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SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY

BSc III
Subject code: ANA 324
Subject: Applied human cell and developmental biology 324

Exams

ANA324 EXAMS 2020

ANA324: 1st and 2nd exam, online on clickup. Randomized questions, with random blocks of 2 questions for each examination without the option of
backtracking. Total [50 marks], Time 90 min.
Instructions:
ANA324 Exam
EXAM 1:
Date 17 November 2020
Time: 8:00
Duration 90 minutes
Venue Clickup
Total 50 marks

EXAM 2:
Date 7 December 2020
Time: 17:30
Duration 90 minutes
Venue Clickup
Total 50 marks
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Internal examiner(s): Prof MJ Bester

External examiner: Dr P Humphries

You have 90 minutes to complete this test.

Your test will be automatically submitted when the time expires

Read the questions carefully and answer all questions.

You will not be able to backtrack.

Only course content will be evaluated.

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I affirm that I am aware of and have read the Rules and Policies of the University, more specifically the Disciplinary Procedure and the Tests
and Examinations Rules, which prohibit any unethical, dishonest or improper conduct during tests, assignments, examinations and/or any
other forms of assessment. I am aware that no student or any other person may assist or attempt to assist another student, or obtain help, or
attempt to obtain help from another student or any other person during tests, assessments, assignments, examinations and/or any other
forms of assessment.
Exam 1 Exam 2
Question 1 [5] Question 1 [5]
Discuss the benefits (2), limitations Discuss the benefits (2), limitations Discuss the benefits (2), limitations Discuss the benefits (2), limitations
(2) and application of the sea urchin (2) and application of tunicates (1) (2) and application of the mice (1) (2) and application of Xenopus (1)
(1) in developmental biology. in developmental biology. in developmental biology. in developmental biology.

Question 2 [4] Question 2 [4]

Explain the principle of fate Explain the principle of fate Explain the principle of fate Explain the principle of fate
mapping, using radioactive mapping, using fluorometric dyes. mapping, using chimeric animals. mapping, using colorimetric dyes.
thymidine.
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Question 3 [4]
Explain the process and provide a
specific example of autonomous
specification.
Question 4 [4]
Transgenic animals are an important
source of pharmaceutical drugs such
as insulin. What are the advantages
(2) and disadvantages (2) of these
animals?
Question 5 [9]
Describe how knockout mice are
developed to study the phenotypic
effects of an autosomal dominant
disease (10)
Question 6 [2]
In the ovum, what is the role of
morphogenic factors?
Question 7 [6]
Explain the process and provide a
specific example of conditional
specification.
Knockout models are widely used
in science to investigate disease.
What are the advantages (2) and
disadvantages (2) of these
models?
Describe how transgenic animals
are developed for the production of
insulin. (10)
In the ovum, what is the role of
protective chemicals?
Question 3 [4]
Explain the process and provide a
specific example of conditional
specification.
Question 4 [4]
Transgenic animals are an
important source of pharmaceutical
drugs such as coagulation factors.
What are the advantages (2) and
disadvantages (2) of these
animals?
Question 5 [9]
Describe how knockout mice are
developed to study the phenotypic
effects of an autosomal dominant
disease (10)
Question 6 [2]
In the ovum, what is the role of
ribosomes and tRNA?
Question 7 [6]
Explain the process and provide a
specific example of autonomous
specification.
Knockout models are widely used
in science to investigate disease.
What are the advantages (2) and
disadvantages (2) of these
models?
Describe how transgenic animals
are developed for the production of
clotting factors. (10)
In the ovum, what is the role of
mRNA?
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Describe the cleavage pattern of Describe the cleavage pattern of Describe the cleavage pattern of Describe the cleavage pattern of
Xenopus. Include a definition of the zebrafish. Include a definition of mice. Include a definition of the the chick embryo. Include a
terms. the terms. terms. definition of the terms.

Question 8 [8] Question 8 [8]

Describe the process of the Describe the process of the Describe the process of the Describe the process of the
myogenesis of skeletal muscle. myogenesis of cardiac muscle. myogenesis of smooth muscle. myogenesis of cardiac muscle.

Question 9 [3] Question 9 [3]

How does chondrocyte to How does the process of How does direct transdifferentiation How does chondrocyte to
osteogenic precursor dedifferentiation to redifferentiation differ from intramembranous osteogenic precursor
transdifferentiation differ from differ from endochondral ossification? transdifferentiation differ from
endochondral differentiation? differentiation? endochondral differentiation?

Question 10 [5] Question 10 [5]

Matching columns: 5 from table 1. Matching columns: 5 from table 1. Matching columns: 5 from table 1. Matching columns: 5 from table 1.
MEMO MEMO
See below See below See below See below

Terminology
1 Tbx4 and Tbx5 Limb development
2 Invagination Folding of cells inwards
3 Radiation Teratogen
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4 Retinoic acid Retinoic acid is critical for the initiation of limb bud outgrowth
5 Fibroblast growth factor 10 From the prospective limb mesenchyme

1 Neurotrophins Regulates neuron apoptosis

2 Ingression Migration of individual cells
3 No apical ectoderm ridge No limb
4 Anterior-posterior limb axis Zone of polarizing activity
5 Reciprocal tissue interactions Metanephrogenic mesenchyme and the ureter bud.

1 Cell death in leg primordia of chick Apoptosis

2 Thalidomide Teratogen
3 Epiboly Movement of epithelial sheets
4 Determinants of migration Extra cellular matrix and soluble factors
5 Impede migration Ephrin proteins

1 Keratinocyte growth factor Paracrine factor produced by dermal fibroblasts.

2 Diffusion reaction Feather distribution
3 Threshold concept Difference in hormonal sensitivity among tissues and organs
4 Promoters of migration Fibronectin, laminin, tenascin, various collagen molecules and proteoglycans
5 Involution Turning in or inward movement