A

TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

SCHEME (SIWES)

BY

ESUMEH VICTOR OLISEH

MATRICULATION NUMBER: ENG1805383

THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

400 LEVELS.

UNDERTAKEN AT

MECHANICAL AND TRANSPORT DIVISION, ESTATE DEPARTMENT

UNIVERSITY OF BENIN, BENIN CITY, EDO STATE.

SUBMITTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF BENIN, BENIN CITY.

JUNE 2023-NOVEMBER 2023

 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this technical report was compiled by me and that it contains all the
work that was carried out during the 2020/2021 Student Industrial Work Experience
Scheme (SIWES) which was done at Mechanical And Transport Division Of Estate
Department, University Of Benin.

ii
 LETTER OF CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this industrial training exercise including all activities in this
report was undertaken by ESUMEH VICTOR OLISEH with matriculation number
ENG1805383, a student of the department of production engineering, faculty of
engineering, University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria.

ODIASE OSAHON SAMUEL ENGR. BERNARD OMONLUMHEN

400 LEVEL Industry Based Supervisor.
Department of Production
Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Signature/date

University of Benin.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to give my deepest gratitude to God almighty for his grace and protection from
the beginning of my life till this very moment and beyond.

Also, a special gratitude goes to the management of the university of Benin estate
department, mechanical and transport division, for giving me the privilege to undergo
my six (6) months industrial training program in the department. I also want to
acknowledge Engr. Bernard, my industrial-based supervisor who made it a sole
responsibility and concern to impact various engineering knowledge and experiences
during the period of my industrial training program.

A special regard goes to the authentic staffs and working crew of the mechanical and
transport division of estate department of the university of Benin, for their
encouragements, support and care for the affairs of me and my fellow students.

My regards to my special parents, for their consistent words of encouragements, also

with their financial support for my educational pursuit. May God almighty continue to
bless my beloved siblings.

iv
 ABSTRACT/EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report contains detailed information of the experience I got during my industrial
training at the management of the University of Benin Estate Department, Mechanical
and Transport Division. It is accurately focused on the activities and experience
received at the course of my training at the Mechanical and Transport Division, Estate
Management; it highlights detailed information with respect to mechanical servicing
and repairs carried out on vehicles, also welding and fabrication. It also gives some
information’s about limitations encountered, and some recommendations to tackle these
limitations.
The report also gives a brief insight into the working structure of the organization, the
chain of command. It also shows some of the operations carried out by the firm.

v
TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE..................................................................................................................................i
DECLARATION...........................................................................................................................ii
LETTER OF CERTIFICATION..................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT/EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................................................v
CONTENTS..................................................................................................................................vi
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES...........................................................................................viii
ABBREVIATIONS AND KEY WORDS....................................................................................ix
CHAPTER 1...................................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 BREIF HISTORY OF SIWES..........................................................................................1
1.1.2 AIMS OF SIWES..............................................................................................................1
1.1.3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF SIWES.........................................................................2
1.1.4 BREIF DESCRIPTION OF THE ORGANISATION.......................................................2
ESTATE DEPARTMENT.........................................................................................................2
1.1.5 MECHANICAL AND TRANSPORT DIVISION........................................................3
1.2.1 ORGANOGRAM OF ORGANISATION.........................................................................4
1.2.2 STAFF HEADS OF MECHANICAL AND TRANSPORT DIVISION, ESTATE
DEPARTMENT.....................................................................................................................4
1.3 SUMMARY OF INTERN’S ROLE AND ACTIVITIES..............................................5
CHAPTER 2...................................................................................................................................6
2.1 DETAILED INTERNSHIP ROLE RESPONSIBILITIESAND DAILY ACTIVITIES.....6
2.1.1 FIRST MONTH............................................................................................................6
2.1.2 SECOND MONTH.......................................................................................................8
2.1.3 THIRD MONTH.........................................................................................................10
2.1.4 FOURTH MONTH.....................................................................................................13
2.1.5 FIFTH MONTH..........................................................................................................15
2.1.6 SIXTH MONTH..........................................................................................................16
CHAPTER 3.................................................................................................................................19
3.1 DISCUSSION, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION..........................................................19

vi
 3.2 MECHANICAL AND TRANSPORT DIVISION.............................................................19
3.2 WELDING AND FABRICATION....................................................................................19
3.2.1 FABRICATION OF A METAL DOOR.....................................................................20
3.2.2 ELECTRIC ARC WELDING.....................................................................................21
3.2.3 OXYACETYLENE WELDING.................................................................................22
3.2.4 WELDING AND FABRICATION OF A PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM................23
3.3 AUTOMOBILE SYSTEMS...............................................................................................25
3.3.1 HOW TO CHANGE YOUR ENGINE OIL IN 8 EASY STEPS...............................25
3.3.2 FUEL SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE..................................................................26
3.3.3 COOLING SYSTEM..................................................................................................27
3.3.4 ENGINES SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE...........................................................28
3.3.5 BRAKE SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE..............................................................31
3.3.6 LUBRICATION SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE.................................................32
3.3.7 SUSPENSION SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE....................................................33
3.3.8 BODY AND CHASSIS OF AN AUTOMOBILE......................................................34
3.3.9 SOME MECHANICAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS USED.................................35
3.4 VULCANIZING................................................................................................................36
3.4 HEAVY DUTY AND LIGHT DUTY DEPARTMENT..................................................37
3.5 SAFETY AT THE WORKSHOP......................................................................................37
CHAPTER 4.................................................................................................................................39
4.0 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................39
4.1 LIMITATIONS..................................................................................................................39
4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................................40
4.3 REFERENCE.....................................................................................................................41

vii
 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLE 1: Organogram of organization.........................................................................................4
FIG 2.1: Personal protective equipment.......................................................................................6
FIG 2.2: Auto shop workshop tools..............................................................................................7
FIG 2.3: Swing arm tyre changer and Air compressor..................................................................7
FIG 2.4: Welding of exhaust muffler.............................................................................................8
FIG 2.5: cylinder head gasket.......................................................................................................8
FIG 2.6: oil filter............................................................................................................................9
FIG 2.7: car tyre............................................................................................................................9
FIG 2.8: Tyre gauge.....................................................................................................................10
FIG 2.9: Hack saw and Try square...............................................................................................10
FIG 2.10: Fabrication process of a Public address system..........................................................11
FIG 2.11: Battery frame for heavy duty truck.............................................................................11
FIG 2.12: Brake system...............................................................................................................12
FIG 2.14: Suspension system......................................................................................................13
FIG 2.15: Electric arc welding machine......................................................................................13
FIG 2.16: Fabrication of burglary proofs.....................................................................................14
FIG 2.17: Worn out brake disc....................................................................................................14
FIG 2.18: Wheel hub bearings....................................................................................................15
FIG 2.19: Oxy-acetylene gad welding cylinder............................................................................16
FIG 2.21: Spark plug...................................................................................................................17
FIG 2.22: Cooling fan..................................................................................................................17
FIG 3.1: Samuel odiase welding a damaged cabinet..................................................................20
FIG 3.2: Fabricated metal door...................................................................................................21
FIG 3.3: Electric arc welding machine setup...............................................................................22
FIG 3.4: Oxyacetylene gas welding machine..............................................................................23
FIG 3.5: A bench vice..................................................................................................................24
FIG 3.6: Final outcome after fabrication.....................................................................................24
FIG 3.7: Engine oil.......................................................................................................................26
FIG 3.8: Thermostat....................................................................................................................27
FIG 3.9: Radiator.........................................................................................................................28
FIG 3.10: Head gasket.................................................................................................................29
FIG 3.11: Piston..........................................................................................................................30
FIG 3.12: Spark plug...................................................................................................................30
FIG 3.13: Brake caliper...............................................................................................................31
FIG 3.14 Brake drum...................................................................................................................31
FIG 3.15: Brake pad....................................................................................................................32
FIG 3.16: Brake assembly...........................................................................................................32
FIG 3.17: Oil filter.......................................................................................................................33
FIG 3.18 checking the oil level of an automobile engine............................................................33
FIG 3.20: Suspension assembly..................................................................................................34

viii
FIG 3.21: body and chassis of an automobile.............................................................................35
FIG 3.22: Hydraulic/screw jack...................................................................................................36

ABBREVIATIONS AND KEY WORDS

ABS – Anti-Lock Brake System
A/C – Air Conditioning
AC – Alternating Current
ACV – Air-Control Valve
AS – Airflow Sensor
A/T – Automatic Transmission
ATF – Automatic Transmission Fluid
AWD – All-Wheel Drive
CNG – Compressed Natural Gas
CO – Carbon Monoxide
CO2 – Carbon Dioxide
DC – Direct Current
ECM – Electronic Control Module
ECU – Electronic Control Unit
EFI – Electronic Fuel Injection
EMF – Electromotive Force
EV – Electric Vehicle
EVT – Electronic Valve Timing
HC – Hydrocarbon
HD – Heavy Duty
HP – Horse Power
ICE – Internal-Combustion Engine
IFS – Independent Front Suspension
IRS – Independent Rear Suspension
ITF – Industrial training funds
LF – Left Front
LR – Left Rear
NBTE – National Board of Technical Education
NCCE – National Council for College of Education
NUC – National University Commission
MIG – Metal Inert Gas
OE – Original Equipment
OEM – Original Equipment Manufacturer
PSI – Pounds per Square Inch
PWR – Power
RAM – Random Access Memory
RF – Radio Frequency
RF – Right Front

ix
RO – Repair Order
ROM – Read Only Memory
RPM – Revolutions per Minute
R&R – Remove and Replace
RR – Right Rear
RWD – Rear-Wheel Drive
SAE – Society of Automotive Engineers
SUV – Sport Utility Vehicle
SIWES – Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme.
TDC – Top Dead Center
TACH – Tachometer
TIG – Tungsten Inert Gas
TOC – Transmission Oil Cooler
TPS – Throttle Position Sensor
V-6 – Six Cylinder Engine with pistons arranged in a “V” shape
V-8 – Eight Cylinder Engine with pistons arranged in a “V” shape
VIN – Vehicle Identification Number
VOC – Volatile Organic Compound
WHL – Wheel
ZEV – Zero Emission Vehicle
2WD Two-Wheel Drive
4WD Four-Wheel Drive
4X4 Four-Wheel Drive

x
xi
 CHAPTER 1

1.1.1 BREIF HISTORY OF SIWES

SIWES is an acronym for Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme. SIWES is a
skilled training program designed to expose and prepare students of Engineering,
Agriculture, Technology, Environmental science, Medical Science and Pure and
Applied sciences for the industrial work situations which they are likely to meet after
graduation.

SIWES was established by ITF in the year 1973 to serve the problem of lack of
adequate practical skills preparatory for employment in industries by Nigeria tertiary
institutions graduates .The scheme educates students on industrial based skills essential
for a smooth transition from the classroom to the world of work .students of tertiary
institutions is given an opportunity of being familiarized and exposed to the needed
experience in handling machinery and equipment which are usually not available in the
educational institutions. Partaking in SIWES industrial training has become a crucial
pre-condition for the award of diploma and degree certificates in specific disciplines in
most institutions of higher learning in Nigeria in line with the government education
policies.

Funding the federal government of Nigeria beneficiaries are undergraduates’ students of

the following disciplines: natural science, engineering and technology, education,
agriculture, medical sciences, environmental, and pure and applied sciences. Duration is
four months, and one year for college of education and polytechnics respectively, and of
course six months for universities. The following are the operators of SIWES;

(NUC) National University Commission

(NBTE) National Board of Technical Education

(NCCE) National Council For College of Education

1.1.2 AIMS OF SIWES

 Provides the avenue for students to acquire industrial skill and experience in
their approved course of study.
 Prepare students for real practical industrial work conditions which they are
likely to meet after graduation.

1
1.1.3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF SIWES

MAIN OBJECTIVES:

To bridge the identified gap and practice of engineering and technology in tertiary
institution.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

 Provide avenues for students to acquire industrial skills for experience during
the course of study.
 Expose student to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and
machineries that may not be available in the university
 Prepare students for industrial work situation they are likely to meet after
graduations.
 Provide students with the opportunities to apply their educational knowledge in
real work situation, thereby bridging the gaps between theories and practice.
 To make the transmission from the schooling to world of work easier through
enhancing student contact for later job placement.

1.1.4 BREIF DESCRIPTION OF THE ORGANISATION

ESTATE DEPARTMENT.
Estate Department, University of Benin located along Ransome-Kuti road opposite the
fire service department, is a department in the university which has four (4) major
divisions operating under its supervision. These Divisions includes:

 Civil Engineering Division - takes responsibility of all building projects within

the university

 Electrical Engineering Division – takes responsibility of all electrical power

within the university

 Mechanical and Transport Division- takes full responsibilities of the

maintenance of all the university’s official cars and vehicles alongside welding
and fabrication of the school projects.

 Property Division- takes inventory of the number of properties purchased and

owned by the university.

These divisions all have their separate locations except the Property division and the
Mechanical and transport division which share the same location at the Estate
Department Head office.

2
1.1.5 MECHANICAL AND TRANSPORT DIVISION
The Mechanical and Transport Division has its own sub divisions which includes;

 HEAVY DUTY-Carries out the maintenance and repair of big truck and
luxurious buses hence the name ‘HEAVY DUTY’

 LIGHT DUTY-Carries out maintenance and repairs of small cars and vehicles.

 VULCANISING-Carries out maintenance and repairs of tubes and tires.

 ELECTRICAL-Works along with heavy and light duty as regards maintenance

and repairs of vehicle with electrical issues.

 WELDING AND FABRICATON- Deals with the maintenance and fabrication

of products made of cast iron and steel.

3
1.2.1 ORGANOGRAM OF ORGANISATION

ESTATE DEPARTMENT

CIVIL MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES ELECTRICAL
ENGINEER AND
DIVISION ENGINEERING
ING TRANSPORT

LIGHT HEAVY WELDING AND VULCANISI ELECTRICA

DUTY DUTY FABRICATION NG L

TABLE 1: Organogram of organization

1.2.2 STAFF HEADS OF MECHANICAL AND TRANSPORT DIVISION,

ESTATE DEPARTMENT

Engr. Austin Aigbe: Chief engineer, Mechanical; and Transport division.

Mr. David Okokuje: Head of Electrical.

Mr. Iredia Walter: Head of Heavy duty.

Mr. Bernard O. : Head of light duty.

Mr. Godday O. : Head of welding and fabrication.

Mr. AghoHenry: Head of Vulcanizing.

4
1.3 SUMMARY OF INTERN’S ROLE AND ACTIVITIES
During my industrial training at the Mechanical and Transport Department, I and my
colleagues were periodically grouped into different sections in the department, majorly
the light and heavy-duty section and also the welding and fabrication section.

Job duties in the department include:

 Keep equipment available for use, inspecting and testing vehicles, completing
preventive maintenance such as engine tune-ups, oil changes, replacing filters,
diagnosing and scanning of automatic vehicles.
 Maintain vehicle functional condition by listening to operator complaints;
conducting inspections, repairing engine failures, dropping engines and
mounting new ones, dropping gearbox and mounting new ones, repairing
mechanical systems malfunctions; replacing parts and components. Verifies
vehicle serviceability by conducting, test drives; adjusting controls and systems
 Welding and fabrication involving the maintenance and production of products
made of cast iron and steel.

5
 CHAPTER 2

2.1 DETAILED INTERNSHIP ROLE RESPONSIBILITIESAND DAILY

ACTIVITIES

During my time at the Mechanical and Transport Division of the Estate department a lot
of activities was done by me as instructed by my industrial-based supervisor. I was
shuttling majorly between two sub-departments as instructed by my industrial-based
supervisor, the two departments were the light and heavy-duty department and the
welding and fabrication department. In this chapter I will be giving a detailed weekly
explanation of these activities and roles I played in the period of my industrial
attachment

2.1.1 FIRST MONTH

1st Week: For the first week of the first month, I was accepted into the Mechanical and
Transport Division of the Estate Department I was properly introduced to the staffs and
heads of the 5 sub-departments of the Mechanical and Transport Department, I was also
introduced to my other interns from other schools and other departments. The industry-
based supervisor carried out an orientation on SAFETY IN THE WORKSHOP, safety
rules and precautions, safety equipment in various workshops were taught.

FIG 2.1: Personal protective equipment

6
2nd Week: I alongside other interns were introduced to various sections workshop
managers, the workshop environment of each sections and the equipment used there.
Firstly, was the WELDING WORKSHOP and the welding workshop managers,
equipment used in the welding workshop and their uses such as oxyacetylene welding
machine, electric arc welding machine, angle bars, electrodes, bench vice, iron pipes,
goggles, face shield, try square, cutting disk, etc. Next was the Mechanical repairs and
maintenance workshop and its workshop managers; equipment used and their uses such
as hydraulic trolley, hydraulic and screw jack, wedges, spanners, wheel nuts and
sockets, wheel spanners and safety and precautions in the workshop.

FIG 2.2: Auto shop workshop tools

3rd Week: I alongside the other interns were introduced to the vulcanizing manager and
the vulcanizing workshop and the equipment used. After which, the welding manager
carried out a proper lecture on welding which includes; introduction to the electric arc
welding machine and its safety rules and regulations, equipment used in electric arc
welding process. On the last day of this week, I was in involved in the welding of an
exhaust pipe of a Toyota COROLLA (50U88-FG) with the aid of an electric arc
welding machine.

7
 FIG 2.3: Swing arm tyre changer and Air compressor

4th Week: I was involved in welding of exhaust pipe of a Toyota HILUX (50U31-FG)
with the aid of an electric arc welding machine. I and my co interns were given a proper
lecture and introduction to the oxyacetylene gas welding process.

FIG 2.4: Welding of exhaust muffler

2.1.2 SECOND MONTH

5th Week: The industrial based supervisor carried out a lecture on the engine system of
an automobile and its various components. These are; starter motor, injectors and
carburetors, pistons, valves, inlet and exhaust manifold, connecting rod, cylinder, crank
and camshafts, flywheels, gaskets, and their respective functions.

8
 FIG 2.5: cylinder head gasket

6th Week: I was posted to the light duty section where I was involved in the change of a
faulty gasket of a Toyota CAMRY with registration number (FG50U-44). I was taught
by the mechanical technician the various causes of overheating in automobiles and the
preventions. I was then given a proper lecture on the lubrication system of an
automobile and their functions. These are; oil sump, oil filter, oil gauge and their
various uses.

FIG 2.6: oil filter

7th Week: I was posted to the VULCANIZING WORKSHOP, I was introduced to the
tyre puller machine, its uses and components, the compressor and its functions, tube and
tubeless tyre, the tyre gauge and its uses was also carried out by the workshop manager.
I and my co-interns were taught the identification of tyre P.S.I, year of production,
height and width code.

9
 FIG 2.7: car tyre

FIG 2.8: Tyre gauge

8th Week: I was more about the electric arc welding machines and how it is used in
fabrication process, processes involved in fabrication such as cutting, machining,
punching, marking and measurement .I was involved in the fabrication of a METAL
SAFE BOX , so also repairs of metal tables and chairs using electric arc welding
process. I was also taught the various cutting, measurement and marking tools used in
welding and fabrications; chipping hammer, try square, tape, Vernier calipers, hacksaw,
pencil, cutting disk, and their functions.

Hacksaw

FIG 2.9: Hack saw and Try square

2.1.3 THIRD MONTH

9th Week: I was posted to the welding and fabrication department where I carried out
welding of a Public address system for middle-wing class located at basement building
at the University of Benin using electric arc welding process. I also carried out painting
of the public address system frame using black oil paint.

10
 FIG 2.10: Fabrication process of a Public address system.

10th Week: I was involved in the welding and fabrication of as RECTANGULAR

BATTERY FRAME with the aid of an electric arc welding machine. This involves;
Identification and assembly of tools and materials needed, cutting, marking, measuring
tools used such as hammer, try square, electric arc welding machine, electrode (gauge
12 mild steel electrode). I also carried out the painting of the battery frame with oil paint
for beautification purpose and prevention from corrosion.

FIG 2.11: Battery frame for heavy duty truck

11
11th Week: I was posted to the light duty section where I was taught the Brake system
of an automobile. This involved physical introduction to the shafts, brake drums, brake
pads, brake carriage, brake calipers, brake pots, wheel nuts. I also carried out the change
of a brake pad of the four wheels of a Toyota 4-runner with plate No FG 50U17-35. I
was lastly introduced to the cooling system of an automobile which includes the
thermostats, radiator, cooling fan and their functions.

Fig II. Brake drum

Fig I. Disc brake

Fig III. Brake pads

Fig IV. Brake lining
FIG 2.12: Brake system

12th week: For this week, I was taught the fuel system of an automobile which includes
the fuel tank, fuel filter and fuel pump. I was also given little lectures and the body and
chassis of an automobile and the transmission system of an automobile. Also, general
revision of works done in various sections since the start of IT placement was carried
out alongside the final signing of my logbook by my industrial based supervisor.

FIG 2.13: fuel filter

12
2.1.4 FOURTH MONTH

13th week: in the mechanical and transport division I also participated in the following
activities; I was involved in the servicing and replacement of stabilizer linkage, ball
joint and also the drilling shafts of a vehicle, I also participated in the servicing of a
gearbox , I was involved in the changing of oil also with replacement of oil filters in a
vehicle.

Fig II. Mechanical damper

Fig I. stabilizer linkage

FIG 2.14: Suspension system

14th week: during the week other activities such as the repair of a damaged gate within
the hall 4 residents was carried out using electric arc welding machine, also changing of
spark ignition plugs of various vehicle was carried out in the light and heavy-duty
department.

FIG 2.15: Electric arc welding machine

13
15th week: I was posted to the light and heavy-duty department by my industrial-based
supervisor where I was actively involved in activities such as changing the oil filters and
oil of various university of Benin staff vehicles, changing of faulty brake-pads of both
front tyre of a vehicle. During the later days of the week I was posted to welding and
fabrication department where I was actively involved in fabrication of burglary proofs
(also known as protectors) by the use of electric arc welding process. I was also
involved in the painting of the protector.

FIG 2.16: Fabrication of burglary proofs

16th week: I was posted to the light and heavy duty department when I gained the
knowledge and acquired the experience of some mechanical activities such as
replacement of the brake lining of a vehicle with the aid if rivets , I was involved in the
replacements of d damaged tie rod in one of the front tyre of a staff vehicle, I was also
involved in the replacements of worn out disc of some vehicles.

FIG 2.17: Worn out brake disc

14
2.1.5 FIFTH MONTH

17th week: during this week I was posted to the welding and fabrication department
where I participated in the repair of an office cabinet, I participated in repairs of various
damaged metal pieces which involved welding of the broken pieces together I was also
involved in painting fabricated objects so as to prevent them from corrosion and also
give them a good look.

18th week: during this week I was posted to two departments, in the early days of the
week I was posted to the welding and fabrication department as instructed by my
industrial-based supervisor where I was involved in metal cutting, I was also actively
involved in the fabrication of burglary proofs (protectors). I was then posted to the light
and heavy-duty department where I participated in the replacements of shock absorbers
in a vehicle, I was also involved in the changing of faulty wheel hubs and brake calipers
in the front tyre with new ones in a staff vehicle.

FIG 2.18: Wheel hub bearings

19th week: during this week I participated in the replacement of faulty stabilizer linkage
in the front tyre of a vehicle, I also participated in the replacement of four faulty spark
ignition plugs with new ones in a bus, I was involved in the replacement of a faulty kick
starter with new ones in a staff vehicle in the light and heavy duty department, I also
participated in the changing of brake pads of a vehicle which was brought into the light
and heavy-duty department.

15
20th week: I will be taught the oxyacetylene gas welding and the oxyacetylene gas
welding machine, the advantages and its disadvantages and also Safety measures taken
when using this machine.

FIG 2.19: Oxy-acetylene gad welding cylinder

2.1.6 SIXTH MONTH

21th week: For this week, I was taught the ignition system of an automobile which
includes the battery, ignition switch (key), ignition coil, spark plug etc. I was also given
little lectures about the body and chassis of an automobile and the transmission system
of an automobile.

FIG 2.20: Car battery

16
22th week: in the mechanical and transport division I also participated in the following
activities; I was involved in the servicing and replacement of faulty spark plug of a
Toyota CAMRY (50U62-FG)

FIG 2.21: Spark plug

23th week: I was posted to the light and heavy-duty department when I gained the
knowledge and acquired the experience of some mechanical activities such as servicing
of water pump and changing of the brake caliper. during this week I participated in the
replacement of a faulty cooling fan of a Toyota HILUX (50U25-FG), I was also
involved in the replacements of worn out brake disc of the same vehicles.

FIG 2.22: Cooling fan

17
24th week: I will be assigned to the LIGHT AND HEAVY-DUTY section where I will
be engaged with the repair and maintenance of diesel engines (Trucks and Big Vans).
And small automobile cars. Also, in this I will present my logbook for submission and
would be signed by the industrial and ITF based supervisors.

18
 CHAPTER 3

3.1 DISCUSSION, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

3.2 MECHANICAL AND TRANSPORT DIVISION

The core responsibility of the department is to provide and manage the mechanical,
transport and plant services in the university. These services include provision of
equipment and qualified workers for the development and maintenance of
infrastructure, technical consultancy and a wide range of mechanical services to the
public and private sectors of the university.
From the first till the last month of my industrial attachment i was posted to the
mechanical and transport division estate management department, where i was
subsequently posted to the different sub-departments in mechanical and transport
division. Sub-departments as discussed in chapter 1 includes heavy duty, welding and
fabrication, vulcanizing, electrical and light duty departments.

3.2 WELDING AND FABRICATION

In my months of training I was posted to the department of welding and fabrication,
where I learnt the act of welding and fabrication. During my time in this working
department I learnt about the activities and routine jobs carried out on a daily, weekly
and monthly basis. I was taught how to carefully use the working equipment, working
equipment such as the electric welding machine, measuring tapes, bending bar etc.

During my time in this department various materials were fabricated and welded. metals
such as steel, aluminum and other ferrous and non-ferrous metals were used in the
fabrication process. These metals are often procured by the fabricator in their processed
form, they are cut, bent and formed into the required shapes and size ready for welding.

The prepared metal from the fabrication process is then welded together using a range
of techniques and procedures. Welding processes often include arc, which is a welding
technique that requires power supply in other to create an electric arc between the
electrode on the welding rod and the material itself. The current created excels a huge
amount of heat which is enough to melt the base material.

I was also practically taught other common welding processes which includes

19
 FIG 3.1: Samuel odiase welding a damaged cabinet

3.2.1 FABRICATION OF A METAL DOOR:

I and other interns were instructed to fabricate a metal door as one of our major projects
before the end of our internship. Which was done by me and my fellow interns with the
supervision of our industrial based supervisor.

Description of the metal door:

The standard size for an exterior metal door is 80 inches (2.032 meters) by 36 inches
(0.914 meters) which is 6 ft, 8 inches by 3 ft. 96 inches or 8 ft. Is now very common for
newer homes and stock exterior doors are also commonly manufactured/fabricated in 30
and 32-inch widths. Some door manufacturers fabricate doors in 7ft & 8ft heights and
door widths from 24 inches to 42 inches. The height for fiberglass or steel doors are
fixed at 6 ft. 8 inches tall and 8 ft. Tall. The standard door thickness is 1 ¾ inch.

20
 FIG 3.2: Fabricated metal door

The metal door was fabricated and painted me and members of my group as instructed
and supervised by our industrial-based supervisor.

Material used:
Mild steel, Hand-saw, measuring tape, Marking chalk, Bench vice, Lockset, Hinge, Bolt
and nut, Measurements:
Height of door = 82 inches = 2.083 meters, width of door = 36 inches = 0.914 meters
Thickness of the door = 0.04445 meters

3.2.2 ELECTRIC ARC WELDING

These processes use a welding power supply to create and maintain an electric arc
between an electrode and the base material to melt metals at the welding point. They
can use either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC). In electric arc welding
machine, one electrode is the welding rod and the other is the work piece being welded.
The electrode is clamped in handheld electrode holder which is connected to the
welding machine by a welding cable. The work piece is also connected by an earth
clamp through another welding machine. The reason for earthing is to avoid electric
shock when welding

21
 FIG 3.3: Electric arc welding machine setup

3.2.3 OXYACETYLENE WELDING

Oxyacetylene gas welding is process of gas welding that uses gas (acetylene) and
oxygen to weld or cut metals. This method of gas welding uses two cylinders, the tall
thin one being the oxygen with the short one being the oxyacetylene. In modern day
workshop, oxygen is always painted blue with oxyacetylene painted maroon. It is one of
the oldest and most versatile welding processes, but in recent years it has become less
popular in industrial applications .it is still widely used for welding pipes and tubes as
well as repair work. It is also used for cutting thicker metals.

Its advantages are;

1) Used in welding heavy metals that electric arc welding cannot handle
2) It can also be used as a cutting tool
3) It does not depend on electricity

Its disadvantages are;

1) Cannot be used at higher ground levels as it cannot be earthed to the ground

2) Causes inaccuracy when used in cutting.
3) Cannot be used on light metals.

22
 FIG 3.4: Oxyacetylene gas welding machine

3.2.4 WELDING AND FABRICATION OF A PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM

FABRICATION PROCESS:

The angle bar was marked with a pencil and then trimmed to the required size of the
public address system (50inch in height, 25inch in width) with the aid of a cutting disk.
Four angle bars were then arranged on the floor in a rectangular shape manner, then the
accuracy of the angle bar (90-degree squared shape) was being determined at the four
angles using a try square. Then permanent joints were made at the four angles using a
grade 12-mild steel electrode. After which each measured angle bars were placed
sequentially to get the desired shape.

TOOLS USED

The various tools used for the fabrication of the P.A system are

1) Cutting disk: This is an electric device used for cutting light steel rods or bars.
An example is angle bar
2) Tape: This is a tool used for taking measurements.
3) Bench vice: This is a work-holding tool used for holding work piece in the
fabrication workshop.

23
 FIG 3.5: A bench vice

4) Pencil: This is used for marking areas meant to be chipped out.

5) Hammer: This is used in panel-beating metal into shaped or removing welding
chips
6) Try square: This is a measuring tool used in getting a squared shape when
welding
7) Hacksaw: This is used for cutting metal works

Angle bar (mild steel) and gauge 12 mild steel electrode were used (gauge 9 or less
are used for thick metals only).

FIG 3.6: Final outcome after fabrication

24
3.3 AUTOMOBILE SYSTEMS
In between my 2nd and3rd month I was shuttling between the light duty and heavy-duty
department as posted by my industrial-based supervisor. These departments are
automobile repair department where heavy duty vehicles such as trucks and light duty
vehicles such as other small cars are repaired or brought in for routine maintenance by
the auto mechanics and technicians. In this department I gained basic knowledge and
acquired experiences on routine maintenance of vehicles. Such as;

 Changing oil - The basic steps involve draining the oil by removing the oil drain
plug, unscrewing the oil filter and emptying it, putting the oil filter and drain
plug back, removing the oil filler hole cap, and pouring the fresh oil. It is
recommended that oil in vehicles either heavy duty or light duty vehicle should
be checked regularly to ensure smooth running of the vehicle and to prolong the
lifespan of its engine
3.3.1 HOW TO CHANGE YOUR ENGINE OIL IN 8 EASY STEPS
1) Before you begin ensure that you have the right equipment you need to do the
job quickly and correctly. You will need an oil filter, an old bucket to collect
the old oil for recycling. Check for the correct size of spanners to ensure that
removing the old filter is as easy as possible. You will also want the proper oil
for your car. Bring a funnel to pour in your new oil and a wheel jack or wheel
ramps so you can get under your car easily
2) The next step will see you applying the handbrake and leaving the car in
neutral. Run the car for about 5 to 10 minutes so you can let the engine heat
up, then immediately shut it down. This will allow the oil to move out of the
engine faster and considerably easy.
3) DRAIN IT; after you have heated up the car and ensured that it is safe to
proceed, remove the old oil. Place a pan or a bucket underneath the oil drain
plug, loosen its bolt with your spanner and remove the plug. Since you heated
up the oil to help it move, be careful to avoid the stream of hot oil. It should
take no more than minutes to drain the oil completely.
4) PUT THE PAN BACK ON; after you have checked that the oil has fully
drained, it is time to put the oil pan back on. Put the plug bolt back in the pan
(you may want to replace its washer while its off too), and then screw the
assembly back together.
5) FIND THE OIL FILTER; Next, open up the hood and find the oil filter. This
is around canister that will be screwed against the engine, about 4 to 5 inches
deep. It is usually found underneath the bonnet but can sometimes be found
beneath the car.
6) NOW CHANGE THE FILTER: Loosen the filter with the correct sized
spanner and then remove it. Be careful to ensure that you do not drip any oil.
Replace it with the new one, making sure to smear the new filter’s rubber seal
with a small amount of oil before re-attaching it. Use your hand to tighten the
spanner can only apply too much force for this part.
7) TIME TO REFILL; Before you refill, ensure that you have checked the
recommended amount of oil and weight for your type of vehicle. Find the oil
cap under the bonnet of your car and proceed to put in fresh oil to the required

25
 level. Replace the cap and check that your oil levels fall between the low and
full marks on the dipstick. When you start your car, your oil warning light
should go out after a second or two.

FIG 3.7: Engine oil

8) CHECK YOUR LEVELS; Keeping an eye on your oil level and keeping it
topped up is just as important as changing the oil at the correct times. It isn’t
unusual to find that your engine has used up to a liter of oil per month.
 Changing a flat tyre – I was taught the basic step of how to change a flat tire,
this step involve loosening the lug nut (with a wrench), using a jack stand to lift
the car off the ground, removing the lug nuts and subsequently the tire, placing
the spare tire on, wrenching the lug nut back on, lowering the car, and finally
making sure the lug nuts are tight. Tools used in changing tyre includes;
1) Wheel spanner
2) Metallic pipe
3) Hydraulic/screw jack
4) wedges
 Changing the brake pads – Changing the brake pad involves using a screw jack
to jack the car up, loosening the lug nuts of the wheels thereby removing the
wheels, remove the slider bolts, removing the old brake pads and replacing them
with newer brake pads, and putting the slider bolts and wheels back securely. ,
the brake pads are the friction material the caliper squeezes against the rotating
disc, or rotor, to slow the wheel's rotation and stop the car. In drum brakes, the
pads are called shoes.

How do I know when to change my brake pads? Squeaks, and metal-to-metal

grinding noises are typical signs you're past due for new brake pads and/or rotors.

3.3.2 FUEL SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE

The function of the fuel system of an automobile is to store and supply fuel to the
engine. The components are;

Fuel pump: On newer cars the fuel pump is usually installed in the fuel tank. Older cars
have the fuel pump attached to the engine or on the frame rail between the tank and the
engine. If the pump is in the tank or the frame rail, then it is electric and is driven by
your car battery. Fuel pumps mounted to the engine use the motion of the engine to
pump the fuel, most often being driven by the camshaft, but sometimes the crankshaft.

26
Fuel tank: Basically, a holding tank for your fuel. When you fill up at a gas station the
gas travels down the filter tube and into the tank. In the tank there is a sending unit
which tells the gas gauge how much gas is in the tank. Some fuel thank houses the fuel
pump and has more emissions controls to prevent vapors leaking into the gas

Fuel filter: Clean fuel is critical to engine life and performance. Fuel injectors and
carburetors have tiny openings which clog easily so filtering the fuel is a necessity.
Filters can be before or after the fuel pump. They are most often made from a paper
element, but can be stainless steel or synthetic material and are designed to be
disposable in most cases. Some performance fuel filters will have washable mesh,
which eliminated the need for replacement.

3.3.3 COOLING SYSTEM

The engine cooling system affects your car’s overall dependability and engine
longevity. Its main function deals with regulation of temperature and transfer of heat.

The components include;

Cooling Fan: The primary function of the cooling fan is to take away excessive heat
absorbed from the engine.

Thermostat: The function of the thermostats is to regulate the temperature of the

engine so as to avoid overheating.

FIG 3.8: Thermostat

Radiator: The purpose of a radiator is to lower the temperature of the hot liquid coming
from your engine and return it cooled. It is divided into two hoses; the upper and lower
hose

UPPER HOSE: The upper hose connects the top of the radiator to the top of the engine
hence takes coolant from the radiator to the engine

27
LOWER HOSE: The lower hose connects the bottom of the radiator to the water pump,
which keeps coolant flowing through the system.

FIG 3.9: Radiator

3.3.4 ENGINES SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE

The engine is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy. The
engine of an automobile is of two types;

Spark Ignition Engine (S.I.): It is mostly found on light duty vehicles and
automobiles. It ignites combustion via electric spark. S.I engine uses petrol while C.I
engine uses diesel and also cheaper and less expensive than the C.I engine.

Compression Ignition Engine (C.I): This type of engine system is mostly found in heavy duty
trucks. It initiates combustion by air heated by compression rather than an electric spark.
I engine has a higher thermodynamic efficiency than the S.I engine

The components that makes up the engine system includes:

Camshaft: This is located at the top of the engine. It converts rotary motion to
reciprocating motion. It is used in internal combustion engine to operate the intake and
exhaust valves i.e. the timing of the opening and closing of both intake and exhaust
valves.

Cylinders: This is the main body of an IC engine. It is a part in which the intake of fuel,
compression and burning of fuel takes place. Its main function is to guide the piston

Cylinder head/ Engine Block: The upper part of the engine is the cylinder head which
closes the combustion chamber of the engine from the top. The engine block is the
lower part of the engine which supports the components of the engine. It is made of
gray cast iron or aluminum alloy.

28
Head gasket: It is located between the engine block and the cylinder head. Its function
is to keep coolant and oil from mixing together as they both travel from the engine
block to the cylinder.

FIG 3.10: Head gasket

Timing belt: This ensures that the rotation, movement of the crankshaft is in
accordance with camshaft. It also prevents piston from striking the valves. It connects
the crankshaft to the camshaft.

Connecting Rod: Connects the piston to the crankshaft. It converts reciprocating

motion of the piston to rotary motion of the crankshaft.

Valve cover: This is used to keep oil from leaking out of the engine and also covers the
gasket and keeps the oil within.

Inlet and Exhaust Manifolds: Inlet manifold supplies the fuel/air mixture to the
cylinders, processes raw fuel and introduces a cooler. Exhaust manifold collects the
exhaust gases (waste gases) and takes it out of the engine system, processes burnt fuel
and conducts away hot gases. Inlet manifolds are made of plastics while exhaust
manifolds are made of cast iron.

Flywheel: It is located between the crankshaft and the clutch. It provides ring gear for
the starter motor to operate on. The flywheel also stores energy for future use

Piston: The piston pumps up and down as the spark plugs fire and the pistons
compresses the air/fuel mixture. This reciprocating energy is converted to rotary motion
and transferred to the tyre to make them spin via the driveshaft.

29
 FIG 3.11: Piston

Crankshaft: Located near the bottom of the engine block. This is the part that converts
energy from reciprocating motion to rotary motion. It is responsible for the proper
operation of the engine and connects the input body of an engine to the output body.

Injectors and Carburetors: fuel injector in an internal combustion engine injects fuel
into the cylinders while the carburetors are responsible for mixing air with fuel to obtain
the correct ratio in a combustion engine.

Spark Plug: They are what supply the spark that ignites the air/fuel mixture creating
explosion that makes the engine produce power.

FIG 3.12: Spark plug

30
3.3.5 BRAKE SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE
This component is responsible for stopping a moving automobile with the aid of
friction.

The components include:

Brake Caliper: This houses the brake pads and pistons. Its job is to slow the car’s
wheels by creating friction with the brake rotors.

FIG 3.13: Brake caliper

Brake Fluid: Brake fluid is a type of hydraulic fluid used in brake applications for
automobiles and light trucks. It is used to transfer force under pressure from where it is
created through hydraulic lines to the braking mechanism near the wheels.

Brake Drum: Brake drums are comprised of a drum and backing plate, a hub or axle
assembly, brake shoes, wheel cylinder, wheel bearings and hardware necessary to
mount these components on the vehicle. The wheel cylinder is connected to the master
cylinder through tubes, hoses and valves that conduct brake fluid through the system.

FIG 3.14 Brake drum

31
Brake Pad: Brake pad lies between the rotor and the caliper to reduce the level of
friction from metal on metal

FIG 3.15: Brake pad

Brake Assembly: Brake assembly is comprised of a disc or rotor, a caliper assembly,

disc brake pads and the wheel bearings and hardware necessary to mount the
components.

FIG 3.16: Brake assembly

3.3.6 LUBRICATION SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE

Oil Pressure Indicator: Indicates when the oil pressure in car is getting low due to
either a pump malfunction or low oil level in the engine

Oil Cooler: It is a separate, smaller radiator to the engine’s main radiator which
maintains an oil supply at a consistent, optimal temperature

32
Oil Filter: The oil filter is designed to remove contaminants from engine oil,
transmission, lubricating or hydraulic oil so as to keep it clean. It also conveys the oil
from the sump to the engine block.

FIG 3.17: Oil filter

Oil Sump: It is located at the bottom of the engine. It stores oil which is used to
lubricate the engine’s moving parts. Oil is taken away from it via oil pump and
transferred into the engine block via oil

Oil gauge: This is used to check the level of engine oil present in the engine and also to
obtain the right quantity.

FIG 3.18 checking the oil level of an automobile engine.

3.3.7 SUSPENSION SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE

This system is responsible for smoothing out ride and keeping the car on control. It
maximizes friction between the tyre and the road to provide steering stability and
handling.

33
The components are;
Joints: They are components of the front suspension of a car that connect the control
arms of the vehicle to the steering knuckles.

FIG 3.19: joints

Car bushings: They are small rubber components used to isolate or reduce vibrations
and frictions between metal parts in a vehicle.

Struts: It is a major structural part of a suspension. It provides support and controls

suspension movement.

Shock absorber; A mechanical or hydraulic device designed to absorb the impact of

shock impulses. They reduce the effect of travelling over rough ground.

FIG 3.20: Suspension assembly

3.3.8 BODY AND CHASSIS OF AN AUTOMOBILE

This is the backbone of the vehicle. CHASSIS refers to a vehicle without body, it is the
main support structure of the vehicle. Majority of the components of the vehicle like,
axles, wheels, the systems of an automobile, steering alongside others are mounted on

34
the chassis. It supports the load and weight impacted on the vehicle by its components
and the passengers.

The remaining portion of an automobile excluding the components and chassis is

referred to as the BODY of an automobile. This includes the seats, trunks, doors, wiring
components, petrol tank. It is designed to absorb and minimize shocks.

FIG 3.21: body and chassis of an automobile

3.3.9 SOME MECHANICAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS USED

Some of the mechanical tools and equipment that I used at the mechanical and repairs
workshop includes;

Hydraulic Trolley: This is .an equipment used in bringing out and re-installing a FULL
COMPLETE ENGINE SYSTEM in the workshop

Hydraulic /Screw Jack: Both of this jack are used in the partial suspension or lifting of
the vehicle when the bottom, tyre section of the vehicles are being worked upon.

35
 FIG 3.22: Hydraulic/screw jack

Wheel spanner: This is used for loosening the wheel nuts and studs of the wheels of an
automobile

Flats and ring combination spanners: Used for loosening bolts and nuts of an
automobile

3.4 VULCANIZING
During my period of industrial training I was also posted to the vulcanization
department but the experience was limited due to low turnout of work activities in this
section.

Vulcanizing means hardening rubber by treating it with Sulphur at a high temperature.

This section involved repairs of patched tyre, pumping of deflated tyre, changing of
faulty tyre,

Some of the tools and materials used are

1) Tyre puller; as the name implies uses for pulling out tyre from its rims.

2) Compressor; used for pumping of airs into the tyre.

3) Tyre gauge used for checking/gauging the amount of air available in the tyre.
4) Tube tyre; It’s heavy in weight as compared to tubeless tyre, lesser comfort,
cheap to attain, highly prone to punctures, instant loss of air results to loss of car
control.
5) Tubeless tyre; it is light in weight, expensive to obtain, increased fuel efficiency,
low maintenance and highly comfortable.

36
3.4 HEAVY DUTY AND LIGHT DUTY DEPARTMENT
In my 3rd month I was shuttling between the light duty and heavy-duty department as
posted by my industrial-based supervisor. These departments are automobile repair
department where heavy duty vehicles such as trucks and light duty vehicles such as
other small cars are repaired or brought in for routine maintenance by the auto
mechanics and technicians. In this department I gained basic knowledge and acquired
experiences on routine maintenance of vehicles. Such as;

Changing a car battery – during my time in the light duty and heavy-duty department,
multiple car battery was changed by me. The step involves removing any covers from
the battery, disconnecting the negative cables, moving the clamp away from the battery
post and doing the same for the positive cable clamps, removing all screws, replacing
the old battery with the new one, and finally reconnecting the cable clamps.

Replacing a headlight or taillight – the process involves removing the screw connecting
the headlight frame to the bracket, disconnecting the electrical connector, removing the
faulty bulb and replacing it with a new one, plugging the connector back on, and finally
replacing the frame.

Replacing air filters – the steps include, opening the hood, locating the air filter unit,
removing the air filter cover, taking the air filter out and cleaning the air filter housing,
then inserting a new filter, and finally replacing the cover.

3.5 SAFETY AT THE WORKSHOP

Keeping work areas free of clutter is an important, but often overlooked, step in running
a safe and productive workshop. Requiring appropriate protective gear minimizes eye
and finger lacerations, which are common auto body shop injuries. Below are some
safety tools found in the work shop;

1) Safety boots
2) Safety goggles
3) Hand shield
4) First aid kit
5) Fire extinguisher
6) Lab coat
7) Gloves

Some safety precautions taken include;

37
1) No horse or rough plays at the workshop most especially the workshop pit.
2) No crossing or jumping on the workshop pit, instead use the stairs or work pass
the side.
3) Always wear your lab coat once you resume duty at the workshop even if you
are not at work station.
4) No discussion, side talks while works or repairs are being carried out to avoid
distractions.
5) Do not eat while working at the workshop
6) Always use safety goggles or hand shield when carrying out welding processes.

38
 CHAPTER 4

4.0 CONCLUSION
The sides scheme is indeed an innovative and brilliant concept which gives students
practical and hands-on experience on what is been taught in the school. Through my
training I was able to appreciate my chosen course of study even more, because I had
the opportunity to blend the theoretical knowledge acquired from school with the
practical hands-on application of knowledge gained here to perform very important
tasks that contributed in a way to my productivity in the company.

My training here has given me a broader view to the importance and relevance of
production engineers in the immediate society and the world as a whole, as I now look
forward to impacting it positively after graduation. Some of the knowledge and skills I
acquired at the end of the programmed are as follow:

Real life application of the electric arc process

Proper industrial safe working practices

Handling and use of the holding tools- vice and clamps, jacks (hydraulic jack, screw
jacks, floor jack) and so on

Automobiles require a high level of dedication to its routine maintenance and checks to
ensure maximum efficiency from engine components. On the average, light duty vehicle
users should endeavor to have their automobiles serviced after ever 12000 miles
travelled and heavy-duty vehicle users, averagely after every 6000 miles traveled.

4.1 LIMITATIONS
Some of the limitations encountered during the course of my training include;

The company and its management failed to provide its interns with the necessary
protective materials for the course of their duties, material like; hand gloves, hard hat,
safety coverall, safety shoes, ear muffs etc.

A good number of the instruments and tools were no more functional and some were
already outdated

39
Lack of well stocked store house.

Lack of adequate power supply so as to carryout proper welding operations.

4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
Having completed the program, I recommend very strongly that the following be
implemented to counteract the effects of the limitations stated in the previous section;

Possible installation of a power generating and supply system solely for this division.

Periodic check and restock of parts available to the store house.

The adoption of automated sets available to replace the manual tool sets currently still in
use to reduce strain and ensure for less wear resulting from difference in handling of
manual tools.

Purchase and installation of diagnostic set for evaluation of engine performance as well
as other vehicle system parts.

40
4.3 REFERENCE
^Rosen (E.D0, Erwin M. (1975). The automotive troubleshooting and repair manual.

^” Johnson Controls Inc. Johnsoncontrols.com November 7, 2007.

^ Sawyer, Doc “Thermostats signals and wirings” March ,7, 2015.

^Fundamentals of Welding. American Welding Society (AWS). 1968.

^A.O. Acai Ibadite. “Introduction to manufacturing technology”.2014.

^American Welding Society (AWS).1965 “Special Welding Process and Cutting”.

^Parrish, A. (Editor). 1973. Mechanical Engineer’s Reference Book, Butterworth

Company, London.

^John V.B. 1977. Introduction to Engineering Materials, The English Language Book
Society and Macmillan, London.

“ www.finol.ie/news.com”.

^ Rajput, R.K. (2007). A textbook of automobile engineering. Lami Publications. P.

410.

^ Niedermeyer, Paul (19 January 2012) “Automotive History”.

^ J.J. Uicker; G. R. Pennock; J. E. Shrigley (2003) “Theory of machines” (3rd ed.).

^ B. Paul (1979). Kinematics and dynamics of machinery.

^Cooper, K.J. and Greenwood, T.P. 1979. Technician Fabrication and Welding. Cassell
Limited, London.

^Bickford, John H. (1997). Gaskets and Gasket joints. CRC Press.

41
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