1 − 8.4 = −3.1 + (−8.4) = −11.5
= 360 + (−93) + (−80) + (−82)
= 267 + (−80) + (−82) 69. −6 − (−11) = −6 + 11 = 5
= 187 + (−82)
70. 4 − 15 = 4 + (−15) = −11
= 105
The measure of the unknown angle is 105°. 71. −21 − 16 + 3(8 − 2) = −21 + (−16) + 3[8 + (−2)]
= −21 + (−16) + 3[6]
55. Let x = 3. = −21 + (−16) + 18
7 x − 3 = 18
= −37 + 18
7(3) − 3 0 18
= −19
21 − 3 0 18
18 = 18, true 11 − (−9) + 6(8 − 2) 11 + 9 + 6[8 + (−2)]
3 is a solution to the equation. 72. =
2 + 3⋅ 4 2 + 3⋅ 4
11 + 9 + 6[6]
56. Let x = 1. =
3x + 4 = x − 1 2 + 3⋅4
3(1) + 4 0 1 − 1 11 + 9 + 36
=
3+ 4 0 0 2 + 12
56
7 = 0, false =
1 is not a solution to the equation. 14
=4
57. The additive inverse of −9 is 9.
73. Replace x with 3, y with −6, and z with −9.
2 2 2 x 2 − y + z = 2(3) 2 − (−6) + (−9)
58. The additive inverse of is − . = 2(9) + 6 + (−9)
3 3
= 18 + 6 + (−9)
59. The additive inverse of |−2| is −2 since |−2| = 2. = 24 + (−9)
= 15
60. The additive inverse of −|−7| is 7 since The answer is a.
−|−7| = −7.
61. −15 + 4 = −11
62. −6 + (−11) = −17

74. Replace x with 3 and y with −6. 3(−2)2 − 5 3(4) − 5 12 − 5 7 1

y − 4x −6 − 4(3) 84. = = = =−
= −14 −14 −14 −14 2
2x 2(3)
−6 − 12 −6
= 85. is undefined.
6 0
−6 + (−12)
= 0
6 86. =0
−18 −2
=
6
18 87. −42 − (−3 + 5) ÷ (−1) ⋅ 2 = −16 − (2) ÷ (−1) ⋅ 2
= = −16 + 2 ⋅ 2
6
=3 = −16 + 4
The answer is a. = −12
75. 50 + 1 + (−2) + 5 + 1 + (−4) 88. −52 − (2 − 20) ÷ (−3) ⋅ 3 = −25 − (−18) ÷ (−3) ⋅ 3
= 51 + (−2) + 5 + 1 + (−4) = −25 − 6 ⋅ 3
= 49 + 5 + 1 + (−4) = −25 − 18
= 54 + 1 + (−4) = −43
= 55 + (−4)
= 51 89. Let x = −5 and y = −2.
The price at the end of the week is $51. x 2 − y 4 = (−5)2 − (−2) 4 = 25 − 16 = 9
76. 50 + 1 + (−2) + 5 = 51 + (−2) + 5 = 49 + 5 = 54
90. Let x = −5 and y = −2.
The price at the end of the day on Wednesday is
$54. x 2 − y3 = (−5)2 − (−2)3 = 25 − (−8) = 25 + 8 = 33
1 91. −7x or −7 ⋅ x
77. The multiplicative inverse of −6 is − since
6
x
1 92. or x ÷ (−13)
−6 ⋅ − = 1. −13
6
93. −20 − x
3 5
78. The multiplicative inverse of is since
5 3 94. −1 + x
3 5
⋅ = 1. 95. −6 + 5 = 5 + (−6); commutative property of
5 3
addition
79. 6(−8) = −48
96. 6 ⋅ 1 = 6; identity element for multiplication
80. (−2)(−14) = 28
97. 3(8 − 5) = 3 ⋅ 8 − 3 ⋅ 5; distributive property
−18
81. =3 98. 4 + (−4) = 0; additive inverse property
−6
99. 2 + (3 + 9) = (2 + 3) + 9; associative property of
42 addition
82. = −14
−3
100. 2 ⋅ 8 = 8 ⋅ 2; commutative property of
4 ⋅ (−3) + (−8) −12 + (−8) −20 multiplication
83. = =
2 + (−2) 2 + (−2) 0
101. 6(8 + 5) = 6 ⋅ 8 + 6 ⋅ 5; distributive property
The expression is undefined.

102. (3 ⋅ 8) ⋅ 4 = 3 ⋅ (8 ⋅ 4); associative property of −3 − 2(−9) −3 + 18 15

multiplication 121. = = = −5
−15 − 3(−4) −15 + 12 −3
1
103. 4 ⋅ = 1; multiplicative inverse property 122. 5 + 2[(7 − 5)2 + (1 − 3)] = 5 + 2[22 + (−2)]
4
= 5 + 2[4 + (−2)]
104. 8 + 0 = 8; identity element for addition = 5 + 2[2]
= 5+4
105. 5(y − 2) = 5(y) + 5(−2) = 5y − 10 =9
106. −3(z + y) = −3(z) + (−3)(y) = −3z − 3y 5 3 5 4 20 5

123. − ÷ = − ⋅ = − =−
8 4 8 3 24 6
107. −(7 − x + 4 z ) = ( −1)(7) + (−1)( − x ) + ( −1)(4 z )
= −7 + x − 4 z
−15 + (−4)2 + −9 −15 + 16 + 9 1 + 9
124. = = is
1 1 1 10 − 2 ⋅ 5 10 − 10 0
108. (6 z − 10) = (6 z ) + (−10) = 3z − 5
2 2 2 undefined.
109. −4(3 x + 5) − 7 = −4(3 x ) + (−4)(5) − 7 1 1 15 49

125. 7 − 6 = −
= −12 x − 20 − 7 2 8 2 8
= −12 x − 27 15 ⋅ 4 49
= −
2⋅4 8
110. −8(2 y + 9) − 1 = −8(2 y) + (−8)(9) − 1 60 49
= −
= −16 y − 72 − 1 8 8
= −16 y − 73 60 − 49
=
8
111. −|−11| < |11.4| since −|−11| = −11 and 11
|11.4| = 11.4. =
8
3
1 1 1 1 = 1 ft
112. −1 > −2 since −1 is to the right of −2 8
2 2 2 2
on a number line. Chapter 1 Getting Ready for the Test
113. −7.2 + (−8.1) = −15.3 1. For −5 + (−3), the operation is addition; A.
114. 14 − 20 = 14 + (−20) = −6 2. For −5(−3), the operation is multiplication; C.
115. 4(−20) = −80 3. 6x + 2 + 4x − 10 is an expression since it does

not contain an equal sign; B.
−20
116. = −5
4 4. 6x + 2 = 4x − 10 is an equation since it contains
an equal sign; A.
4 5  4 1
117. −   = − = − 5. −2(x − 1) = 12 is an equation since it contains an
5  16  16 4
equal sign; A.
118. −0.5(−0.3) = 0.15
 1
6. −7  x +  − 22 is an expression since it does
119. 8 ÷ 2 ⋅ 4 = 4 ⋅ 4 = 16  2
not contain an equal sign; B.
120. (−2)4 = (−2)(−2)(−2)(−2) = 16

7. Since the sum of two numbers with the same 2. The sum of nine and five is greater than or equal
sign has the sign common to the two numbers to four is written as 9 + 5 ≥ 4.
and both a and b are negative numbers, a + b is a
negative number; B. 3. −13 + 8 = −5
8. Since the product of two numbers with the same 4. −13 − (−2) = −13 + 2 = −11
sign is positive and both a and b are negative
numbers, a ⋅ b is a positive number; A. 5. 12 ÷ 4 ⋅ 3 − 6 ⋅ 2 = 3 ⋅ 3 − 6 ⋅ 2 = 9 − 12 = −3
9. Since the quotient of two numbers with the same 6. (13)(−3) = −39
a
sign is positive and both a and b are negative, 7. (−6)(−2) = 12
b
is a positive number; A.
−16 16
8. = = −2
10. Since 0 added to or subtracted from any number −8 −8
does not change the number and a is a negative
number, a − 0 = a is a negative number; B. −8
9. is undefined.
0
11. Since the product of 0 and any number is 0, 0 ⋅ b
is 0; C.
−6 + 2 6+2 8
10. = = = −8
12. a − b = a + (−b) 5−6 5 + (−6) −1
Since b is a negative number, −b is a positive
number and a − b = a + (−b) is the sum of two 1 5 1 ⋅ 3 5 3 5 3 − 5 −2 1
11. − = − = − = = =−
numbers with different signs. The sum will have 2 6 2 ⋅3 6 6 6 6 6 3
the sign of the number with the larger absolute
value. Since we do not know whether |a| or 3 1 23 9
|−b| = |b| is larger, it is not possible to determine 12. 5 − 1 = −
4 8 4 8
whether a − b is positive or negative; D. 2 ⋅ 23 9
= −
2⋅4 8
13. Since 0 added to any number does not change the
46 9
number and b is a negative number, 0 + b is a = −
negative number; B. 8 8
46 + (−9)
=
14. Since 0 divided by any nonzero number is 0 and 8
0 37
a is not 0, is 0; C. =
a 8
5
=4
1 8
15. is the reciprocal of 5; B.
5
13. −0.6 + 1.875 = 1.275
16. 3 + 2(−8) is an expression which can be
evaluated or simplified; C. 14. 3(−4)2 − 80 = 3(16) − 80 = 48 + (−80) = −32
17. 23 is an expression which can be evaluated or 15. 6[5 + 2(3 − 8) − 3] = 6{5 + 2[3 + (−8)] + (−3)}
simplified; C. = 6{5 + 2[ −5] + (−3)}
= 6{5 + (−10) + (−3)}
18. 7 is the opposite of −7; A. = 6{−5 + (−3)}
= 6{−8}
Chapter 1 Test = −48
1. The absolute value of negative seven is greater −12 + 3 ⋅ 8 −12 + 24 12
than five is written as |−7| > 5. 16. = = =3
4 4 4

(−2)(0)(−3) 0(−3) 0 27. Let x = 6, y = −2 and z = −3.

17. = = =0
−6 −6 −6 y + z − 1 −2 + (−3) − 1 −5 + (−1) −6
= = = = −1
x 6 6 6
18. −3 > −7 since −3 is to the right of −7 on a
number line. 28. 8 + (9 + 3) = (8 + 9) + 3; associative property of
addition
19. 4 > −8 since 4 is to the right of −8 on a number
line. 29. 6 ⋅ 8 = 8 ⋅ 6; commutative property of
multiplication
20. 2 < |−3| since 2 < 3.
30. −6(2 + 4) = −6 ⋅ 2 + (−6) ⋅ 4; distributive
21. |−2| = −1 − (−3) since |−2| = 2 and property
−1 − (−3) = −1 + 3 = 2.
1
22. 1685 < 5683 31. (6) = 1; multiplicative inverse property
6
23. a. The natural numbers are 1 and 7.
32. The opposite of −9 is 9.
b. The whole numbers are 0, 1 and 7.
1
33. The reciprocal of − is −3.
c. The integers are −5, −1, 0, 1, and 7. 3
1 34. Look for the negative number that has the

d. The rational numbers are −5, −1, , 0, 1, 7, greatest absolute value. The second down had
4
and 11.6. the greatest loss of yardage.
35. Gains: 5, 29
e. The irrational numbers are 7 and 3π.
Losses: −10, −2
Total gain or loss = 5 + (−10) + (−2) + 29
f. The real numbers are all numbers in the
given set. = (−5) + (−2) + 29
= −7 + 29
24. Let x = 6 and y = −2. = 22 yards gained
x 2 + y 2 = (6)2 + (−2)2 = 36 + 4 = 40 Yes, they scored a touchdown.
36. Since −14 + 31 = 17, the temperature at noon

25. Let x = 6, y = −2 and z = −3.
was 17°.
x + yz = 6 + (−2)(−3) = 6 + 6 = 12
37. 356 + 460 + (−166) = 816 + (−166) = 650
26. Let x = 6 and y = −2. The net income was $650 million.
2 + 3 x − y = 2 + 3(6) − (−2)
= 2 + 18 + 2 38. Change in value per share = −1.50
= 20 + 2 Change in total value = 280(−1.50) = −420
= 22 She had a total loss of $420.

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Chapter 1

Section 1.2 Practice Exercises 12 12

b. 3 ≥ 8 is false, since neither 3 > 8 nor 3 = 8 is 5 5 5 5

b. 15 ≥ 9 8. a. |8| = |−8| since 8 = 8.

c. 6≠7 b. |−3| > 0 since 3 > 0.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

2. 9 < 15 since 9 is to the left of 15 on a number 1

14. 4 ≥ 7 is false, since 4 is to the left of 7 on a 48. True

24. Fifteen is greater than five is written as 15 > 5. 18 24

2 Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc.

64. 0 = |0| since 0 = 0. 63 3⋅3⋅ 7 7 7

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. 3

5 10 4. A fraction is said to be simplified when the

1 1 13 Exercise Set 1.3

4 Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. 5

6 Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 1.4 Practice Exercises d. x 3 + y2 = 23 + 52 = 8 + 25 = 33

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. 7

4. 86 = 262,144 13. The order in which we perform operations does

Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 1.4 Exercise Set 1.4

1. In 25 , the 2 is called the base and the 5 is called 2. 2 5 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 = 32

3. To simplify 8 + 2 ⋅ 6, the operation that should 8. 81 = 8

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. 9

56. Let x = 1, y = 3, and z = 5.

60. Let x = 12, y = 8, and z = 4.

62. Let x = 12 and y = 8.

64. Let x = 12 and y = 8.

66. No; answers may vary.

74. Let x = 10.

10 Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc.

78. A number increased by 9 is written as x + 9.

80. Five decreased by a number is written as 5 − x.

84. Twice a number, decreased by 72 is written as 2x − 72.

86. Four subtracted from eight is equal to two squared is written as 8 − 4 = 2 2.

90. Seven subtracted from a number is 0 is written as x − 7 = 0.

92. 9.1 times a number equals 4 is written as 9.1x = 4.

94. Eight added to twice a number is 42 is written as 2x + 8 = 42.

96. To simplify the expression (1 + 3) ⋅ 6, first add.

98. To simplify the expression 20 − 4 ÷ 2, first divide.

100. Yes; answers may vary.

Length, l Width, w Perimeter of Rectangle: Area of Rectangle:

106. answers may vary

110. a. 3 x 2 − 26 is an expression since it does not contain an equal sign.

b. 3 x 2 − 26 = 1 is an equation since it contains an equal sign.

c. 2x − 5 = 7x − 5 is an equation since it contains an equal sign.

d. 9y + x − 8 is an expression since it does not contain an equal sign.

e. 32 − 4(5 − 3) is an expression since it does not contain an equal sign.

112. answers may vary

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. 11

114. answers may vary, for example, 2(10 − 7) + 1: 3  2 5

Section 1.5 Practice Exercises b. [ −8 + 5] +  −5 + −2  = [ −3] + [ −5 + 2]

3. a. −5 + (−8) c. The opposite of 6.2 is −6.2.

4. 1. Two numbers that are the same distance from 0

5. a. 15 + (−18) 2. If n is a number, then n + (−n) = 0.

12 Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. Negative; when you add two numbers with 5 1 5 1⋅ 3 5 3 2

34. −6.7 + (−7.6) = −14.3 66. The opposite of 4 is −4.

5 7 2 1 68. The opposite of −8 is 8.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. 13

72. Since |−11| is 11, the opposite of |−11| is −11. b. −8 − (−1) = −8 + 1 = −7

74. −(−3) = 3 c. 9 − (−3) = 9 + 3 = 12