Safety GB FYP 230822

Effect of Safety Behaviours on Health and Safety in
the Construction Industry of Gilgit-Baltistan
SESSION 2020-2024
IKRAM ULLAH 2020-KIU-BS2504

ISHFAQ HUSSAIN 2020-KIU-BS2248
KAMRAN DILBAR 2020-KIU-BS2012
KARAMAT ALI 2020-KIU-BS2250
IQTADAR SHAMSHAD 2020-KIU-BS2249
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
KARAKORUM INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY GILGIT- BALTISTAN
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY KARAKORUM INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY GILGIT BALTISTAN
I
Effect of Safety Behaviours on Health and Safety in
the Construction Industry of Gilgit-Baltistan
SESSION 2020-2024
IKRAM ULLAH 2020-KIU-BS2504

ISHFAQ HUSSAIN 2020-KIU-BS2248
KAMRAN DILBAR 2020-KIU-BS2012
KARAMAT ALI 2020-KIU-BS2250
IQTIDAR SHAMSHAD 2020-KIU-BS2249
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
KARAKORAM INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY GILGIT BALTISTAN
II
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled as “Effect of Safety Behaviours on Health and Safety
in the Construction Industry of Gilgit Baltistan” Embodied in this manuscript has been
carried out by Ikram Ullah, Ishfaq Hussain, Karamat Ali, Kamran Dilbar and Iqtidar
Shamshad under my supervision In fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor
of Science in Civil Engineering Technology at the Karakoram International University.
_________________________________________ ________________________________
(Supervisor)
(Head of Department)
Dr. Khursheed Ahmed
Department of Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering Technology
Technology
Karakoram International University
Karakoram International University
Gilgit Baltistan
Gilgit Baltistan
III
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that to the best of our knowledge
and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor
material which has been accepted for award of any other degree or diploma of the university
or other institute of higher learning.
IV
DEDICATION
This Research is dedicated to our Loving Parents, friends and Teachers.
V
Abstract
Inappropriate safety behaviour are considered one of the main causes of accidents in the construction
industry. In many developing countries, the construction sector is experiencing many safety challenges
due to the inappropriate safety behaviour and poor health conditions. In order to improve safety,
organizations must satisfy their workforce by ensuring an adequate safety and health. However, very
little is known about the influence of the safety behaviour on health and safety in Pakistan, particularly
in Gilgit Baltistan (GB). Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the effect of the safety
behaviour on the health and safety outcomes in the construction industry of GB using quantitative
research methods. A questionnaire survey was used to collect the data from construction sector. Several
statistical analyses, including reliability, correlation, heritability, and multiple regression analyses,
were applied to the data. The results show that various working environment factors affect the safety
performance of CPs, such as (1) safety behaviour is positively related to injuries which negatively
related with physical health; (2) both emotional and physical health are positively associated with
safety outcomes (injuries and unsafe events) as well as related to each other; and (3) safety outcomes
are positively linked to each other. Based on the findings, some practical implications are suggested
for improving safety performance, including provision of a friendly working environment,
encouragement of supervisors’ support, utilization of proper safety signs, maintenance of the
workplace, allocation of realistic job assignments, and arrangement of stress and safety management
trainings.
VI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our supervisor Dr. Khursheed
Ahmed for the continuous support in our Bachelor studies and research for his support,
patience, knowledge and motivation.
His guidance help us to writing the thesis. We could not even imagine a better supervisor then
him for our Bachelor studies.
We also thankful to our honourable, Head of Department of Civil Engineering Technology

sciences for his moral and academic support during our thesis work.
Ikram Ullah 2020-KIU-Bs2504

Ishfaq Hussain 2020-KIU-Bs2248
Kamran Dilbar 2020-KIU-Bs2012
Karamat Ali 2020-KIU-Bs2250
Iqtidar Shamshad 2020-KIU-Bs2249
VII
Contents
CERTIFICATE ........................................................................................................................ III
DECLARATION .....................................................................................................................IV
DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................... V
Abstract ....................................................................................................................................VI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................... VII
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 9
1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 9
1.2 Research Significance ............................................................................................... 11
1.3 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................. 12
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................. 13
2.1 Safety Behaviors ....................................................................................................... 13
2.2 Health ........................................................................................................................ 15
2.3 Safety Outcomes ....................................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................... 20
3.1 Conceptual Model ..................................................................................................... 20
Figure 1 Conceptual Model of Safety Behavior, Health, and Safety Outcomes .............. 20
3.2 Research Method ....................................................................................................... 20
3.2.1 Survey............................................................................................................... 22
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION................................................................. 25
4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 25
4.2 Exploratory Factor Analysis........................................................................................... 25
4.3 Construct Reliability Analysis ....................................................................................... 26
4.4 Pearson Correlation Analysis ......................................................................................... 27
4.5 Multiple Regression Analysis ........................................................................................ 28
Chapter 5 DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................. 30
5.1 Discussions ..................................................................................................................... 30
REFRENCES ........................................................................................................................... 37
VIII
Effect of Safety Behavior on Health and Safety
in the Construction Industry of Gilgit Baltistan
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The construction industry in the Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan has recently witnessed a massive
advancement in all aspects of construction. A lot of money has been invested in constructing
houses, buildings and infrastructure projects in the Gilgit-Baltistan. Construction industry is
regarded as one of the world’s largest industrial sectors and it has plausible contribution to global
economic growth. It accounts for a significant amount of GDP, such as 10 % in the U.K., 17 %
in Japan, and it contributes to 13% of the worldwide GDP (International Labour Organization,
2022; Mohandas et al., 2022). It creates huge employment opportunities, such as 7% of world’s
workforce works in the construction industry (Newaz et al., 2019). Despite the importance, the
construction sector is an accident-prone industry where workers might experience an unsafe
conditions and health consequences in absence/non-compliance of proper safety standards,
policies and chain of responsibility procedures. According to the International Labour
Organization (ILO) report 2022, about 108,000 workers are died on construction sites annually,
which accounts arount 30% of all work-related fatal injuries (ILO, 2022). The risks linked to
construction activities could be 3 to 6 times higher in the developing countries than developed on
(ILO, 2022). Out of which, 80% of accidents are associated with unsafe working environments
(He et al., 2020). Many studies indicate that a huge portion of construction-related casualties
happen in low-income countries, which is four times greater compared to developed nations (Fan
et al., 2020; LaDou et al., 2018). More specifically, accidents in the construction industry are found
to be more than 14% (PBS, 2014). These construction accidents cause 10 trillion dollars of loss in
poor countries (Ali et al., 2021). Such losses occurred due to the absence of effective safety
regulations, laws, and their practical implementation on construction sites (Ahmed et al., 2018).
In addition, there is a lack of fundamental health and safety facilities for employees in the
9
construction industry of Pakistan (Rizwan, 2015). Consequently, it may affect the efforts to
achieve sustainable development goals (SDG). In fact, SGD emphasizes wellbeing and a healthy
working environment at work (UNICEF, 2022).
More specifically, construction industry plays an important role in the economic growth of
Pakistan, particularly Gilgit Baltistan (GB). According to Trades Economic, gross domestic
product (GDP_ of Pakistan from construction was significantly grown from 340146 million rupees
in 2020 to 2020992747 million rupees in 2021 (Trading Economic, 2022). In fact, it is offering a
lot of employment opportunities (i.e., 7.31% of labour force; Statistics, 2016), but it lacks proper
safety at the workplace because health and safety behaviours, trainings, and implementation are
not seriously emphasized on the construction projects (Khan et al., 2019). Unsafe behaviour
causes low productivity, cost overrun, project and health issues (Farooqui et al., 2008). Majority
of the construction companies ignores the behaviours and do not implement practically on the
sites, even many organizations do not have health and safety policies (Memon et al., 2017).
Consequently, ratio of construction accidents are significantly high in Pakistan (i.e., second-
highest rank in injuries after agriculture sector) (Noman et al., 2021). Another study mentioned
that there is 4.8% rise in the injury level in the construction industry, which is greater in compared
to farm sector (Khan and Hyder, 2017). More alarmingly, medical, housing and sanitation
facilitation at construction sites extremely substandard, which may also enhance health and safety
issues.
Safety Behaviour play a crucial role in improving health, safety, and satisfaction of the workforce
in the industry (Taheri et al., 2020). To maintain the stable growth of the organization, it is
important to provide necessary facilities to employees. For that, an appropriate working
environment, including a safety training, proper PPE, supportive environment, friendly
supervision, less pressure, etc., is one of the pivotal needs of the workers. However, most of the
10
construction projects in GB do not consider the importance of a suitable working environment as
well as health and safety measures for construction personnel irrespective of numerous safety
issues and accidents (Abbas, 2015; Ali et al., 2021; Lakhiar and Lakhiar, 2021; Manu et al., 2019).
In fact, unsafe working conditions have become the major source of accidents on construction sites
(Noman et al., 2021). According to the Labour Force Survey of Pakistan, around 18% of industry-
related accidents and illnesses are associated with the construction industry (Pakistan Bureau of
Statistics, 2018). For example, statistics indicate that more than 3.7% of construction workers in
Pakistan experience accidents at work (Siddique, 2019).
1.2 Research Significance

Although, few studies highlighted the possible factors associated with safety concerns in
construction industry of Pakistan, such as lack of health facilities, insuficiency of personal
protective equipment (PPE), absence of proper safety training and its higher costs, and the scarcity
of particular safety rules and regulations, and lack of accurate accident records (Abbas, 2015; Ali
et al., 2022; Khan et al., 2019; Memon et al., 2017), the specific study on the effect of safety
behaviours on health and safety outcomes of construction personals is not studied for the
construction industry of GB. Furthermore, Pakistan more specifically GB do not have suitable and
safe working environment in the construction industry purposely for construction personals and
neglect to seriously consider the genuine issues of workforce (Hassan et al., 2018; Khan et al.,
2019; Mano et al., 2019). Thus, there is a critical need for research that investigates the effect of
safety behaviour on the health and safety outcomes and affects the construction industry.
Therefore, this study aims (1) to examine the impact of safety behaviours on health and safety to
improve project quality and construction outcomes; (2) investigate the relationships between
safety behaviours, health, and safety outcomes; and (3) to suggest plausible safety management
solutions in the construction industry that may improve workforce health, project profitability and
reduce safety issues.
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1.3 Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this study are as follows:
(1) to examine the impact of safety behaviours on health and safety to improve project quality
and construction outcomes.
(2) investigate the relationships between safety behaviours, health, and safety outcomes; and
(3) to suggest plausible safety management solutions in the construction industry that may
improve workforce health, project profitability and reduce safety issues.
1.4 Thesis outline

The background, objective of research, and research significance of research work is discussed
in chapter 1. Chapter 2 describes the literature review, chapter 3 briefly describe methodology,
chapter 4 describes the results and discussions and chapter 5 presents the conclusion of research
work.
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Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Safety Behaviours

Organizations face the worst scenario concerning safety of workforce when they put less emphasis
on the safety behavior of their employee. Most accident causation studies explained that unsafe
worker behavior becomes the major root cause of construction accidents when combined with
unsafe working conditions (Heinrich, 1936; Heinrich, 1980; Hinze et al., 2005). However, there is
currently a distinct lack of studies that explain specific relationships between working condition-
and workers’ behavior-related factors contributing to construction accidents. This research finds
such relationships through statistical analyses. This section reviews existing safety management
studies to understand different human and condition risk factors and group them into generalized
risk categories that will be used for data analyses.
In order to prevent injuries, there has been considerable research effort in exploring the
contributing human factors in construction accidents. Choudhry and Fang (2008) investigated why
construction workers engaged in unsafe behavior in the Hong Kong construction industry and
identified various reasons for unsafe human behavior through a series of industry interviews. The
determined factors included ignorance and lack of safety knowledge, failure to follow safety
procedures and attitudes towards safety that included not wearing personal protective
equipment (PPE), unsafe work conditions, a lack of skill or safety training, and workers’ failure to
identify unsafe conditions during work. Saurin et al. (2005) classified such human errors into two
basic types: failures due to cognitive factors such as limited human capacity, and
violation/deviation from work methods accepted as being safe. Garrett and Teizer (2009) similarly
investigated organizational and supervisory human factors and workers’ mental and physical
13
conditions which eventually led to human errors on a job site, proposing a framework of human
error awareness training and discussing the potential for site safety control. Saurin and Guimaraes
(2008) analyzed the impact of workers’ perceptions on scaffolding safety and determined
that inappropriate inspections, failures in safety planning and control, inadequate PPE use, and
uncomfortable work posture all contributed to poor and stressful working conditions.
Generally, the working environment includes job security, worker’s safety, keeping good
understanding among the coworkers and supervisors, flexible working time, workers' involvement
in decision making and so on (Arnetz, 1999; Lane et al., 2010; Taheri et al., 2020). In contrast to
developed countries, a safe working environment is not provided and the safety of employees is
not practiced in the construction industry of poor economic countries (Lodi et al., 2008). This
implies, because safe working environment is not practiced in developing countries, accidents are
happening in Pakistan.
In addition, safety procedures are ignored and not fully practiced in the construction projects. Such
an unsafe working environment on construction projects is not only a threat to the workforce but
also causes barriers to productivity, safety performance, overall project outcomes, and financial
growth (Farouqi et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2019). Several other studies have also identified that the
main sources of accidents are unsafe situations (Abdelhamid, and Everett, 2000; Choudhry and
Fang, 2008; Fard et al., 2017; Jeong et al., 2021; Lu and Wang, 2020). Moreover, organization
may also enhance productivity via the betterment of the working environment (Buhai et al., 2008).
Indeed, understanding the inherent risk of a hazardous working environment on construction
workers may aid in improving safety performance. It is believed that a friendly and supportive
working environment assists in safer decision-making in construction projects (Choudhry and
Fang, 2008; Saurin et al., 2005). Many studies in other occupations such as tourism, services, and
operation, have also found that a safe environment produces positive results, such as an effective
14
safety climate may improve workforce satisfaction, commitment, and attachment while decreasing
employee turnover (Cheng et al., 2022; Huang et al., 2016; Mearns et al., 2010). Therefore, it is
essential to identify working environment factors to improve the working environment of
employees in the construction industry.
2.2 Health
A human being responds to an external stressful situation by releasing physiological hormones to
support the body (Mellner et al., 2005). The body attempts to deal with the stressor through
reactions. When the stressor disappears quickly, the body will return to normal. However, if the
stressful condition affects an individual continuously for a substantial amount of time the physical
and emotional adjustments may result in stress symptoms (Leung et al., 2014a; Nixon et al., 2011).
Usually, stress symptoms include tension, anxiety, emotional drain, headache, muscle pain, sleep
disorder, etc. (Leung et al., 2008; Liang et al., 2018). Stress is frequently described in terms of the
reactions that the person is experiencing.
Emotional Health
Emotional health is an emotional activity generated from perceptions of exterior settings (Lazarus,
1995). More specifically, the emotional responses of an individual to external stimuli (Bowen et
al., 2013; Cox, 1993; Leung et al., 2015). Stress arises when there is a misfit between a person
and the environment (French et al., 1974; Harrison, 1978; Leung et al., 2014a). Emotional health
symptoms are the negative cognitive and emotional states caused by stressful factors in the work
or living environment of an individual (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984; Cohen et al., 1991) including
being emotionally exhausted, chronically tired, and exhibiting a failure in the ability to dedicate
themselves to execute a job, low interest in work, and relationships, etc. (Freudenberger, 1983;
Goliszek, 1992; Leung et al., 2008, 2014). Furthermore, work stress symptoms consist of being
15
fatigued, feeling being used up, worrying about work, getting angry, feeling of impending danger,
boredom, cynicism, decreased self-confidence, depression, anxiety, sadness, displeasure, and
nervousness (Pines et al., 1988; Nyssen et al., 2003; Sutherland and Cooper, 2000). It has been
mentioned that emotional stress is the primary cause of CW injury and various other issues (Leung
et al., 2010).
Indeed, the penetrating changes of culture faced by ethnic minorities may also be the reason for
susceptibility towards unpleasant emotions (Sadock and Sadock, 2011). Emotional stress is a
negative consequence triggered by a stressful working environment (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984).
Employees suffering from emotional stress may not perform their work correctly because stress
may reduce their attention, motivation, and commitment, which restricts them from utilizing their
positive energy (Drago et al., 1986). Ultimately, stress may impair individual health, reduce work
performance, and harm the organization in the form of absenteeism or loss of productivity (Finney
et al., 2013; Leung et al., 2008; Mostert, 2011). It is worthwhile to understand the impact of stress
on organizational performance because the high rate of turnover may seriously affect the success
of projects (Alzahrani and Emsley, 2013). It is well documented that emotional stress has a
negative association with organizational performance (Nandram and Klandermans, 1993). For
example, the experience of depression and anxiety could diminish the emotional attachment of
EM-CWs to their organization (Cockshaw and Schochet, 2010).
Furthermore, burnout is one of the major types of emotional stress and leads to physical, emotional,
and mental exhaustion produced by prolonged exposure to emotionally severe circumstances
(Aronson and Kafry, 1998). Burnout may also influence minorities working in a foreign country
(Aydogan et al., 2009). It may weaken mental or physical energy and lead to unproductive coping
plans (Edward and Hercelinskyj, 2007). Burnout has three major symptoms: emotional
16
exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment (Maslach and Jackson,
1996). More specifically, exhaustion is the central quality and the most apparent sign of burnout.
When people define themselves or others as facing burnout, most of the time, they are referring to
emotional exhaustion (Konstantinou, 2018; Maslach et al., 2001)
Physical Health
Physical health issues arises when there is a misfit between the person and the environment (French
et al., 1974; Harrison, 1978; Leung et al., 2014a). In the present study, physical health refers to
the physiological adjustments of individuals under stressful conditions (Teasdale and McKeown,
1994). This type of health issues appears when the person cannot be overcome by a fight-or-flight
response and remains for a prolonged time (Leung et al., 2008, 2012). A person reacts to an
external stressful condition by discharging physiological hormones to support the body (Mellner
et al., 2005). The body tries to deal with the stressor via physical changes. When the stressor
vanishes quickly, the body will return to normal. However, if the stressful situation influences an
individual persistently, the physical repercussions may result in stress symptoms (Leung et al.,
2014a; Nixon et al., 2011; Naoum et al., 2018). Usually, such kind of stress starts to exhibit in the
form of headaches, back pain, loss of appetite, stomach, muscles tension, increased heart rate, body
pain, insomnia, etc. (Leung et al., 2008, 2010, 2016; Liang et al., 2018), all of which can lead to
additional problems. For instance, sleep disorders alone may enhance the risk of chronic,
cardiovascular, gastrointestinal diseases, and diabetes (Cooper and Quick, 2017; Schwartz et al.,
1999). Furthermore, a poor physical working environment and stressful circumstances may also
bring changes to physical health (Das et al., 2017).
17
The characteristics of construction jobs and the associated working environments increases the
possible risk of negative impact to worker physical and psychological health. It has been found
that 20% to 40 % of construction workers are normally exposed to physical demands more than
the generally recommended physiological threshold (Abdelhamid and Everett, 2002; Jebelli et al.,
2018a). Previous studies have mentioned the harmful impacts of physiological stress on
construction workers (Ganster et al., 1982; Heaphy and Dutton, 2008). In fact, physical stress may
reduce performance, increase absenteeism, and lead to accidents (Greenberg, 2010; Leung et al.,
2015a; Taylor and Dorn, 2006; Zellars et al., 2009). Therefore, stress plays a damaging role at the
individual and organizational levels (Qin et al., 2009).
2.3 Safety Outcomes

Despite advancement in technologies and emphasis on safety in construction sites (Chi et al., 2013;
Choudhry and Fang, 2000; Khan et al., 2019). To date, there is no concrete agreement on the
specific definition of safety outcomes in the body of literature (Arzahan et al., 2022). Most of the
scholars examine the concept on the basis of their experiences (De Koster et al., 2011), such as,
safety performance, which was defined as an organization's capability to reduce job-associated
accidents. Recently, both safety culture and safety climate are accounted for in safety performance
due to their influence on safety performance. Safety culture is normally defined as the outcomes
of people's or groups’ perceptions, attitudes, skills, and behavior forms (Arzahan et al., 2022). On
the other hand, safety climate states the individuals’ perceptions related to safety on the job that
could be determined via safety communication, commitment, and competency (Jiang et al., 2010;
Zohar, 1980). In fact, it may also be seen as a snapshot of the current safety practices in the
organization (Mohamed, 2002). It is recognized as an essential indicator to determine safety
performance. More specifically, it is also recognized in the construction industry as an indirect
measurement of safety performance (Gillen et al., 2002).
18
Despite extensive research on the safety climate in fields such as aviation (Zohar, 1980),
manufacturing (Ali et al., 2021), medicine (Arzahan et al., 2022), and construction (Gillen et al.,
2002; Mohamed, 2002), the specific constructs of the safety climate remain unknown (Alruqi et
al., 2018). Unfortunately, the scales established by various studies are not easily comparable. The
plausible reason for such differences could be the lack of standardized safety performance
measurements in the literature. Moreover, there is a dearth of research efforts worldwide regarding
the factors of safety performance in the construction industry (Zohar and Luria, 2005). Normally,
safety performance is heavily reliant on accident records, indicators of poor safety, inure data, and
so on. These typical drivers of safety performance incorporate many loopholes, including
insufficient behavioral data, thoughtful features, and the sideline of hazard (Newaz et al., 2018).
In contrast, the behavioral evaulation measures to asses safety performance are comparatively
more reliable methods as compared to incident record methods. The behavioral approach focuses
on the unsafe attitudes and behaviors of employees before the occurrence of accidents and assists
in proactive actions. Although behavioral sampling is time-consuming and expensive, construction
sites accidents are inherently related with unsafe behaviors and it is the most appropriate way to
investigate safety outcomes (Chen and Jin, 2012; Choudhry and Fang, 2008; Patel et al., 2015).
Therefore, this study also adopted a behavioral approach to investigate the effect of the safety
beahavior on health and safety outcomes.
19
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Conceptual Model
An essential two basic theories including person-environment fit theory and adjustment-stress and
accident proneness theory. A person-environment (P-E) fit theory is used for the association
between construction personals and their environment, while adjustment-stress and accident
proneness theory is adopted for the relationship between safety behavior, health and the safety
outcomes in the construction industry (Edwards and Cooper, 2013; Kerr, 1950; Wang et al., 2018).
Based on fundamental theories and extensive literature regarding safety management (Chi et al.,
2013; Choudhry and Fang, 2008; Khan et al., 2019; Patel et al., 2015, 2016), a conceptual mode
for this study has been developed (see Figure 1).
Safety Behaviors Health PSafety Outcomes
Safety Participation Emotional Injuries
Figure 1 Conceptual Model of Safety Behavior, Health, and Safety Outcomes
3.2 Research Method

The following materials were used in the trial mixes.
The objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between the working environment
and safety performance for construction professionals in Pakistan. A analytical method is adopted
in the study to examine the hypotheses and the proposed model. Data are collected through
questionnaire survey.
A large-scale questionnaire survey is conducted to collect reliable quantitative data from EM-CWs
working in the construction industry. A questionnaire is a quantitative research instrument adopted
20
for numerically assessing an empirical phenomenon (Cooper and Schindler, 2006). In the dynamic
and ever-changing construction industry, the cross-sectional research design with the
questionnaire survey method is suitable for obtaining quantitative data from the EM-CWs. In fact,
the questionnaire survey is useful for collecting a large amount of data in a fairly short duration to
test the relationships among factors statistically (Goodwin and Goodwin, 2016). To get reliable
and representative quantitative data, the questionnaire survey was distributed to a number of EM-
CWs who were currently working in the construction industry. The questionnaires were
distributed by hand and filled out in person.
Based on the extensive literature review, the questionnaire was designed with four parts, which
included (i) demographic information, (ii) safety behavior, (iii) Health (i.e., emotional and
physical), and (iv) safety outcomes (i.e., injuries and unsafe events). All the scales for
measurement were successfully tested by previously valid studies related to safety management in
the construction industry. Furthermore, all items from parts II to IV were measured using a 7-
point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 7 (Strongly agree).
Table The Framework of Questionnaire

Sections Sub-sections
Demographic information -
Safety Behavior Safety compliance
Safety participation
Health Emotional health
Physical health
Safety outcomes Injuries
Unsafe events
In order to investigate the collected quantitative data, a sequence of statistical analyses are applied,
such as construct reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation, and
21
hierarchical regression for the development of a final model (Liang et al., 2022). The final model
is developed based on the results of all statistical analysis. For these statistical analyses, SPSS 27.0
were used. The flow chart of the research methodology is illustrated in Figure 2.
Literature Review
Conceptual Safety Behavior-Health-Safety Outcome Model
Questionnaire Survey
Quantitative Data Analysis
Construct Reliability Analysis
Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Correlation Analysis
Multiple Regression analysis
Final Model
Figure 2 Flow Chart of Research Methodology and Data Analysis
3.2.1 Survey
Purposive sampling was used to select suitable participants for the survey. This sampling followed
certain criteria, such as that respondents should be employed in the main-stream construction
industry during the study (i.e., clients, contactors, and consultants); respondents should be
22
construction professionals; and respondents should have more than a year of job experience on
various construction projects in Gilgit Baltistan. To ensure privacy and adhere to ethical protocols,
participants were informed of the academic purpose of the study, their valuable contributions, the
directions for filling out the survey, and the confidentiality and nondisclosure of the data. The
survey is anonymous, and the participants were persuaded to fairly share their views on particular
questions regarding their working environment and safety performance. More than 300
questionnaires were administered in various construction companies.
To collect the quantitative data, a questionnaire survey was distributed in person as well as online
to respondents (construction professionals). The survey incorporated items taken from previously
tested instruments. It consisted of three parts: 1) background information of participants; 2)
working environment, including safety rules and procedures, supportive environment, supervisory
environment, employees' involvement, and work pressure; and 3) safety performance, including
safety commitment, safety communication, and safety competence (e.g., Fang et al., 2006; HSE,
2002; Mohamed, 2002; Patel et al., 2015, 2016). A seven-point Likert scale, ranging from'strongly
disagree’ to'strongly agree', was employed to get the degree of agreement on the items related to
working environment and safety performance. The questions were originally designed in English,
which were translated into Urdu with the help of a professional native Urdu speaker and cross-
checked by a second native speaker. To secure the reliability of the translation, back translation
was also conducted by a native English professional.
Purposive sampling was used to select suitable participants for the survey. This sampling followed
certain criteria such as respondents should be employed in the main-stream construction industry
during the study (i.e., clients, contactors, and consultants); respondents should be construction
professionals; and respondents should have more than a year of job experience on various
23
construction projects in Pakistan. To ensure privacy and ethical protocols, participants were
informed of the academic purpose of the study, valuable contributions, and the directions on filling
out the survey, and were assured of the confidentiality and nondisclosure of the data. The survey
is anonymous, and the participants were persuaded to fairly share their views on particular
questions regarding their working environment and safety performance. More than 300 questions
were administered to CPs working in various construction companies.
To improve the quality of the data, incomplete questions were removed, and 100 completed
surveys were accepted. The majority of the respondents, i.e., 58%, were working with contractors
(main and subcontractors), while 25% were working with clients (government jobs), and 17% were
working with consultants. Almost all the participants have more than 1 year of working experience
in the construction industry, such as 43%, 25%, 18%, 9%, and 5%, who have 1–5 years, 5–10
years, 10-15 years, 15-20 years, and above 20 years of experience, respectively. Among them,
100% were men, reflecting the male-dominated culture of the construction industry.
Askari cement made in Pakistan confirming to ASTM C 150 Type I Portland cement which is
extensively used in Gilgit-Baltistan Paksitan, was used in this study. The specific gravity of
cement used was taken as 3.09.
24
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction
The results obtained from the study are discussed in this chapter. Questionnaire data was
analysed using series of statistical analysis including exploratory factor analysis, reliability,
Pearson correlation, and multiple regression.
4.2 Exploratory Factor Analysis

In the current study, above fourty measurement items were utilized in measuring safety behavior,
health and safety outcomes. An exploratory factor analysis was needed to group closely related
measurement items into factors. With the sample size of 99, the sample-to-item ratios (N:P) of
safety behaviors were 16:1. The sample to item ratios of health was 11:1. The sample to item
ratios of safety outcomes were 6:1. All the sample to item ratios were reasonable to conduct valid
factor analysis (Pallant, 2011, 2020).
Furthermore, principal component analysis with varimax rotation was adopted using SPSS version
27.0 and only those items with factor loading values greater than 0.6 were accepted (Hair et al.
2010; Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). To further validate the internal consistency of all the factors,
a Cronbach’s alpha value of all factors was identified via reliability analysis. To ensure reliability,
only those factors considered acceptable for a further analysis were those that Cronbach’s alpha
value was greater than 0.6 (Fellows et al., 2015; Hair et al., 2010; Leung, 2020).
In the factor analysis, the 6 items of safety were grouped into one factors which safety behavior,
while nine items of health were group into two factors, which is divided into emotional and
physical health. The 17 items of safety outcomes items were group into two factors name injuries
and unsafe event. The Kaiser-Meyer-Oklin value of these factor analysis were higher than the
recommended value, i.e., 0.6 (Kaiser, 1970, 1974). Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity was significant
25
(0.000), which showed the items' strong factorability. All the items were loaded appropriately.
The items IPI8 and WDE4 were deleted from the factor of interpersonal integration and discipline
work ethos due to the relatively low factor loading of 0.564 and 0.486. All other items were
appropriately allocated into the relevant factors. The reliability test demonstrated that the alpha
value of interpersonal integration, discipline work ethos, conservative tradition, and conservative
personality were 0.887, 0.841, 0.360, and 0.506, respectively. Only two factors (i.e., interpersonal
integration and discipline work ethos) were reliable and accepted for further analysis. The other
two factors' alpha value was lower than 0.6 and had not met the acceptable requirement. The
details of the factor analysis test are illustrated in Table 2.
4.3 Construct Reliability Analysis

Reliability analysis is used to examine the internal consistency of the factors (Pallant, 2020). The most
used indicator for ascertaining the reliability of a set of items within variables is Cronbach’s alpha (α)
coefficient (Hair et al., 2010). The higher Cronbach’s alpha values indicate the greater internal
consistency and vice versa. The reliability test was conducted to find the internal consistency of the
factors (see Table 2). The coefficient alpha values of the safety behavior (SBV)factor was 0.930, 0.920
for emotiona health (EMH), 0.912 for physical health (PHH), 0.832 for injuries (IJU), and 0.941 for
unsafe events. Reliability testing on these factors shows that all relevant questions properly allocated
into the variables were reliable. All variables with Cronbach alpha values greater than 0.6 were
accepted and regarded as reliable for further analysis (Fellows et al., 2015; Pallant, 2020).
Table 2: Scale items and coefficient alpha for the work environment and safety performance factors
Factors Items Description FL Alpha
(α)
SBV1 I use all the necessary safety equipment to do my job. 0.896

SBV2 I use the correct safety procedures for carrying out my job. 0.883
Safety Behavior SBV3 I ensure the highest levels of safety when I carry out my job. 0.899 0.93
SBV4 I promote the safety program within the organization. 0.842
SBV5 I put in extra effort to improve the safety of the workplace. 0.899
26
SBV6 I voluntarily carry out tasks or activities that help to improve 0.857
workplace safety.
Health
EM1 I feel tense by my job. 0.781
EM2 I feel frustrated by my job 0.770
EM3 I feel unhappy by my job 0.830
0.92
Emotional Health
EM4 I feel losing temper or anger by my job 0.855
EM5 I feel nervous and anxious by my job 0.855
EM6 I get upset or felt irritable easily 0.821
PHH1 I suffer from sleep disorder. 0.917

Physical Health PHH2 I have skin problems (e.g. skin irritation, allergy, rash, psoriasis, etc.) 0.987 0.91
PHH3 I often feel dizzy, yawning, and drowsiness. 0.917
Safety Outcomes
INJU1 I experience cut or puncture (e.g., open wound). 0.556
INJU2 I have Musculoskeletal disorders (e.g. pain in body, joints, back pain, 0.734
etc.)
INJU3 I often feel temporary loss of hearing 0.755
Injuries INJU4 I have respiratory injuries (e.g., difficulty breathing) 0.755 0.83
INJU5 I get fractured bone. 0.783
INJU6 I get eye injury. 0.787
INJU7 I experience electrical shock. 0.659
USE1 I slipped, tripped, or fell on the same level. 0.760
USE2 I struck against something fixed or stationary. 0.762
USE3 I was exposed to chemicals such as gases and fumes. 0.7753

USE4 I overexerted myself while handling, lifting, or carrying. 0.822
USE5 I pinch (finger or hand was caught between two objects). 0.837
Unsafe Events 0.94
USE6 I was struck by flying/falling object (s). 0.819
USE7 I fell frong height. 0.804
USE8 I contacted moving machinery. 0.818
USE9 I was struck by a moving vehicle 0.836
USE10 I was traped by something collapsing, caving in, or overturning. 0.823
4.4 Pearson Correlation Analysis

A correlation analysis was also conducted to identify the strength and direction of relationships
between the safety behavior, health and the safety outcomes in the construction industry. It is the
most used bivariate to examine the strength and direction between two variables. The direction of
the relationships between variables is represented by (+/-) signs. The significant correlation
27
coefficients between the factors were illustrated with ‘X *’ (p < 0.05) or ‘X**’ (p < 0.01) in Table
3. The findings revealed the following relationships: safety behavior (SBV) had negative
relationships with emotional health (EMH). However, emotional health (EH) had significant
positive interactions with physical health (PHH), injuries (IJU), and unsafe event (USE) (see Table
3). Similarly, physical health was positively correlated with both injuries and unsafe event. The
associations between injuries and unsafe event was also positively significant. Nevertheless, to
confirm an adequate effect size and sufficient variance in the correlation findings (Tabachnick and
Fidell, 2007), only those interactions were accepted that had correlation coefficient values greater
than 0.3 (see bold items in Table 3).
Table 3 Pearson Correlation between Work Environment and Safety Performance for CPs
Factors SBV EH PHH IJU USE
Work environment
Safety Behavior SBV 1
Emotional Health EH -0.062 1
Physical Health PHH -.199* .720** 1
Injuries INU 0.043 .443** .548** 1
Unsaef Event USE -0.175 .549** .525** .742** 1
4.5 Multiple Regression Analysis

To investigate the impact of the safety behavior on the safety safety outcomes in the construction
industr, multiple regression analysis was performed with the standard selection method. This
approach enables us to enter the independent variables into the equation based on hypothesized
order and fundamental theories (Pallant, 2020). It also demonstrates how better independent
variables forecast dependent variables after controlling the preceding variables. Furthermore, this
analysis assesses a group of independent variables in terms of their contribution to the prediction
dependent variable (Leung et al., 2017). In the current study, a total of four models were developed
following the significant p-value and R2 value. These consisted of two models of safety outcomes
and tow models of health (see Table 4).
28
In the safety outcomes models, one type of safety outcomes was taken as the dependent variable,
while other variables were taken as an independent variable. Model 1 revealed that unsafe was
significantly positively predicted by a safety behavior, emotional health and injuries with a 62.9%
variance. In model 2, injury was positively forecasted by the safety behvaior, physical health and
unsafe event, explaining 63.3% of the variance. In model 3, physical health was negatively affected
by safety behavior, while positively influenced by emotional health and unsafe event with 62.3%
variance. Lastly, model 4 showed that emotional health was positively affected by safety behavior,
physical health and unsafe event (see Table 4).
Table 4: Regression model for safety performance of CPs

ANOVA
Models Dependent variable Independent variables B SE Sig. VIF R AR2
F Sig
1 Constant 1.462 0.603 0.017 0.803 0.629 41.275 0.000
Unsafe Event
Safety Behavior -0.262 0.089 0.004 1.089 - - - -
Emotional Health 0.377 0.102 0.000 2.135 - - - -
Physical Health -0.14 0.115 0.226 2.612 - - - -
Injuries 0.672 0.077 0.000 1.482 - - - -
2 Constant -1.207 0.612 0.052 .796 .633 39.278 .000

Injuries
Safety Behavior 0.287 0.088 0.002 1.070 - - - -
Emotional Health -0.213 0.108 0.051 2.355 - - - -
Physical Health 0.415 0.108 0.000 2.283 - - - -
Unsafe Event 0.679 0.078 0.000 1.530 - - - -
3 Physical Health Constant 2.072 0.52 0.000 0.790 0.623 37.650 0.000
Safety Behavior -0.237 0.08 0.004 1.090 - - - -
Emotional Health 0.338 0.088 0.000 2.344 - - - -
Injuries -0.115 0.094 0.226 2.769 - - - -
Unsafe Event 0.605 0.076 0.000 1.448 - - - -
4 Emotional Health Constant -0.382 0.595 0.523 0.770 0.575 33.129 0.000
Safety Behavior 0.178 0.087 0.043 1.141 - - - -
Physical Health 0.678 0.085 0.000 1.565 - - - -
Injuries -0.194 0.098 0.051 2.614 - - - -
Unsafe Event 0.347 0.094 0.000 2.446 - - - -

2 2
Note: AR = adjusted R ; B = unstandardized coefficient; F = F-test value; SE = standard error; Sig =
Significance; VIF = variance inflation factor
29
Chapter 5 DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Discussions
To secure better reliability in the final model of the study, within-method triangulation was used
(Liang et al., 2021b). The final safety behavior-health-saefty outcome model was established based
on the combined results of correlation and multiple regression (see Figure 2). The final model
found the following results: (1) A safety behavior was positively associated with injuries and
negatively related with physical health and unsafe events; and (2) the emotional health and
physical health are positively associated with each other as well with safety outcomes including
injuries and unsafe events.
Safety Behaviors Health

Safety Outcomes
Emotional
Health Injuries
Safety
Behavior
Physical
Health Unsafe Events
Figure 2 Safety Behavior – Health - Safety Outcomes in the Construction Industry
5.1 Safety Behavior and Safety Outcomes
The findings showed that safety behavior can reduces unsafe events and physical health problems.
Better safety behavior is linked to many organizational performance indicators (Hassan et al.,
2018). Indeed, CPs working in a safety can be more committed to safety guidelines, rules, and
instructions. When employees are confident in the support they will receive from sources such as
safety insurance, safety rewards, personal protective equipment, health care, and so on, their
commitment to project safety is evident. In fact, most of the accidents that occur on complex
30
projects occur due to poor communication between the workforces. However, adequate safety
behavior on construction projects enables CPs to understand each other well, which eases
communication within the project team, including seniors and subordinates. For instance, they can
provide valuable feedback regarding various problems that arise on projects that can assist CPs to
make appropriate decisions on the spot and quickly resolve safety issues. In addition, such a
friendly environment can also be useful to report hazards and encourage employees to highlight
safety issues at the workplace, which can ultimately improve safety performance. Furthermore, it
can help to reduce misconceptions during activities on construction sites and minimize accidents.
5.2 Safety Behaviors and Health
The current study found that a safety behavior is negatively related with physical health, which
shows that proper safety behavior can prevent from physical health problems. It is reasonable
because the worker follow safety instructions, rules, and guidelines on sites will not suffer from
any over exertion and physical illness. Following proper instructions can prevent them from
unnecessary use of energy and protect their health from diseases such skin allergy, dust, headache,
blood pressure, etc. Through safety behavior, they can easily identify possible threats and unsafe
practices during the tasks, and they can provide guidance for proper safety practice. This indicates
that a safety behaviour reduces physical health related issues. It is thus recommended that
organizations prioritize supervisor training in order to produce qualified supervisors in the industry
to give safety behavior training. Professional bodies like the Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC)
should also pay attention to the supervisory environment and start various physical and online
courses for supervisors to enhance their qualifications and knowledge.
5.3 Health and Safety Outcomes
In the construction industry of Pakistan, enforcement of safety rules and procedures is not that
strict compared to developed countries. Therefore, the current study indicated that safety
outcomes, such as injuries and unsafe events, are caused due to poor health (emotional and
31
physical) of workforce. The findings showed that emotional and physical health have a significant
positive association with safety injuries and unsafe events. It is reasonable because workers health
is very critical. Without proper physical and emotional health persons cannot perform his work
effectively. Thus, injuries and unsafe events are occurred in the construction sites, when workers
work under stress or physical illness. Normally, safety issues can easily be traced to poor health
conditions of workforce. These results also pointed to the need for further investigation into the
effectiveness and suitability of health conditions of CPs prior to their execution on the construction
sites. In order to improve safety and reduce safety issues, organizations should adopt various
management preparations on sites, such as: proper health care system at construction sites,
utilization of clear safety signs; keeping the working environment tidy and clean; approving space
changing and storage of materials; and different partitions between working and non-working
places.
5.4 Emotional Health and Safety Outcomes
As expected, the current study revealed that emotional health increases the safety outcomes such
as injuries and unsafe events. In fact, the nature of the jobs on construction projects are hectic,
including rigid schedules, poor workplace conditions, and complex issues (Leung et al., 2017).
Most of the construction personals experience work pressure on the job. It is well documented that
excessive pressure on the job causes negative consequences, such as low productivity, poor safety,
reduced morale, and enhanced turnover (Liang et al., 2021; Mohamed, 2002). Most of the time,
CPs need to execute their tasks under stress to achieve the targets, which compromises their safety
knowledge and expertise. In addition, it can reduce their time to plan, think, and comprehend the
situations to tackle safety issues. Furthermore, the safety challenges and hazards on construction
sites can also induce stress and mental pressure on CPs, which can influence their actual
proficiency and proper decision-making. In reality, CPs experience various challenges on
construction sites. For instance, ever-ending demands of tasks, uncertain problems, and various
32
barriers during activities (i.e., narrow and crowded spaces and conflict) can increase CPs’ work
stress and cause them to fail to fully follow their safety knowledge on the sites. Consequently, it
leads to injuries and unsafe events. In order to reduce work stress, organizations should increase
the number of CPs on the construction projects that could minimize their workload and allow them
to get safety training and other skills. Moreover, governing bodies or clients should heed the
improvement of working environments such as providing work-family balance, clean workspace,
realistic job assignments, sufficient manpower, and entertainment facilities to minimize the stress
of CPs and optimize their performance. In addition, proactive measures including time
management, safety management, stress management, and awareness training are critical to
improving the safety and wellbeing of CPs. These approaches, which meet WHO sustainable
development goals (SDG) and promote health and safety, are secure and should be used to increase
CPs' safety and wellbeing.
6 Limitations and Future Study
The present study used a questionnaire survey method along with a series of statistical analyses
including reliability, correlation, and multiple regression analyses to investigate the association
between safety behavior, health and safety outcomes for CPs. In fact, each research approach has
its own shortcomings. Many remedial efforts were adopted in the present study to protect possible
bias in results and secure better reliability of the research.
The direct effect of the safety behavior on health and safety outcomes is found in the current study.
However, some unique findings need more studies. For example, further study is recommended to
determine the moderating and mediating effects between safety behavior, health and safety
outcomes and the compounding influence of demographic items on the studied factors. Adopting
longitudinal approaches, which include both pre- and post-groups of CPs, is also suggested for
33
assessing the success of the safety training. In addition, work pressure reduces the safety
competence of CPs.
This study used a quantitative method to investigate the working environment that influences the
safety outcomes of construction personals. The purpose of this study was to capture representative
large samples, which were not possible through interviews and focus groups. In fact, adoption of
only a single method may increase the risk of common-method bias. Qualitative methods,
including semi-structured interviews, case studies, and focus group approaches, have been broadly
adopted in numerous construction management and safety fields (e.g., Liang et al., 2022). Such
qualitative methods allow scholars to get detailed pictures of a particular topic in real life from
respondents (Leung et al., 2016). Therefore, it is recommended to use qualitative research methods
in future studies to cross validate the findings of quantitative research.
Given that construction projects significantly vary in several job natures and responsibilities,
particularly involvement in high-risk conditions, uncertain events, safety issues, and poor working
environments, more research needs to be performed to fully comprehend the associations between
unexplored psychosocial and managerial factors and safety effects in the construction industry.
This involves the determination of relationships between job stress, work-life balance, and safety
behavior results. Thus, future studies need to further investigate the association between the
sources of work pressure and stress and their impact on safety performance to improve health and
safety in the construction industry.
In sum, to better understand the impact of the safety behavior on health and safety outcomes for
CPs, the current study adopted a quantitative approach to investigate the relationships between
safety behavior, health and safety outcome factors. After a series of statistical analyses, the final
model was developed. The final working environment safety performance model was established
based on the comparison of all statistical findings. The results found that: 1) supporting and
34
supervisory environments increased the safety commitment and communication; 2) similarly,
supervisory and safety rules and procedures also enhanced the safety competence; however, 3)
work pressure reduced the safety competence of CPs. Practical suggestions were proposed to
improve the working environment and safety performance, including friendly working
environment, training of supervisors, appropriate safety signs, sufficient manpower and time
management coaching, and so on. This research contributes to uncovering the impact of the
working environment–safety performance interactions for CPs, which can add to the body of
knowledge about safety management and support related theoretical development. It also provides
policy and organizational recommendations to effectively manage the work pressure and stress of
the workforce, helping to better wellbeing and safety practices in the construction industry.
7. Conclusion
Inappropriate safety behaviour are considered one of the main causes of accidents in the
construction industry. In many developing countries, the construction sector is experiencing many
safety challenges due to the inappropriate safety behaviour and poor health conditions. In order to
improve safety, organizations must satisfy their workforce by ensuring an adequate safety and
health. However, very little is known about the influence of the safety behaviour on health and
safety in Pakistan, particularly in Gilgit Baltistan (GB). Therefore, the current study aims to
investigate the effect of the safety behaviour on the health and safety outcomes in the construction
industry of GB using quantitative research methods. A questionnaire survey was used to collect
the data from construction sector. Several statistical analyses, including reliability, correlation,
heritability, and multiple regression analyses, were applied to the data. The results show that
various working environment factors affect the safety performance of CPs, such as (1) safety
behaviour is positively related to injuries which negatively related with physical health; (2) both
emotional and physical health are positively associated with safety outcomes (injuries and unsafe
events) as well as related to each other; and (3) safety outcomes are positively linked to each other.
35
Based on the findings, some practical implications are suggested for improving safety
performance, including provision of a friendly working environment, encouragement of
supervisors’ support, utilization of proper safety signs, maintenance of the workplace, allocation
of realistic job assignments, and arrangement of stress and safety management trainings.
36
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38

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Effect of Safety Behaviours on Health and Safety in

the Construction Industry of Gilgit-Baltistan

IKRAM ULLAH 2020-KIU-BS2504

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

KARAKORUM INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY GILGIT- BALTISTAN

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY KARAKORUM INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY GILGIT BALTISTAN

IKRAM ULLAH 2020-KIU-BS2504

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

KARAKORAM INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY GILGIT BALTISTAN

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY KARAKORUM INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY GILGIT BALTISTAN

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY KARAKORUM INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY GILGIT BALTISTAN

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY KARAKORUM INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY GILGIT BALTISTAN

This Research is dedicated to our Loving Parents, friends and Teachers.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY KARAKORUM INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY GILGIT BALTISTAN

for improving safety performance, including provision of a friendly working environment,

encouragement of supervisors’ support, utilization of proper safety signs, maintenance of the

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY KARAKORUM INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY GILGIT BALTISTAN

We also thankful to our honourable, Head of Department of Civil Engineering Technology

Ikram Ullah 2020-KIU-Bs2504

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY KARAKORUM INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY GILGIT BALTISTAN

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY KARAKORUM INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY GILGIT BALTISTAN

houses, buildings and infrastructure projects in the Gilgit-Baltistan. Construction industry is

construction sector is an accident-prone industry where workers might experience an unsafe

conditions and health consequences in absence/non-compliance of proper safety standards,

policies and chain of responsibility procedures. According to the International Labour

working environment at work (UNICEF, 2022).

important to provide necessary facilities to employees. For that, an appropriate working

environment, including a safety training, proper PPE, supportive environment, friendly

construction projects in GB do not consider the importance of a suitable working environment as

Pakistan experience accidents at work (Siddique, 2019).

1.2 Research Significance

construction industry of Pakistan, such as lack of health facilities, insuficiency of personal

reduce safety issues.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

and construction outcomes.

improve workforce health, project profitability and reduce safety issues.

1.4 Thesis outline

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Safety Behaviours

risk categories that will be used for data analyses.

Indeed, understanding the inherent risk of a hazardous working environment on construction

working environment assists in safer decision-making in construction projects (Choudhry and

essential to identify working environment factors to improve the working environment of

employees in the construction industry.

reactions that the person is experiencing.

boredom, cynicism, decreased self-confidence, depression, anxiety, sadness, displeasure, and

EM-CWs to their organization (Cockshaw and Schochet, 2010).

and mental exhaustion produced by prolonged exposure to emotionally severe circumstances

exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment (Maslach and Jackson,

emotional exhaustion (Konstantinou, 2018; Maslach et al., 2001)

bring changes to physical health (Das et al., 2017).

individual and organizational levels (Qin et al., 2009).

2.3 Safety Outcomes

safety performance, which was defined as an organization's capability to reduce job-associated

organization (Mohamed, 2002). It is recognized as an essential indicator to determine safety

performance. More specifically, it is also recognized in the construction industry as an indirect

measurement of safety performance (Gillen et al., 2002).

in proactive actions. Although behavioral sampling is time-consuming and expensive, construction

beahavior on health and safety outcomes.

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

for this study has been developed (see Figure 1).

Safety Behaviors Health PSafety Outcomes