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MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Rather than rely on creation myths to explain the natural world, early Greek philosophers were among
the first to
a. quantify the inheritance of genetic traits through sexual reproduction.
b. describe the heavenly bodies as gods or personages.
c. develop a philosophy of a natural world driven by physical laws used to explain the world
around them.
d. understand that our planet is much, much older than previously determined.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.1
OBJ: 2.1.a. Explain the importance of the early Greeks’ shift away from super natural explanations of
natural phenomena. MSC: Remembering
2. Early Greek philosophers failed to exploit one of the greatest advantages of methodological
naturalism, which is the ability to
a. test hypotheses through observation and sometimes manipulation.
b. formulate principles of science without having facts obtained through experimentation.
c. formulate hypotheses without verification.
d. interpret supernatural observations.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 2.1
OBJ: 2.1.a. Explain the importance of the early Greeks’ shift away from super natural explanations of
natural phenomena. MSC: Remembering
3. Unlike the other Greek philosophers before him, Aristotle made the connection between the use of
logic in hypothesis formation and
a. the influence of supernatural forces.
b. the development of a philosophy of a natural world driven by physical laws.
c. the significance of testing those hypotheses.
d. explaining natural phenomena using celestial formations.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 2.1
OBJ: 2.1.a. Explain the importance of the early Greeks’ shift away from super natural explanations of
natural phenomena. MSC: Remembering
4. After Aristotle, one advance in scientific methodology came through the use of logic. This allowed
thinkers to
a. formulate and test hypotheses without evidence collected through observations of the
natural world.
b. move carefully from facts to general principles by applying logical and mathematical laws.
c. bypass data collection in the formulation of new ideas.
d. review and critique the work of others through the application of logic.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 2.1
OBJ: 2.1.a. Explain the importance of the early Greeks’ shift away from super natural explanations of
natural phenomena. MSC: Understanding
6. Even if philosophers accept and study the importance of biological change, a full theory of evolution
by natural selection cannot exist without
a. understanding the sorts of changes that have taken place.
b. recognizing the significance of testing one’s hypotheses.
c. an understanding of the vast expanses of time over which some changes take place.
d. realizing that some species go extinct.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.2
OBJ: 2.2.a. Explain how perceptions of the geologic age of Earth changed and why this was critical
to Darwin’s theory of evolution. MSC: Remembering
7. In an early attempt to apply mathematical principles, Archbishop James Ussher calculated the age of
Earth based on the Old Testament from the Christian Bible. He estimated that the creation of the world
took place
a. on exactly October 23, 4004 B.C.
b. within a century of 3900 B.C.
c. between 75,000 and 2–3 million years ago
d. an inconceivably long time ago.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 2.2
OBJ: 2.2.a. Explain how perceptions of the geologic age of Earth changed and why this was critical
to Darwin’s theory of evolution. MSC: Remembering
8. James Hutton, a Scottish geologist and naturalist, argued that the alignment of rock strata, the
geological processes of erosion and sedimentation, and fossil data suggested that the world was created
a. on exactly October 23, 4004 B.C.
b. in 3998 B.C.
c. an inconceivably long time ago.
d. between 75,000 and 2–3 million years ago.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.2
OBJ: 2.2.a. Explain how perceptions of the geologic age of Earth changed and why this was critical
to Darwin’s theory of evolution. MSC: Remembering
9. Building on the ideas first proposed by James Hutton, Charles Lyell aimed to explain Earth’s
geological features using an approach known as uniformitarianism, which hypothesized that
a. large-scale geological events abruptly shaped the surface of Earth.
b. all geological processes operate in a sporadic manner and vary in their rate of change.
c. observable geological processes rapidly change Earth’s surface, greatly impacting
organisms living in the region of change.
d. the same geological processes currently observable operate over very long periods of time
in a slow and gradual manner.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 2.2
OBJ: 2.2.b. Compare and contrast uniformitarianism and catastrophism.
MSC: Understanding
10. As opposed to uniformitarianism, the approach known as catastrophism explains that Earth’s
geological features are a result of
a. sudden, cataclysmic, and large-scale geological events.
b. processes that were slow and gradual, but vastly different from what is currently
observable.
c. the same geological processes currently observable, which operate over very long periods
of time in a slow and gradual manner.
d. a combination of unknown processes, possibly as a result of supernatural forces, and
known forces that have been measured and quantified.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 2.2
OBJ: 2.2.b. Compare and contrast uniformitarianism and catastrophism.
MSC: Understanding
a. Lyell said Earth’s features were a result of supernatural forces creating Earth in the same
shape and form he observed and that it had not changed over time.
b. Lyell said Earth’s features were a result of cataclysmic events, like volcano eruptions and
earthquakes, which resulted in rapid reshaping of Earth’s features.
c. Lyell said Earth’s features were a result of the same processes currently observable, which
have occurred over very long periods of time in a slow, gradual manner.
d. Lyell said Earth’s features were a result of the same processes currently observable, which
have occurred over relatively short periods of time punctuated by periods of rapid change.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 2.2
OBJ: 2.2.c. Describe how Lyell’s work was a crucial influence on Darwin as he developed his theory
of evolution by natural selection.. Describe how Lyell’s work was a crucial influence on Darwin as he
developed his theory of evolution by natural selection. MSC: Understanding
12. Greek philosophers, including Aristotle, developed a keen appreciation for the study of natural history.
Which of the following contributions did Aristotle make that marked the birth of the field of natural
history?
a. distinguishing among 500 species of birds, mammals, and fishes
b. proposing a taxonomy of nature—a classification system of life
c. his books, Physics and Natural History of Animals
d. an evolutionary theory of biology that recognized change over time
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.3
OBJ: 2.1.a. Explain the importance of the early Greeks’ shift away from super natural explanations of
natural phenomena. MSC: Remembering
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Title: Taikaviitta
Language: Finnish
Kirj.
Kálman Mikszáth
Suomentanut
Urho Kivimäki
1.
Terävin äly oli sentään herra Porossnokilla, sillä hän huomasi heti,
että kurutsipäällikkö tahtoi saada esimiehestä kaksisataa kultarahaa
ja että muulijuttu oli vain naljailua. Hän kalvoi esiin kukkaronsa,
tavanomaisen sukan, ja antoi kullan kulista. "Sata virheetöntä
kappaletta, ei kolikkoakaan enempää. Joko viemme kullan
mukanamme kotiin tai esimiehen. Riippuu teistä, urhon herra."
Isä Brunon ei tarvinnut olla koira, sillä se oli todellakin isä Litkei;
hänen jättiläishahmonsa voi jo kaukaa tuntea, — hänen
seuralaisensa eivät tosin olleet juhlakulkueväkeä, vaan turkkilaisia
sotilaita. Heitä johti Ali Mirze aga, se hirsipuujoudukas. "Hyvää
ehtoota, hyvää ehtoota", huusi hän ajaessaan matkalaistemme ohi,
"kuljetatteko hengenmiestä kotiin, te kelpo ihmiset? Niinpä mekin
omaamme."
Aga virnisteli, munkki Litkei toisteli Jeesuksen nimeä, isä Bruno
viittoili hänelle nenäliinallaan. "Sinutkin me kyllä lunastamme, rakas
poikani."
2.
"Hän on senaatissa."
"Hän tulee! Hän tulee!" Syntyi kauhea tungos. Jokainen tahtoi tulla
lähemmä.
"Ja jospa tietäisit, sisar Borcsa", selitti Matias Toth, "että hänellä
on kotona vielä kolmesataa kuusiseitsemättä vaimoa".
"En."
"Mutta mitä sanovat siihen isä Bruno, isä Litkei?" urahti ylituomari
puolin vihaisena puolin nauraen. "Hehän ovat teistä tehneet miltei
pyhimyksen."