Question 1: Identify the Australian legislations required to prepare a detailed design.

- A code of practice is a practical guide for meeting the legal obligations imposed by the
Work Health and Safety (WHS) Act and Regulations.(Learner Guide page 16)
- NCC code: The National Construction Code (NCC) is a code issued by the Australian
Building Codes Board (ABCB) that outlines the minimum requirements for the design
and construction of new buildings. It lays particular emphasis on the health, safety,
amenity and sustainable design of buildings.
- The Australian standards AS 2870.1-1988, AS 2870.2-1990, AS 2159-1995 provide
detailed design construction of foundation.(Learner Guide page 18)
- The Designs Act 2003 of the Commonwealth of Australia superseded the Designs Act
1906. This legislation contributes to safeguarding the visual appearance of a product,
encompassing one or more of its visual features.
- The Building Code of Australia (BCA), within the National Construction Code series,
comprises technical regulations governing the design and construction of various
structures. The BCA covers the following aspects.
Question 2. Explain the processes for design approvals and reviews of foundations.
Approval:
The length of the approval and processing processes depends on the specific council laws
and requirements.
Along with your structural engineer, designer, or architect at this time, construction
documentation will also be created.
Design details are finalised.
Obtaining approvals for a DA or a Complying Development Certificate is part of the approval
step (CDC).
Review:
The main designer usually organises design reviews. They could involve the client, the
consultant team, independent client advisers, and the contractor if there is one. They might
also work with outside businesses that are experts in conducting design evaluations.
(Learner Guide page 19)
Question 3.
Supervisors or team leaders, designated by the Construction Manager, will be tasked with
ensuring adherence to the specifications outlined in this Environmental Management Plan
(EMP) as authorized representatives. The Construction Manager is responsible for
communicating environmental, social, and heritage-related performance and incidents to
the Proponent's Environmental Manager throughout the construction phase.
Question 4. Explain the purpose of performance

The evaluation of the design process typically involves assessing the performance of
individuals involved in foundation design. This review, also referred to as performance
appraisals or performance evaluation, is conducted to gauge the collective performance of
the workforce. Its objective is to pinpoint areas for improving individual performance,
enhancing communication effectiveness, and fostering overall growth and development..

Question 5.
Surveying for roadway construction involves more than just determining where the road will
be located; it extends to the intricate design of the roadway itself. The culmination of land
surveys plays a crucial role in establishing the optimal roadway design, guiding decisions on
materials and construction methods. When dealing with specific features like steep inclines,
the data from land surveys becomes instrumental in devising effective management
strategies. This encompasses various details, ranging from fundamental considerations such
as the ideal road width to more intricate decisions like the potential use of bridges or
tunnels.
Question 6. Workplace safety health
Exercise appropriate caution for your well-being and safety while at work. It is equally
important to exercise due diligence for the well-being and safety of individuals who may be
impacted by your actions or inactions. Collaborate with your employer in implementing any
measures necessary to adhere to the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Act or
Regulations.
Question 7: What is the importance of geotechnical management in designing the
foundations?
Geotechnical engineering is crucial because it aids in avoiding problems before they arise.
Without Geotech's sophisticated calculations and testing, buildings might sustain major
damage from an earthquake, altering slope stability, continuous settlement, or other factors.
Any building project should hire geotechnical experts early in the planning process. Doing
this can avoid potential risks or issues arising during construction or even after it is over.
A geotechnical engineer may advise you on water mitigation, building placement, and how
adjacent buildings like sidewalks and parking lots can affect your project. In the end, the
planning and risk mitigation related to the project's development and long-term investment
is what geotechnical engineering is important for.
(Learner Guide page 20)
Question 8: Explain the importance of risk assessment and management in the design of
foundations.
Occupational health and safety (OHS) risk management includes a function called risk
assessment that focuses on locating potential Risks. The objectives include finding hazards
and analysing and evaluating the risks they pose.
To reduce the likelihood of injury and sickness, risk management in OHS is a rigorous
procedure for identifying hazards, assessing and analysing the risks connected to those
hazards, and then taking action to mitigate the risks that can't be eliminated. Any
organisation's efforts to proactively mitigate risk before an accident or tragedy must include
risk management.
A risk assessment will assist to:
o Recognize the workers susceptible to potential exposure.
o Ascertain the origins and procedures contributing to the identified risk.
o Assess whether control measures need to be instituted and specify the appropriate type.
o Evaluate the efficacy of current control measures in place.
(Learner Guide page 21)
Question 9
Cement mixers
Uses

 A concrete mixer (also known as a cement mixer) is a machine that uniformly mixes
cement, aggregate (such as sand or gravel), and water to create concrete.

 Simple to use with reduced maintenance costs

Types

 Mixers for batches

 Mixer Drum Types

 Drum mixers that tilt

Characteristics/ technical capabilities
A concrete mixer (also known as a cement mixer) is a machine that uniformly mixes
cement, aggregate (such as sand or gravel), and water to produce concrete.
Limitations
Requires huge initial investment.
Forklifts
 Uses/characteristics

 A forklift (a lift truck, jitney, fork truck, fork hoist, or forklift truck) is a powered industrial
truck that lifts and transports objects over short distances.

 Forklifts are ideal for unloading pallets of blocks/bricks, steel joists, and other
construction equipment and supplies from delivery trucks and transporting them to the
job site.

 I require a pallet/skid/container, (ii) requires a skilled operator, (iii) equipment requires

maintenance, (iv) capacity of these equipment ranges from 0.5 to 60 tonnes, (v) slow
travel speed of 10 to 15 kilometres per hour (kmph), and (vi) appropriate for short hauls
of hundreds of metres.
Types

 Electric Motor Rider Trucks.

 Electric Motor Narrow Aisle Trucks

Limitations
It may not function effectively when used in high/constant duty or cold/wet settings.
The battery's cleaning, watering, and charging requirements may not be feasible in a
multi-shift work.
Wheelbarrow
Uses

 For transporting materials

 For transporting bricks

 Moving Plants
Types

 Steel wheelbarrow

 Plastic wheelbarrow
Characteristics/ technical capabilities
A wheelbarrow is a small hand-propelled vehicle with usually only one wheel that is
pushed and guided by a single person using two handles on the back of a sail to propel
the ancient wheelbarrow by the wind.
Limitation
 It might be difficult and unstable when you've loaded a wheelbarrow to its maximum
capacity. When all you want to do is return dug-up soil to its original location, the weight
can be a problem.
Material hoist
Uses

 A material hoist is specifically built to transfer heavy objects up and down a building site

 It provides a discreet approach to moving men's materials without interfering with your
internal lift.
Types

 Chain hoist.

 Electric Chain Hoist.

 Wire rope hoist.

Characteristics
A material hoist is a power or manually driven and suspended platform or bucket that
operates in guide rails and is used solely for raising or lowering material and is controlled
and operated from outside the conveyance.
Limitations

 Equipment purchase price. Up front, automated equipment is more expensive than

manual equipment.

 The ability to change has been hampered.

 Due to a problem, there may be some downtime.

 Costs of upkeep
Scaffolds
Uses

 Scaffold—a makeshift structure used to provide access or work platforms.

 Scaffolds are commonly used in construction to provide a safe, stable work platform for
workers when work cannot be done at ground level or on a finished floor.
Types

 Timber scaffold
 Steel scaffold

 Aluminium scaffold
Characteristics
Scaffolding is a temporary platform used in building construction to elevate and support
workers and materials during the construction, repair, or cleaning of a structure or
machine; it consists of one or more planks of convenient size and length, with various
methods of support, depending on the form and use.
Limitations

 Costly.

 It takes a lot of time.

 Not appropriate for all types of projects.

 Scaffolding Couplers are prone to going missing.

Hose and water sprays
Uses/ Characteristics

 Hoses can be used to transport water or other liquids, as well as air or other gases.

 Hoses transport fluids through air or water, while clamps, spigots, flanges, and nozzles
are commonly employed to control fluid flow.
Types

 Coiled hose.

 Expandable hose
Limitations

 When spray heads are utilised, it is less efficient than most other approaches (typically
wastes 40 per cent or more of water used)

 Installation costs a lot of money.

 Annual tune-up and regular maintenance are required.

 Water usage and costs are typically higher than with alternative irrigation methods.
Lump hammer
Uses/characteristics

 Cutting tools such as bolsters and chisels are used with a firm hammer.
 It can be used for mild demolition, driving masonry nails, and cutting stone or metal
using a steel chisel.
Types

 Club hammer

 Sludge hammer
Limitations
It gets loosened
Pocket level
Uses/characteristics

 It is commonly used to measure height disparities in surveying and construction.

 For transferring, measuring, and setting the heights of recognised objects or markers.
Types

 Water level

 Sprit level
(Learner Guide page 37-40)

Question 10. Discuss the techniques

o Step 1: Collect Existing Information about Workplace Hazards: OHS advises gathering
information on workplace risks that already exist on-site as the first step towards
reducing them. This can be accomplished in various ways, such as reviewing the risks
noted in earlier hazard assessments and inspections, reviewing work hazard analyses,
and more.
o Step 2: Inspect the Workplace for Safety Hazards: Next, look at your workplace for any
potential risks that might emerge. For instance, new risks may appear when protocols
are adjusted, new tools are employed, or job requirements are changed.
o Step 3: Identify Health-Related Hazards: Finding health risks comes after gathering
information and inspecting your workplace.
o Step 4: Conduct Incident Investigations: This investigation aims to identify the origins or
underlying causes of the incident while remaining open to the possibility that other
factors may also be at work.
 Establish a thorough protocol to aid in identifying a workplace hazard, involving chosen
team members who undertake such investigations and documenting all aspects of the
incident.
o Step 5: Identify Hazards Associated with Emergency Situations: In this step, take into
account improbable but still possible scenarios. This includes infection outbreaks like
COVID-19, fires, explosions, natural calamities, chemical spills, etc
(Learner Guide page 47,48)
Question 11. Explain the following

o Geometric requirements for foundations:

The structural base must endure considerable vibrations without sustaining damage when a
machine or a group of machines is installed on it.

o Loads
Lateral soil pressure can cause shear and moment stresses when the construction
foundation is underground. It's crucial to impose a restriction on lateral displacement, with
bridge construction tolerances set at 2.5 cm.
Dead loads: This constitutes the total of loads, encompassing the inherent weight of the
structure, footing, foundation, and so forth. All enduring loads are encompassed within the
category of dead loads.
Live loads:
This refers to the load that can be relocated on the floor, making it subject to variation. It is
also recognized as a superimposed load.

 Self-weight of the column x Number of floors

 Beams' weight in terms of running metres

 Walls per running metre load

 (Dead load + Live load + Self weight) Total Slab Load (Learner Guide page 52)
Stresses:
The load per unit area determines the stress on the earth. The strains on the earth are
mostly increased by foundation construction. To determine the settling method, we must
determine the nett increase in vertical stresses that the installation of a foundation will have
on the soil. (Leaner Guide page 55)
Area:
An excavation in the ground designed for placing the foundations of buildings and other
engineered structures. Typically, the foundation area is dug from the ground's surface,
although caissons may be used in certain instances. The dimensions of the foundation area,
in both area and depth, are dictated by the structure's design and purpose, the level at
which the soil can adequately support the structure's load, the depth of soil freezing, and
various other factors.
Question 12.
1) Expert Judgement Method
Individuals or organisations with particular knowledge or training in the team and physical
resource planning and estimating should be considered.
Expert judgement supported by historical data offers insightful information about the
environment and knowledge from previous related initiatives.
Expert judgement can also be utilised to decide whether to combine several estimation
techniques and how to handle their discrepancies.
2) Analogous Estimating Method
Using numbers from a previous, comparable project's scope, cost, budget, and duration—or
scale measures like size, weight, and complexity—as a starting point, analogous cost
estimating estimates the same parameter or measurement for a current project.
This method of cost estimation uses the actual cost of prior, comparable projects as the
starting point for calculating the cost of the present project.
When the prior projects were similar and not merely visually similar, and when the project
team members creating the estimates had the necessary skills, it was most reliable.
(Learner Guide page 57)
Question 13

 The foundation must be secure against a structural breakdown that could cause it to
collapse, including the soil and rock beneath. For instance, a skyscraper's foundation
must safely sustain the substantial weight of the structure above it on a very small base.

 The foundation cannot move during the building's lifespan in a way that endangers the
structure or compromises its functionality.

 It should be sufficiently stiff to reduce differential settling, especially when

superimposed loads are distributed unevenly.

 The foundation must be practical to build without harming the nearby technical and
economic properties.
 A foundation's ability to safely support and transfer dead loads, live loads and horizontal
loads such as wind and earthquakes to subsurface soil is one of the most important
design criteria.

 The foundation should be deep enough to avoid overturning and to shield the building
from harm or distress brought on by subsurface expansion or contraction. At a sufficient
depth, the soil has adequate bearing capability.

 The foundation structure should be built with enough safety against extreme future
loads, such as earthquakes and overloading.

 It needs to be resistant to damage from soil chemicals. Sulphates and other hazardous
substances can be found in groundwater and soil, damaging concrete foundations.

 Sulphate assault is typically countered using sulphate-resistant cement. However, even

this is not a complete solution unless the concrete is placed, vibrated, and dried with
adequate care.
Question 14.
Design principles for foundations involve the safe distribution of a building's weight into the
subsoil. The four main foundation types are strip, pad, piled, and raft, chosen based on
factors such as the building's weight, subsoil's load-bearing capacity, water table, ground
contamination, and cost limitations specific to each site.
Evaluation of site conditions in the context of the site and soil investigation report.
Determination of expected structural loads.
Choosing the foundation type taking into consideration.
o Soil conditions.
o Type of structure.
o Structural loads.
o Economic factors.
o Time considerations in relation to the intended contract duration.
o Construction problems.