A TECHNICAL REPORT

ON
STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

PREPARED BY

GODWIN PAUL

MATRIC NUMBER: 207308

LEVEL: 400

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN

HELD AT:

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES, STATE

SECRETARIAT, IBADAN

SUBMITTED TO:

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING COORDINATING CENTRE UNIVERSITY OF

IBADAN, IBADAN

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

COMPLETION OF THE 400 LEVEL INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
PROGRAMME

FROM SEPTEMBER 2021 TO MARCH 2022

 Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering,

Faculty of Technology,

University of Ibadan,

Ibadan.

28th February, 2022.

The Director,

Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme,

Industrial Training Coordinating Centre,

University of Ibadan,

Ibadan.

Dear Sir,

SUBMISSION LETTER FOR TIT499 REPORT WORK

I, Godwin Paul, a student of the above named department with matriculation number
207308 hereby write to inform you of having completed the training programme
required by the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (S.I.W.E.S) which started
September, 2021 and ended February, 2022.

This is to inform you that the report work which covered twenty four (24) weeks spent
at the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources was compiled and completed by
me.

I therefore submit the report work as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme of the University of Ibadan.

Yours faithfully,

Godwin Paul

207308

ii
 ABSTRACT
This report covers a review of work taken during the student industrial work
experience scheme at the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources State
Secretariat Ibadan. The report shows the experiences gained during the work period of
six months.

My report is in four chapters. Chapter 1 covers the general introduction to SIWES.

Chapter 2 and 3 talks about various duties carried out at the Ministry of Agriculture
and Natural Resources State Secretariat Ibadan. Chapter 4 is a continuation on work
experience i.e. the experience gained during my stay at ministry and chapter 5 is on
conclusion and recommendation.

Conclusively, the training program helped me understand the practical aspect of what
is learnt in the classroom. The knowledge gained will go a long away to building a
career as an Agricultural and Environmental Engineer.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My sincere gratitude goes to God Almighty who has given me the privilege to
complete this programme.

I also appreciate and thank the director of the Student Industrial Work Experience
Scheme and his team for the successful assessments of my training.

My regards also goes to my industrial based supervisor and all the Ministry of
Agriculture and Natural Resources staff for their necessary supervision and useful
information provided.

I cannot forget my loving and caring family for their support both spiritually and
financially during my SIWES programme, may God bless you all.

iv
Table of Contents
Title Page……………………………………………………………………………......i
Submission Letter………………………………………………………………………………ii
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………...……iii
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………….…iv
Chapter 1 STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME ................................. 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 BACKGROUND OF SIWES............................................................................................ 1
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK SCHEME ................................... 2
Chapter 2 AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION ..................................................... 3
2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 3
2.2 AIR CONDITIONING ...................................................................................................... 3
2.2.1 Types of Air Conditioning Systems ........................................................................... 3

2.2.2 Component parts of an Air Conditioning system ....................................................... 6

2.3 WORKING FLUID OF AN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM ....................................... 7

2.3.1 Refrigerant.................................................................................................................. 7

2.3.2 Lubricant .................................................................................................................... 7

2.4 WORKING PRINCIPLES OF AN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM ............................ 8

2.5 ACTIVITIES I UNDERTOOK IN THIS SECTION ........................................................ 8
2.5.1 Diagnosing refrigerant leak ........................................................................................ 8

2.5.2 Recharging of a compressor (Refrigerant charging) .................................................. 9

2.5.3 Pressure washing the air-filters of the indoor and outdoor units .............................. 10

2.5.4 Replacement of faulty capacitor ............................................................................... 10

2.6 MAJOR PROJECT CARRIED OUT DURING COURSE OF TRAINING .................. 11

2.6.1 Materials and Tools needed...................................................................................... 11

2.6.2 Installation Procedures ............................................................................................. 11

2.7 REFRIGERATION SYSTEM (REFRIGERATOR)....................................................... 15

2.7.1 Component parts of a refrigerator ............................................................................ 15

2.7.2 Principles of operation of a refrigerator ................................................................... 16

2.7.3 Symptoms and troubleshooting procedures carried out on refrigerators .................. 17

2.7.4 Replacement procedures carried out on a refrigerator door gasket .......................... 17

2.7.5 Servicing procedures carried out on a refrigerator door hinges ............................... 18

2.7.6 Retubing procedures carried out on a deep freezer .................................................. 19

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Chapter 3 HEAVY DUTY MACHINES .................................................................................. 21
3.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 21
3.2 TRACTORS .................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.1 Daily / Everyday (After 8-10 hours of work) ........................................................... 21

3.2.2 Weekly (After 50-60 hours of work) ........................................................................ 22

3.2.3 After a fortnight (120 to 125 hours of work)............................................................ 22

3.2.4 Monthly (After 250 hours of work) .......................................................................... 23

3.2.5 After two months (500 hours of work) ..................................................................... 23

3.2.6 After four months (100-1200 hours of work) ........................................................... 23

3.3 WEED SLASHER .......................................................................................................... 24

3.3.1 Daily pre-operation checks....................................................................................... 24

3.3.2 Replacement of a tractor clutch release bearing ....................................................... 25

3.3.3 Replacement procedures for the clutch release bearing ........................................... 26

3.4 ELECTRIC GENERATOR............................................................................................. 27

3.4.1 Component parts of an electric generator................................................................. 28

Chapter 4 EXPERIENCE GAINED FROM TRAINING AND ITS APPLICATION IN

FUTURE CAREER .................................................................................................................. 33
4.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 33
4.2 EXPERIENCE GAINED ................................................................................................ 33
4.3 APPLICATION OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING IN FUTURE CAREER. .................... 33
Chapter 5 LIMITATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION. ......................... 34
5.1 LIMITATIONS OF SIWES ............................................................................................ 34
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................ 34
5.3 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... 34
References………………………………………………………………………..........35

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List of Figures
Figure 1. Window Ac Unit .............................................................................................. 3
Figure 2. Ductless Mini - Slit, Indoor Unit ..................................................................... 5
Figure 3. Ductless Mini – Split, Outdoor Unit ................................................................ 5
Figure 4. Manifold Gauge To Be Used For Recharging. The Blue Side Is Linked To
The Low Pressure Side Of The Outdoor Unit And The Yellow Line To The
Refrigerant Tank. ............................................................................................................ 9
Figure 5. A Charging Set-Up Using Manifold Gauge .................................................. 10
Figure 6. Mounting Plate After Being Screwed To The Wall ...................................... 12
Figure 8. End Of The Tube Connected To The Compressor ........................................ 19
Figure 7. Copper Tubes Wound Round The Inner Compartment ................................. 19
Figure 9. Weed Slasher ................................................................................................. 25
Figure 10. Damaged Clutch Release Bearing Before Removal .................................... 26
Figure 11. A Tractor After Being Separated For Clutch Bearing Replacement ........... 27

vii
 CHAPTER 1

Chapter 1 STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

1.1 INTRODUCTION
SIWES stands for Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme which was established
by the Industrial Training Fund in 1973 in order to widen the horizon so as to ensure
that Students have technical knowledge or working experience before graduating from
their various institutions. This helps to bridge the gap between practical skills and
theoretical knowledge and enable Students to cope effectively in the industrial world.
The scheme exposes Students to industrial skills necessary to bring up ideas in areas of
machineries, structures, implements to make work easier, making use of the available
resources. The Scheme also helps Students to develop occupational competencies so as
to be able to contribute their quota to the national economy and technological
development of the Nation after graduation.

ITF solely funded the scheme during its initial years of being formed but as time went
on, it became unbearable for funding and withdrew from the scheme in 1978. In 1979,
the federal government handed over the scheme to both the National University
Commission (NUC) and the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE). ITF
later was given management and implementation of the scheme by the federal
government in 1984. It was effectively taken over by the Industrial Training Fund
(ITF) in July 1985 with funding solely borne by the federal government.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF SIWES

The historical background of Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES)
started in the early 1970s when there was a complaint from industries and
establishments that the graduates produced from higher institutions of learning
throughout the various parts of the country were unable to bridge between the practical
and the theory. The scheme started with 748 students from 11 different institutions of
learning across the nation.

In 2011, about 260 institutions participated in the SIWES program, 77 universities,

133 polytechnics and 70 colleges. By 2013, over 280 institutions of learning
participated in the scheme. Hence, the scheme was incorporated into the curriculum as

1
one of the accepted skill training programmes that a student must undergo in order to
achieve a minimum academic standard in various degree programmes for all Nigerian
universities. Prior to this period, the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and National
Universities Commission (NUC) funded the scheme to cater for the training of
students for man power development for the industrial sector and establishments.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK SCHEME

1. To make transition from schooling to the world of work easier and to improve
Students contact for later job placement.

2. To prepare Students for Industrial Work situation they are likely to meet after
graduation.

3. Expose Students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and

machineries that may not be available in the University.

4. Provide Students the opportunities to apply their educational knowledge in real

work situation, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.

5. To provide avenue for Students to acquire Industrial Skills for experience

during their course of study.

6. To enable high sense of responsibility among students.

7. To enable professionals, assess students real work capabilities which may serve
as an avenue for recruitment.

2
 CHAPTER 2

Chapter 2 AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION

2.1 INTRODUCTION
I was introduced to the section of the department responsible for the repair,
maintenance and installation of air conditioners. In the course of my attachment, I was
involved in troubleshooting and repairs of air conditioning (A.C ) units.

2.2 AIR CONDITIONING

Air conditioning (also known as A/C, air conditioner) is the process of removing heat
and controlling the humidity as well as removing dust in some cases of the air within a
building or vehicle to achieve a more comfortable interior environment. This may be
achieved using powered devices ('air conditioners'), by passive cooling or by ventilated
cooling. Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that
provide heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC).

There have been so many developments on air conditioning systems over the years,
during my attachment; I was exposed to the Stand alone AC units and the Split system
AC units.

2.2.1 Types of Air Conditioning Systems

1. Stand – Alone AC unit

In stand-alone AC units, both coils are inside one device (usually located inside the
house). An example of this type of air conditioner is the Window AC unit.

 Window AC unit

Figure 1. Window AC Unit

A window air conditioner is a single unit with all of its components enclosed

3
 inside. It ejects heat out of its outdoor side and blows cool air into the room on the
indoor side. As the name suggests, it is installed in a window or by making a hole
in the wall. Such air conditioners have a filter that slides out so that it can be
cleaned regularly for full AC efficiency. These air conditioners have controls on
the unit & may also come with a remote. Since Window air conditioners come in
different sizes, they would be suitable if you‟re looking to cool a single room or a
small area. If you go for a large window air conditioner you can even cool a small
home considering it is a single story or one open space.

Advantages of Window ACs:

a. Window units are typically less costly and cheaper to operate.

b. Simple to install.

c. Easy to maintain.

d. Do not take up your floor space.

Disadvantages of Window ACs:

a. Can be noisy during operation & are visible from outside the home.

b. They obscure the view from a window and must be located close to a suitable
electrical outlet.

c. Not all windows support air conditioners, some window ACs are not suitable
for casement or irregularly shaped windows.

2. Split system AC unit

Split-system air conditioners are comprised of two shells. The one inside the house is a
smaller quiet shell, and the bigger noisier one is outside.

That means that the cooling coil is inside the house and the heating coil that dispenses
heat and the compressor are outside the house. An example of the split system AC unit
is the Ductless Mini – Split.

4
 Ductless Mini – Split

Figure 2. Ductless Mini - Slit, Indoor Unit

Figure 3. Ductless Mini – Split, Outdoor Unit

For better efficiency, or you want to do away with a lot of ducting, or you simply just
want a portion of your home to be cooled, then opting for ductless mini-split air
conditioners is a great choice.

Ductless systems are a great choice for contemporary homes.

Such type of an air conditioner is a combination of an outdoor unit comprising of a

compressor and a condenser that comes along with one or more indoor units. These
indoor units are mounted on a wall and equipped with air blowers. The indoor and
outdoor units are connected through tubing and refrigerant circulates through them in
variation depending on the type of usage. Since these indoor units are small and
compact, each room usually gets its unit installed that can either be used for heating or

5
cooling purposes. Such types of air conditioners are regarded much more efficient in
energy consumption compared to some of the other options available.

Ductless mini-splits come with a remote control but coupled with a smart AC
controller you can operate using your phone, from anywhere.

Advantages of ductless mini-splits:

a. It can be installed anywhere easily without a lot of hassle and ductwork.

b. It can control the temperature of each room individually.

Disadvantages of ductless mini-splits:

a. A single ductless mini-split unit is not enough for cooling large homes.

b. Since the Indoor unit of a ductless mini-split is wall-mounted, therefore, it will

be visible to the naked eye.

2.2.2 Component parts of an Air Conditioning system

Modern AC models are fitted with additional devices (Sensors, timers and valves) to
boost the effectiveness of the units but every Ac has its major parts that manage
refrigerant and move air in two directions- indoors and outside. These indispensable
parts are:

 Evaporator - Receives the liquid refrigerant. It is loosely called the indoor unit.
The cold side of an air conditioner contains the evaporator and a fan that blows
air over the chilled coils and into the room. The refrigerant experiences a
pressure drop once in the evaporator. It expands and changes back into gas.

 Condenser - Facilitates heat transfer. It is loosely called the outdoor unit. The
hot side contains the compressor, condenser and another fan to vent hot air
coming off the compressed refrigerant to the outdoors.

 Expansion valve - Regulates refrigerant flow into the evaporator. In between

the two sets of coils (Evaporator and Condenser coils), there's an expansion
valve. It regulates the amount of compressed liquid refrigerant moving into the
evaporator.

6
  Compressor - A pump that pressurizes refrigerant. The compressor is actually a
large electric pump that pressurizes the refrigerant gas as part of the process of
turning it back into a liquid. There are mostly two types of compressors used in
AC units. They are Reciprocating compressors and Rotary compressors. But
modern Ac units these days come with Rotary compressors.

 Thermostat - The thermostat maintains the temperature of an air conditioning

system as it regulates the heat energy inside and outside of it. Depending on the
design, a thermostat can set manually or automatically.

 Air handler and blowing unit - This air conditioner components work together
to draw the air to the evaporator and distribute cool air over the room. A duct
system facilitates the passage of airflow in the room.

The basic operation an air conditioner has to perform is to cool the indoor air. That's
not all it does, though. Air conditioners monitor and regulate the air temperature via a
thermostat. They also have an onboard filter that removes airborne particulates from
the circulating air. Air conditioners function as dehumidifiers. Because temperature is
a key component of relative humidity, reducing the temperature of a volume of humid
air causes it to release a portion of its moisture. That's why there are drains and
moisture-collecting pans near or attached to air conditioners, and why air conditioners
discharge water when they operate on humid days.

2.3 WORKING FLUID OF AN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

2.3.1 Refrigerant
A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in an air conditioner. In its
cycles, it undergoes phase transitions from a liquid to a gas and back again.R22
refrigerants are preferred due to their ozone-friendly nature.

2.3.2 Lubricant
This is otherwise called compressor oil. As it name implies, it is fed into the
compressor. Compressor oil is a necessary component in any air conditioning system.
There are three main purposes of the oil. They are used for lubrication, removal of heat
and for sealing.

7
2.4 WORKING PRINCIPLES OF AN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
Irrespective of the particular model in question, air conditioners have a common basic
working principle.

Air conditioners use refrigeration to chill indoor air, taking advantage of a remarkable
physical law: When a liquid converts to a gas (in a process called phase conversion), it
absorbs heat. Air conditioners exploit this feature of phase conversion by forcing
special chemical compounds (Refrigerants) to evaporate and condense over and over
again in a closed system of coils (In a cyclic process)

The compounds involved are refrigerants that have properties enabling them to change
at relatively low temperatures. Air conditioners also contain fans that move warm
interior air over these cold, refrigerant-filled coils. In fact, central air conditioners have
a whole system of ducts designed to funnel air to and from these serpentine, air-
chilling coils.

When hot air flows over the cold, low-pressure evaporator coils, the refrigerant inside
absorbs heat as it changes from a liquid to a gaseous state. To keep cooling efficiently,
the air conditioner has to convert the refrigerant gas back to a liquid again. To do that,
a compressor puts the gas under high pressure, a process that creates unwanted heat.
All the extra heat created by compressing the gas is then evacuated to the outdoors
with the help of a second set of coils called condenser coils, and a second fan. As the
gas cools, it changes back to a liquid, and the process starts all over again. Think of it
as an endless, elegant cycle: liquid refrigerant, phase conversion to a gas/ heat
absorption, compression and phase transition back to a liquid again.

It's easy to see that there are two distinct things going on in an air conditioner.
Refrigerant is chilling the indoor air, and the resulting gas is being continually
compressed and cooled for conversion back to a liquid again.

2.5 ACTIVITIES I UNDERTOOK IN THIS SECTION

Below are some of my activities in the Air conditioning section:

2.5.1 Diagnosing refrigerant leak

This is precautionary and also a routine maintenance procedure. This operation was
very necessary especially when the compressors were to be recharged (i.e. have their

8
refrigerant topped up).To achieve this check, I had to carry out the soap bubble test.
The solution of soap and water is the easiest leak detector. To carry out this approach
Simply apply the soapy water to the suspected area with a brush or spray bottle and
look for the presence of bubbles or foam, which would be caused by a leak. As advised
by my industry based supervisor, I concentrated more on the welded joints as they
were prone to failure than other parts of the piping network. The problem with this
method is that it is only useful for a large leak.

2.5.2 Recharging of a compressor (Refrigerant charging)

A good sign that alerted on the need to top the refrigerant level was when the AC
begins to freeze up when running. Once the unit shuts off, the ice begins to melt, and
water drips onto the floor. When this happen a couple of times, the water can seep
through the indoor unit and it can become extremely expensive to repair the impending
damages. Although charging the system can be performed through either the high side
or low side of the outdoor unit (Specifically, the compressor) when the engine is not
running, it must be done only through the low side when the engine is running (As we
mostly did). This safety measure prevents high side pressure from entering the
refrigerant container and possibly causing an explosion.

Figure 4. manifold gauge to be used for recharging. The blue side is linked to the
low pressure side of the outdoor unit and the yellow line to the refrigerant tank.

9
 Figure 5. A charging set-up using manifold gauge

2.5.3 Pressure washing the air-filters of the indoor and outdoor units
The air filter is a very vital component of the AC. It is responsible for preventing dust
particles into the core of the AC. This is very important in other to stall a breakdown
of the system. But in a case where the air filter becomes clogged, then the AC
efficiency is greatly reduced. Air conditioning filters can play a big role in an air
conditioning water leak. First is that the dirty filter blocks the air from penetrating
through the filter. When the air can‟t go through the filter, it starts to freeze. Once the
ice melts, the water then drips. A most likely symptom of a clogged air filter is that the
blowing effect of the fan and by extension cooling will not be felt (When the fan has
been determined to be in good condition).

So as preventive measure, the air filters are removed and pressure washed with the aid
of a Pressure washing machine (Popularly called a steaming machine).

2.5.4 Replacement of faulty capacitor

The capacitor is like a “battery” that stores some of that high voltage to create what‟s
called a “phase shifted current,” which is what causes your fan and compressor motors
to spin.

10
Your AC capacitor will be either a dual capacitor or a single capacitor. A dual
capacitor has three sets of terminals on top: one for the compressor, one for the fan,
and a shared “common” terminal for both to use. A single capacitor only has two
terminals, and if your unit uses single capacitors, you probably have two of them in
your system (one for the compressor and one for the fan). Most times faulty capacitors
appear bulgy or even ruptured

A faulty capacitor means the unit‟s fan or blower will not function effectively as there
will not be enough voltage to start the fan motor. Even when they stutter and start, they
shut down in the shortest run. A good way to diagnose this problem might also be to
listen out for hum or click noise emanating from the unit.

2.6 MAJOR PROJECT CARRIED OUT DURING COURSE OF TRAINING

A major project I was involved in was the installations of new sets of mini split system
units for various office space. I in conjunction with my superiors at work engaged in
the following activities.

2.6.1 Materials and Tools needed

Spirit Level, markers, plastic anchors, tapping screws, flexible flange, wrench, flare
nuts, polyurethane foam, flaring tool, gas welding machine.

2.6.2 Installation Procedures

1. Installing the indoor unit

We selected an unobstructed location on the interior walls of the office to mount the
indoor air conditioning unit. While considering this various factors.

 Avoid direct sunlight and heat sources.

 Avoid locations where gas may leak or where oil mist or Sulphur exists.

 The indoor unit requires at least 15 cm of open space surrounding its

top and sides. The unit should also be mounted at least 7 feet (2.13 m)
above the ground.

 Install the unit at least 3.3 feet (1 m) away from antenna, power or
connecting lines that are used for television, radio, home security

11
 systems, intercoms or telephones. The electrical noise from these
sources could cause operational problems for your air conditioner.

 The wall should be strong enough to hold the unit's weight.

(Sometimes, we might need to construct a wood or metal frame to
provide added support)

a. Securing the mounting plate to the interior wall

 We held the mounting plate against the wall where we wanted to install
the indoor unit.

 We the used a level to make sure the plate was both horizontally and
vertically square. We also used markers to make inscriptions on the
wall in other to help subsequent drilling.

 We then drilled holes into the wall at the appropriate spots to affix the
plate to the wall.

 We inserted plastic anchors into the holes. We then secured the plate to
the wall with tapping screws.

Figure 6. Mounting plate after being screwed to the wall

b. Creating a hole in the wall to fit the piping

 We found the best spot for the hole to the exterior based on the opening
in the mounting bracket. Special consideration was given to the length
of the pipe and the distance that it needed to travel to reach the outside

12
 unit.

 We then drilled a hole that is 7.5 cm in diameter through the wall. The
hole was initiated to slope downward toward the exterior to ensure
adequate drainage.

 We then inserted a flexible flange into the hole.

c. Checking the electrical connections

 The unit‟s front panel was lifted and the cover removed.

 We made sure the cable wires were connected to the screw terminals.
And also, make sure that they match the diagram (i.e. owner‟s manual)
that comes with the unit.

d. Connecting the pipes

 We ran the piping from the indoor unit toward the hole drilled through
the wall taking care to minimize bending to ensure that the unit
performs well.

 We cut a length of PVC pipe 60 Cm shorter than the length between

your interior and exterior wall surfaces.

 We then placed the pipe cap on the interior end of the PVC pipe. We
also inserted the pipe into the hole in the wall.

 The copper pipes were binded, the power cables and the drain pipe
together with electrical tape. As a matter of design, we placed the drain
pipe on the bottom to ensure a free flow of water.

 We then secured the pipe to the indoor unit, using 2 wrenches, working
in opposite directions, to tighten the connection.

 We then joined the water drainage pipe to the indoor unit‟s base.

 We ran the bound pipes and cables through the hole in the wall, making
sure that the drainage pipe allows water to drain in an appropriate place.

13
2. Installing the outdoor unit

a. Choosing the best place to install the outdoor unit

 The outdoor unit‟s location needs to be away from any heavily

trafficked, dusty or hot areas.

 The outdoor unit needs considerable amount of space surrounding its

perimeter to ensure proper functioning.

b. Laying the concrete pad

The concrete pad is laid high enough so that the condenser will sit conveniently
above ground level (Even though this is especially important for areas with
snow).

 The outdoor condenser was set on top of the pad, using rubber
cushioning under the unit's feet to minimize vibration.

 We also made sure that no antenna of a radio or television is within 10

feet (3 meters) of the outdoor condenser.

c. Connecting the electrical wires

 We referred to the unit‟s wiring diagram and made sure the cable wires
are connected as the diagram suggests. Following the manufacturer's
instructions for wiring is crucial.

 I fastened the cables with a cable clamp and replace the cover.

 Secure the pipes‟ flare nuts to the corresponding pipes on the outdoor
unit.

d. Completing the installation

 We bled the air and humidity from the refrigerant circuit.

 We Wrapped the joints of the piping with insulating covering and

insulating tape

14
  We affixed the piping to the wall with clamps.

 Lastly we sealed up the hole in the wall using expanding polyurethane

foam.

2.7 REFRIGERATION SYSTEM (REFRIGERATOR)

A refrigerator or freezer is a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump
(mechanical, electronic or chemical) that transfers heat from its inside to its external
environment so that its inside is cooled to a temperature below the room temperature.
Refrigeration is an essential food storage technique in developed countries. The lower
temperature lowers the reproduction rate of bacteria, so the refrigerator reduces the
rate of spoilage. A refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees above the
freezing point of water. Optimum temperature range for perishable food storage is 3 to
5 °C (37 to 41 °F)s heat from its inside to its external environment so that its inside is
cooled to a temperature below the room temperature. Refrigeration is an essential food
storage technique in developed countries. The lower temperature lowers the
reproduction rate of bacteria, so the refrigerator reduces the rate of spoilage. A
refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water.
Optimum temperature range for perishable food storage is 3 to 5 °C (37 to 41 °F).

2.7.1 Component parts of a refrigerator

Compressor - The compressor is the "heart" of a refrigerator. It circulates the
refrigerant throughout the system and adds pressure to the warm part of the circuit, and
makes the refrigerant hot. It's similar to when you are pumping air into a bicycle tube -
you can sense a heat increase in the pump while you compress the air.

 Condenser -These are the multiple tubes and fins that are seen outside of
refrigerator. All the heat absorbed by refrigerant is thrown off by Condenser in
the cooling system. Surface area is increased for maximum heat transfer. As
the refrigerant passes through these coils it is cooled down and condenses, heat
is transferred to the surrounding air.

 Evaporator - It is the main internal cooling part of the refrigerator in the forms
of small tubes made from copper or aluminum. These coils are made of high
thermal metal conductivity metal to maximize heat transfer. As the refrigerant
turns from a liquid into a gas through evaporation, it cools the area around it.

15
 Evaporator absorbs the heat from foods put in the cooling sections.

 Expansion Valve/ Capillary tube - As refrigerant passes through the condenser,

it is in vapour state as well as liquefied. The liquid refrigerant is routed through
the capillary tube and sprayed into the low-pressure environment of the
evaporator.

 Thermostat - The thermostat controls the cooling process by monitoring the

temperature and then switching the compressor on and off. When the sensor
senses that it's cold enough inside a refrigerator, it turns off the compressor. If
it senses too much heat, it switches the compressor on and begins the cooling
process again.

2.7.2 Principles of operation of a refrigerator

A vapour compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators, refrigerator–
freezers and freezers. In this cycle, a circulating refrigerant such as R134a enters a
compressor as low-pressure vapour at or slightly below the temperature of the
refrigerator interior. The vapour is compressed and exits the compressor as high-
pressure superheated vapour. The superheated vapour travels under pressure through
coils or tubes that make up the condenser; the coils or tubes are passively cooled by
exposure to air in the room. The condenser cools the vapour, which liquefies. As the
refrigerant leaves the condenser, it is still under pressure but is now only slightly above
room temperature. This liquid refrigerant is forced through a metering or throttling
device, also known as an expansion valve (essentially a pin-hole sized constriction in
the tubing) to an area of much lower pressure. The sudden decrease in pressure results
in explosive-like flash evaporation of a portion (typically about half) of the liquid. The
latent heat absorbed by this flash evaporation is drawn mostly from adjacent still-
liquid refrigerant, a phenomenon known as auto-refrigeration. This cold and partially
vaporized refrigerant continues through the coils or tubes of the evaporator unit. A fan
blows air from the compartment ("box air") across these coils or tubes and the
refrigerant completely vaporizes, drawing further latent heat from the box air. This
cooled air is returned to the refrigerator or freezer compartment, and so keeps the box
air cold. Note that the cool air in the refrigerator or freezer is still warmer than the
refrigerant in the evaporator. Refrigerant leaves the evaporator, now fully vaporized
and slightly heated, and returns to the compressor inlet to continue the cycles.

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2.7.3 Symptoms and troubleshooting procedures carried out on refrigerators
Symptoms

Refrigerator compressor constantly running, wasting energy and cutting down the life
of the appliance with poor output

Troubleshooting

This could be due to the refrigerator door. When a refrigerator gasket (usually a rubber
seal around the door) becomes hard or cracked, its seal is broken, the unit's efficiency
drops sharply. Test the door gasket for leaks by placing a sheet of paper between the
gasket and the door jamb and closing the door. Pull the sheet out. If it offers some
resistance, chances are the gasket fits properly. If the sheet comes out, the gasket is
faulty and should be replaced. The gasket is tested at different locations around the
door.

2.7.4 Replacement procedures carried out on a refrigerator door gasket

Step 1: A new gasket is purchased made specifically for the model refrigerator that is
to be repaired.

Step 2: The new gasket is left for about 24 hours in the room with the refrigerator to
bring it to the correct temperature and humidity, or it is soaked in water to make it
pliable.

Step 3: The old gasket is removed from the door. Door gaskets are held by screws,
clips or adhesives, and the gasket may have a retaining strip, which helps shape it and
provides a fastening tab or guide. On some units, the gasket may be held in place by
the edge of the door panel which is fastened with spring-steel pressure clips, bolts,
screws. To remove the gasket, the fasteners that hold it is removed together with any
retaining strips.

Step 4: After removing the fasteners on one side of the door at a time. Do not remove
the entire door panel. If the gasket is held by spring clips, care must be taken not to pry
too hard on the clips; they are under tension and could spring out of their mountings. If
the gasket is held by adhesive, it is removed with a knife.

Step 5: After removing the gasket, the mounting area is thoroughly cleaned with mild

17
household detergent and water. Stubborn adhesives are removed with mineral spirits
and fine steel wool, followed by a detergent and water rinse.

Step 6: when fixing the new gasket, replacement is begin at one side of the top of the
door, then down to the sides to replace the entire gasket. The gasket is smoothed
evenly into place, easing it around corners. Gasket cement is then use to secure it in
place. During the process the gasket lies flat, with no lumps or curled edges.

Step 7: The fasteners is replaced with the retaining strips, or panel that held the old
gasket in place, the mounting bolts is tightened or loosened to adjust the gasket to the
door jamb.

However, a worn or broken door gasket may not be the cause of your door leaks.
Misaligned and loosed door hinges can cause the door to rock or sag slightly, making
even a well fitted gasket ineffective.

2.7.5 Servicing procedures carried out on a refrigerator door hinges

Step 1: If the refrigerator door won‟t shut tightly, the refrigerator is tipped backward
by propping up the front of the unit or unscrewing the front levelling legs two
complete turns. This adjustment is experimented until the door stays closed, the unit is
not tipped very far out of front to back level.

Step 2: If levelling doesn‟t work, tighten the hinge screws. The door will have to be
opened to turn the screws. On some unit, one will have to remove a hinge cap or trim
to teach the screws. Sagging and looseness can be corrected by shimming the door
hinges. The hinge is loosened

Step 3: If the door is warped, tighten the screws that hold the inner door shell to the
outer door shell. You may have to change or adjust the door gasket after making this
adjustment.

Step 4: Check the catch. Newer units have a magnetic catch on the door. If the door
doesn't latch properly, remove the magnetic strike from the inner door shell and shim it
slightly with a piece of thin cardboard. One may have to adjust the gasket to conform
to the new shim.

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2.7.6 Retubing procedures carried out on a deep freezer
Step 1: Before servicing or recoiling a deep freezer, the main circuit breaker must be
open and all power is off. If the compressor has a capacitor, it must be disconnected
otherwise it may cause a severe shock. The capacitor is located on a housing on top of
the compressor.

Step 2: Opening of the inner silver covering of the freezer and removal of the faulty
tubings.

Step 3:The new copper tube is first joined to one end of the throttling device or
expansion valve; it is then wound round the inside of the compartment, with the use of
a tube bender to bend the copper at the corners.

Figure 7. Copper tubes wound round the inner compartment

Step 4: After wounding it round the inside of the compartment, the other end of the
tube is then connected to the compressor.

Figure 8. End of the tube connected to the compressor

Step 5: welding of joints such as the one at the throttling device, the compressor and at

19
the connecting point of the copper tubes.
Step 6: the use of soapy and foamy water to check for leakages at the welded points.

Step 7: placing back the silver covering of the inside of the compartment.

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 CHAPTER 3

Chapter 3 HEAVY DUTY MACHINES

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Heavy equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing
construction tasks, most frequently ones involving earthwork operations. They are also
known as heavy machines, heavy trucks, construction equipment, engineering
equipment, heavy vehicles, or heavy hydraulics. Of the heavy vehicles available at this
section are the Forklift vehicle and the Tractor.

During my attachment the forklift was rarely used unlike the tractor which ran for an
average of six hours a day, hence, my exposure to tractor than forklift.

3.2 TRACTORS
A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive
effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery
used in agriculture or construction. Most commonly, the term is used to describe a
farm vehicle that provides the power and traction to mechanize agricultural tasks,
especially (and originally) tillage, but nowadays a great variety of tasks. Agricultural
implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also
provide a source of power if the implement is mechanized. In the course on my
internship a weed slasher was towed behind the tractors.

I was delegated to carry out routine maintenance of the tractor during my time of
training. Below is an outline of the required checks I was required to carry out on the
tractors:

3.2.1 Daily / Everyday (After 8-10 hours of work)

1. Check the level of oil in the engine. It should be done 15 minutes after the engine
has cooled down. If found deficient, the level should be replenished with engine oil of
the right grade.

2. Check the water of the radiator and refill it.

3. Clean the air cleaner and check the oil level. If it is less, fill it to the required level.
Fill clean oil in case the existing oil has become dirty

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3.2.2 Weekly (After 50-60 hours of work)
1. Repeat the daily maintenance measure.

2. Check the air pressure in the tyres. If the pressure is low, get the necessary air.

3. Check the elasticity of the fan-belt under the pressure of the thumb. It should stretch
to a degree of 12 & 18 millimeters.

4. Clean the air pressure and fill it with an oil of the right grade.

5. The water stored in the oil filter should be drained out by the drain plug.

6. Check the water-level of the battery. If water is found below the limit, fill it with
distilled water.

7. Check the level of the oil in the gear box.

8. Apply grease to the clutch shaft and bearings, brake control, bearing of the fan, hub
of the front wheel, tie rod and the radius cross, etc.

3.2.3 After a fortnight (120 to 125 hours of work)

1. Repeat the weekly schedule of maintenance.

2. Apply oil to the Dynamo and the starter.

3. Clean the carbon in the smoke-tube.

4. Change the engine oil. To do so, keep the tractor in starting position for a while and
then switch it off so as to heat up the entire oil, then drain out the oil through the drain
plug and fill fresh and clean oil of the right grade.

5. In case the oil filter is made of paper, element, cloth, felt, etc. change them. Clean
the metallic oil filter.

6. Check the feel play of clutch and brake, it should be 15mm long. Adjust it according
to the need.

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3.2.4 Monthly (After 250 hours of work)
1. Repeat every step of fortnightly maintenance.

2. If it is advised to clean the primary diesel filter, (in the manual supplied with the
tractor) clean it or change it.

3. Wash the filters of the tap of the oil-tank.

4. Check the water in the battery. If its relative density is below the mark, change the
battery.

3.2.5 After two months (500 hours of work)

1. Follow the monthly schedule of maintenance.

2. Change the other element of diesel filter.

3. Get the injector and diesel pump checked either by an authorized dealer or an
experienced mechanic.

4. Contact your authorized dealer or an experienced mechanic for the inspection of

valve.

5. Get the dynamo and the self-starter inspected.

6. Open the oil tank and clean it.

3.2.6 After four months (100-1200 hours of work)

1. Follow the bi-monthly maintenance schedule.

2. Drain out the oil of the gear box and fill it with a clean oil of the right grade.

3. Drain out the oil of the back-axle and fill clean oil.

4. Change the oil of the Belt-pulley.

5. Clean the filter of the Hydraulic pump.

6. Change the steering oil.

7. Change the grease of the front wheel

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3.3 WEED SLASHER
Weed slashers are tractor implements design for grass cutting. Before fitting a slasher
to the tractor, special care has to be taken to make sure the slasher has the same horse
power rating as the tractor. I had to do daily routine check up on the slashers. It should
be noted that our models were all gear driven.

3.3.1 Daily pre-operation checks

 Check if the slashers are securely attached to the PTO shaft on the tractor.

 Make sure PTO spring activated locking pin is well greased, sides freely and is
firmly seated in tractor PTO splined angular groove.

 Lubricate all grease fitting locations. Make sure PTO joints and shaft are well
lubricated

 Remove small oil level plug on side of gearbox and assure oil leaks out. Top up
if no oil is present.

 Check blades are sharp and secure and cutting edge is positioned to lead when
rotating anticlockwise.

 Check that all shields and guards are properly installed and in good condition

 Check cutting height, front to rear attitude and top link adjustment.

 Ensure tractor PTO and transmissions are in neutral before starting engine.

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 Figure 9. Weed Slasher

3.3.2 Replacement of a tractor clutch release bearing

Causes of failure in clutch release bearing

 Incorrect release Bearing adjustment /inadequate clearance causing overheating

of the bearing and loss of lubricant, plus over stroking of the clutch and
excessive Clutch Diaphragm / Lever and Clutch Disc wear.

 Riding the clutch Pedal

 Waiting in traffic with the vehicle in Gear and Clutch disengaged is a major
contributing factor, this loads the clutch release bearing excessively and
shortens both the bearing and clutch assembly life drastically. Bad driving
habits such as resting the foot on the clutch pedal while driving the vehicle is
also one of the major causes of premature clutch failure.

 In many cases adjustment of the Driver‟s seat position in relationship to clutch

pedal operation can be vital to prevention of Premature Bearing wear and or
clutch release problems.

 If the seat is too far back as many drivers prefer, the clutch pedal is often
insufficiently depressed during gear changes and clutch disengagement
problems can occur. Also drivers do tend to rest their foot on the clutch pedal
which induces excessive bearing wear.

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  If the seat is too close to the driving position conversely, the clutch pedal can
be over stroked which also causes release/engagement problems and premature
clutch failure.

Symptoms

 Abnormal noise when clutch pedal is depressed.

Figure 10. Damaged Clutch release bearing before removal

3.3.3 Replacement procedures for the clutch release bearing

The clutch release bearing on the tractor is pre-lubricated and so should not require
any maintenance during servicing. It may, however, require replacement if it does not
run smoothly, there is excessive sideways movement or it is loose on the hub. If the
bearing is in good condition, and as it has been pre-lubricated, it should not be cleaned
in solvent. A single clutch is fitted to tractors with the standard power take off (PTO).
In order to replace the release bearing, we followed these instructions:

1. We separated the engine from the transmission.

2. We disconnected the clutch release rod from the release arm by removing the
split pin and clevis pin.

3. We then lifted the inner end of the return spring away from the clutch fork,
rotate the fork and withdraw the release bearing and hub assembly.

4. The release bearing was removed from the hub.

26
 5. We fitted the new release bearing, ensuring that the thrust face is facing
outwards.

6. We packed the recess in the release hub bore with an extreme pressure high
melting point grease.

7. We then slided the release bearing and hub assembly into position whilst
engaging the fork with the slotted arms of the hub.

8. We then rotated the fork to the rear and, with the hooked end of the return
spring located around the lug cast in the housing and engaged the inner end of
the spring with the front face of the small projection on the side of the fork.

Figure 11. A tractor after being separated for clutch bearing replacement

3.4 ELECTRIC GENERATOR

An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy obtained from an
external source into electrical energy as the output.

It is important to understand that a generator does not actually „create‟ electrical

energy. Instead, it uses the mechanical energy supplied to it to force the movement of
electric charges present in the wire of its windings through an external electric circuit.
This flow of electric charges constitutes the output electric current supplied by the

27
generator. This mechanism can be understood by considering the generator to be
analogous to a water pump, which causes the flow of water but does not actually
„create‟ the water flowing through it.

The modern-day generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction

discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831-32. Faraday discovered that the above flow of
electric charges could be induced by moving an electrical conductor, such as a wire
that contains electric charges, in a magnetic field. This movement creates a voltage
difference between the two ends of the wire or electrical conductor, which in turn
causes the electric charges to flow, thus generating electric current.

3.4.1 Component parts of an electric generator

 Engine

 Alternator

 Fuel System

 Voltage Regulator

 Cooling System

 Exhaust System

 Lubrication System

 Engine

The engine is the source of the input mechanical energy to the generator. The size
of the engine is directly proportional to the maximum power output the generator
can supply. There are several factors that you need to keep in mind while assessing
the engine of your generator. The manufacturer of the engine should be consulted
to obtain full engine operation specifications and maintenance schedules.

 Alternator

The alternator, also known as the „genhead‟, is the part of the generator that
produces the electrical output from the mechanical input supplied by the engine. It
contains an assembly of stationary and moving parts encased in a housing. The

28
 components work together to cause relative movement between the magnetic and
electric fields, which in turn generates electricity.

• Stator – This is the stationary component. It contains a set of electrical

conductors wound in coils over an iron core.

• Rotor / Armature – This is the moving component that produces a rotating

magnetic field in any one of the following three ways:

a. By induction – These are known as brushless alternators and are usually

used in large generators.

b. By permanent magnets – This is common in small alternator units.

c. By using an exciter – An exciter is a small source of direct current (DC)

that energizes the rotor through an assembly of conducting slip rings and
brushes.

 Fuel system

The fuel tank usually has sufficient capacity to keep the generator operational for 6
to 8 hours on an average. In the case of small generator units, the fuel tank is a part
of the generator‟s skid base or is mounted on top of the generator frame. For
commercial applications, it may be necessary to erect and install an external fuel
tank.

 Voltage Regulator

As the name implies, this component regulates the output voltage of the generator.
The mechanism is described below against each component that plays a part in the
cyclical process of voltage regulation.

a. Voltage Regulator: Conversion of AC Voltage to DC Current – The voltage

regulator takes up a small portion of the generator‟s output of AC voltage and
converts it into DC current. The voltage regulator then feeds this DC current to
a set of secondary windings in the stator, known as exciter windings.

b. Exciter Windings: Conversion of DC Current to AC Current – The exciter

29
 windings now function similar to the primary stator windings and generate a
small AC current. The exciter windings are connected to units known as
rotating rectifiers.

c. Rotating Rectifiers: Conversion of AC Current to DC Current – These rectify

the AC current generated by the exciter windings and convert it to DC current.
This DC current is fed to the rotor / armature to create an electromagnetic field
in addition to the rotating magnetic field of the rotor / armature.

d. Rotor / Armature: Conversion of DC Current to AC Voltage – The rotor /

armature now induces a larger AC voltage across the windings of the stator,
which the generator now produces as a larger output AC voltage.

This cycle continues till the generator begins to produce output voltage equivalent
to its full operating capacity. As the output of the generator increases, the voltage
regulator produces less DC current. Once the generator reaches full operating
capacity, the voltage regulator attains a state of equilibrium and produces just
enough DC current to maintain the generator‟s output at full operating level.

When you add a load to a generator, its output voltage dips a little. This prompts
the voltage regulator into action and the above cycle begins. The cycle continues
till the generator output ramps up to its original full operating capacity.

 Cooling System

Continuous usage of the generator causes its various components to get heated up.
It is essential to have a cooling and ventilation system to withdraw heat produced
in the process.

Raw/fresh water is sometimes used as a coolant for generators, but these are
mostly limited to specific situations like small generators in city applications or
very large units over 2250 kW and above. Hydrogen is sometimes used as a
coolant for the stator windings of large generator units since it is more efficient at
absorbing heat than other coolants. Hydrogen removes heat from the generator and
transfers it through a heat exchanger into a secondary cooling circuit that contains
de-mineralized water as a coolant. This is why very large generators and small

30
 power plants often have large cooling towers next to them. For all other common
applications, both residential and industrial, a standard radiator and fan is mounted
on the generator and works as the primary cooling system.

It is essential to check the coolant levels of the generator on a daily basis. The
cooling system and raw water pump should be flushed after every 600 hours and
the heat exchanger should be cleaned after every 2,400 hours of generator
operation. The generator should be placed in an open and ventilated area that has
adequate supply of fresh air. The National Electric Code (NEC) mandates that a
minimum space of 3 feet should be allowed on all sides of the generator to ensure
free flow of cooling air.

 Exhaust System

Exhaust fumes emitted by a generator are just like exhaust from any other diesel or
gasoline engine and contain highly toxic chemicals that need to be properly
managed. Hence, it is essential to install an adequate exhaust system to dispose of
the exhaust gases. This point cannot be emphasized enough as carbon monoxide
poisoning remains one of the most common causes for death in post hurricane
affected areas because people tend to not even think about it until it‟s too late.

Exhaust pipes are usually made of cast iron, wrought iron, or steel. These need to
be freestanding and should not be supported by the engine of the generator.
Exhaust pipes are usually attached to the engine using flexible connectors to
minimize vibrations and prevent damage to the generator‟s exhaust system. The
exhaust pipe terminates outdoors and leads away from doors, windows and other
openings to the house or building. You must ensure that the exhaust system of your
generator is not connected to that of any other equipment. You should also consult
the local city ordinances to determine whether your generator operation will need
to obtain an approval from the local authorities to ensure you are conforming to
local laws and protect against fines and other penalties.

 Lubricating System

Since the generator comprises moving parts in its engine, it requires lubrication to
ensure durability and smooth operations for a long period of time. The generator‟s

31
engine is lubricated by oil stored in a pump. You should check the level of
lubricating oil every 8 hours of generator operation. You should also check for any
leakages of lubricant and change the lubricating oil every 500 hours of generator
operation.

32
 CHAPTER 4

Chapter 4 EXPERIENCE GAINED FROM TRAINING

4.1 INTRODUCTION
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) has been of great help in
assisting me correlate the theoretical parts of Mechanical Engineering to the practical.

My exposure to maintenance engineering has brought to fore the fact that unnecessary
breakdown can be prevented and by extension money saved. Indeed, survival of an
organization could lie solely with the Engineer.

These work experience has also built my self confidence in approaching problems.

4.2 EXPERIENCE GAINED

a. Maintenance of Air Conditioners.

b. Installation of Air conditioners

c. Maintenance of Tractors.

d. Replacement of Clutch bearing in a tractor.

e. Maintenance of weed Slashers.

f. Replacement of cylindrical bearing in the blade composition (Knife cylinder) a

weed Slasher.

g. Repair and servicing of electric generators

4.3 APPLICATION OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING IN FUTURE CAREER.

The knowledge of maintenance acquired by me is applicable in my future career if I
ever venture into the engineering maintenance industry in the nearest future.

The knowledge of installation is also vital in the engineering circle in Nigeria. The
existence of industries means the relevance of maintenance.

33
 CHAPTER 5

Chapter 5 LIMITATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION.

5.1 LIMITATIONS OF SIWES

Below are some of the limitations encountered during the training period:

a. Shortage of safety material: In spite of the organization‟s commendable

attitude to safety, there is an appalling shortage in safety wears like helmet,
overall etc. In fact, students are advised to come along with their safety wears
preferably.

b. Lack of motivation: In terms of monetary aspect, a wide range of the interns

are left without remuneration. This dampens morale.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
Below are my recommendations for a better SIWES program:

a. The employers and universities should develop better ties to facilitate prompt
placement of students.

b. Adequate funding from government and employers would go a long way in

improving how well the scheme‟s objective can be met.

c. To the interns, I would posit that the craftsmen and the technicians should not
be looked down upon as there is a lot to gain from them.

5.3 CONCLUSION
The student industrial work experience scheme has been a good experience. The
training I got during the program has made me a better engineering student and will
make me a better engineer in the future.

The program did not just affect my academics positively by giving me a clearer picture
of what engineering is. It also has made me more disciplined and has taught me how to
relate professionally with other people.

34
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