ETHNOBOTANICAL PLANTS THAT IS USED IN IMPROVING THE SUPPLY OF

BREAST MILK IN BARANGAY CABILAO PEQUENO, CARLES, ILOILO: A

QUANTITATIVE STUDY

Leneth Joy S. Salaber and Eljohn R. Bartolome

1.1 Background

Breast milk continues to supply up to half or more of a

child’s nutritional needs during the second half of the first
year and up to one third year of life, providing all the
energy and nutrients that the infant requires for the first
few month of life (Idgal, 2023). However, only 34% of infants
under 6 months old in the Philippines are exclusively
breastfed (UNICEF, 2014).
Exclusive breastfeeding is important for child’s health
and growth, but its practice is low in the Philippines (BYA
Asare, 2018). When children are not breastfed, they are more
susceptible to diarrhea, pneumonia, leukemia, increased
incidence of infectious morbidity and sudden infant death
syndrome. For mother’s failure to breastfed is associated with
an increase circumstance of pre-menopausal breast cancer,
ovarian cancer, type 2 diabetes, myocardial infraction and
metabolic syndrome (Gyncol,2009).
Breastfeeding supports the nutrition and health of both
mothers and their babies through a number of significant ways.
For healthy, full-term newborns, it provides a comprehensive
supply of nourishment for first six months of life meets half
if the energy requirements for the second year of life. It
also considerably helps meet the needs of micro-nutrients and
protein (C. Lutter, 2013).
Mothers nowadays tend to purchase formulated milk and
slowly neglecting breastfeeding, some reasons is they cannot
produce breast milk or they don’t have enough supply of this
(Suan 2019). Many vegestables, whole grains, and herbs are
high in plant estorgens and other compounds that may increase
milk supply.
New mothers have used these plants because it stimulates
breastfeeding (Pitsburgh, 2022). Milk Production occurs within
the aveoli, which grape-like clusters of cells within the
breast. Once the milk is made, it is squeezed out through the
aveoli into milk ducts, which resemble highways. The ducts
carry the milk throough the breast (Fsn usda, 2018).
Women traditionally use plants during lactation period,
with herbal remedies still providing for primary health issues
of much of the worlds population (Payyappllimana and
Subramanian, 2015). For a variety of reasons, including a
purposed inability to produce breast milk and time
restraints, most moms chose to use formula milks (Idgal,
2023). Herbal Medicine is widely used among women throughout
the world for all aspects of reproductive health issues. The
population easily accepts the use of plant products based on
the belief that herbs are not harmful for their health and
free adverse effects (BSN, D.M.R., 2021).

Carles Rurual Health Unit have many programs aligned on

helping mothers in increasing the supply of breast milk. In
Cabilao Pequeno, many mothers practice using plants that helps
in improving it.

The purpose of this study is to determine what

ethnobotanical plants are used by mothers in Cabilao
Pequeno,Carles, Iloilo. For less privileged moms to receive
this information and for higher government to be aware of
growing these types of plants and to be recognize and used for
lactation.

1.2 Statement of the problem

The objective of this study is to determine the species of

plants that is being used by breastfeeding mothers in the
locality of Cabilao Pequeno, Carles, Iloilo.

Specifically it seeks to answer these fallowing question:

1. What kind of ethnobotanical plants are used by

breastfeeding mothers in Cabilao Pequeno?

2. What parts of this ethnobotanical plants is used by

breastfeeding mothers in Cabilao Pequeno?

3. What modes of preparation of ethnobotanical plants is

used by breastfeeding mothers for lactation?

1.3 Hypothesis

1. There are number of ethnobotanical plants that are

believed to promote breastfeeding and boost milk
production. For example, Malunggay, Fenugreek, and Fennel.
(Hayuri,2017).

2. Medicinal properties derived from plants can come from

many different parts of plants including leaves, roots,
barks, fruit, and flower. The different parts of plants can
contain different active within one plants. (Usda.gov,
n.d).

3. Plants have a long track record of being used to

increase supply of breastfeeding , can often be safely
added into your food , boiled and generally , when used
appropriately.(Holland and Barret, n.d).
 1.4 Theoretical Framework

Plant Use Value Hypothesis

The plant use value hypothesis proposes the usefulness of a

plants in a given community is directly related to its
botanical family, life form, local abundance and or maximum
size (Phillips and Gentry 1993).

Figure 1.1

Plant Use Value Hypothesis

Usefulness of Plants Community

Botanical
Family 2 Life Form
2.1 C

Local
Abundance Maximum Size

1.5 Conceptual Framework

This study focuses in identifying species of plants used in

breastfeeding in Barangay Cabilao Pequeno, Carles, Iloilo. It
seeks to gain information through their socio-demographic
profile in the relation of plants to the community as well as
its availability, its mode of preparation and mode of mode of
in taking.
 Figure 1.2

v Socio
Demographic Knowledge
Profile

Species Community

Mode of Mode of
Intaking Availability
Preparation

1.6 Scope and Limitation

1. Respondents must be at least 18 years and above.

2. Respondents must at least have 1 child.

3. Respondents must be a bonafied resident of Cabilao

Pequeno.

4. The researchers only focused on the species of plants and

its parts used to improve breast milk.

5. The identity of the respondents will be confidential.

6. This study will identify the modes of preparation and

modes of intaking.

7. Socio-demographic profile will be included but will not

affect the result of the study.

8. Scientific names of species will be taken on the books,

Cultivated Plants of the Philippines and Amazing book of
Plants.

1.7 Significance of the study

 1. Department of Health- as the sector that concerns about
health care and health services, the findings can help DOH to
identify species of plants that can improve breast milk
production of mothers.

2. Department of Environment and Natural Resources- the

findings of this study can help DENR to determine species of
plants that need to be protected and cultivated.

3. Food and Drug Administration- through the findings of

this study it can help FDA to be more knowledgeable about
species of plants that can improve breast milk production.

4. Municipal Local Government Unit- this study can be

beneficial source of information for MLGU to take part in
helping breastfeeding mothers.

5. Rural Health Unit- the result of this study can be used

by RHU to implement programs that can help breastfeeding
mothers.

6. Barangay Local Government Unit- the result of this study

can help BLGU in terms of applying programs that can help
breastfeeding mothers.

7. Barangay Health Workers- this study can be a tool to

disseminate information about species of plants that can help
improve breast milk
Production.

8. Locals Of Carles - this study can help the locals to

identify species of plants and cultivate it that can benefit
them in their future needs.

9. Breastfeeding Mothers - this study can be a beneficial

source of information to breastfeeding mothers to identify
species of plants and cultivate it to help them in their times
of needs.

10. Future Researchers - the findings of this study can be

beneficial to the future researchers about species of plants
that can be used by breastfeeding mothers.

1.8 Definition of terms

1. Ethnobotany - According to Maurice, (2022) ethnobotany is

the study of interrelations between humans and plants. In this

study, ethnobotany refers to the relationship between plants

and the community.

2. Breastfeeding - According to EG Brock, (2019) breastfeeding

is referred as breast milk combine with any type of food or

drink such as formula or non formula milk. In this study,

breastfeeding is a way of a mother to feed her infant.

3. Breast milk - According to E.blanchard, (2023) breast milk

is the best method of infant feeding. In this study, breast

milk refers to the milk produced by a mother.

4. Breast - According to Dabre, (2021) breast is a structure

maybe thought as the breast parenchyma resting on the interior

chest wall surrounded soft tissue. In this study, breast

refers to woman genital but serve as carrier of milk.

5. Lactation - According to Stuebe, (2022), lactation is

process through which a non-pueperal woman is stimulated to

breast feed an infant without a preceding pregnancy. In this

study, lactation refers to the process of producing milk by

mothers.

6. Mothers - According to Robinson, (2019) mother endures the

good the bad and the ugly from their children and always hands

out of hugs and kisses. In this study, mothers refers to a

woman who give birth and nourish her child.

7. Herbs - According to Sasikumar,(2019); Sheejd,(2019) herds

are the leafy parts while spices are non leafy parts of

plants. In this study, herbs refers to species of plants that

contain nutritional value.

8. Milk - According to Woodhead,(2018) milk is a fluid

secreted by the female of all mammals, the primary function of

which is the complete nutrition of the neonate of the species.

In this study, milk is a substance that is drinked by a child

or infant from her mother.

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Theme 2.1 Usage of medicinal plant parts

According to Taeib Tounekti et. al 2019, local tribal

people view ethnobotanical medicine as a valuable alternative

for treating certain health conditions, even in the face of

availability of contemporary medical facilities area.

Emergency services and routine medical conditions are provided

by many MPs, especially those located near villages and

halmets. Traditional medical methods and recipes are not as

popular among younger people to learn about, discuss or try.

According to their, the most commonly utilized drug

formulation types were paste, decoction and infusion. The most

utilized components are the fruits and leaves. This, in a

sense, is a reflection of their wealth; that is these

relatively remote communities attempted to meet their

healthcare demands by utilizing the resources at their

disposal.

Theme 2.2 Ethnobotany in the Philippines

According to Cordero et al. 2022, the ethnobotanical use

of many different plant species is an important

predominating practice in the Philippines. It is an

integral part of Filipino custom and tradition and has

been culturally accepted for ages. This could be

attributed to the great distance of the study site to the

town and the health centers or well-functioning

hospitals. The efficacy and effectivity of the

therapeutic claims of these species must be further

pharmacologically investigated and validated. These

species have been used for centuries by many people

worldwide and have proven to cure a myriad of diseases.

The comparative study of the medicinal plants with other

ethnobotanical studies revealed some novel and additional

therapeutic uses that are valuable to the immense body of

traditional knowledge and practices in the country. The

traditional knowledge and practices from indigenous

peoples add more treatment opportunities for potential

therapy of pre-existing and novel diseases. The

indigenous knowledge on the medicinal plants used by the

Panay Bukidnon is passed from one generation to the other

mostly in oral forms with the influence of their

religious and cultural beliefs. Furthermore, it is urgent

to document the indigenous knowledge before it is

forgotten because of environmental and social challenges

such as species extinction, climate change,

acculturation, modernization, availability and

accessibility of prescribed medicines, and lack of

interest of the younger generations. The results of this

study also serve as a medium for preserving cultural

heritage, ethnopharmacological bases for further drug

research and discovery, and preserving biological

diversity. The ethnobotanical study on the Panay Bukidnon

communities in Panay Island is limited by the expensive

and lengthy process of acquiring government permits and

by the fact that some communities are infested by

leftists (New People’s Army) that could risk the safety

of researchers and there are no access roads in the

upland areas. Lastly, it is strongly recommended to

conduct further comprehensive surveys on other Panay

Bukidnon communities in other provinces of the Panay

Island and to conduct pharmacological studies and

investigations on the important medicinal plants,

especially the ones that have high ICF and FL values for

potential drug development and formulation.

Theme 2.3 Use Value

According to Cordero et al, 2018, if the informants had

access to plants in their yards or home gardens, they

assisted in the collection of specimens of therapeutic

herbs. Three to five branches of medicinal plants—

preferably those with reproductive components like

flowers and fruits—were used to create the herbarium

specimens. The formula UVs = Ui/N, where Ui is the number

of use reports, citations, or mentions by each informant

for a particular species and N is the total number of

informants who participated in the study, was used to

evaluate (UV) in order to ascertain the relative

importance of the medicinal plants (Phillips and Gentry

1993).

Theme 2.4 Importance of ethnobotanical plants

According to Musafa Karakose, 2022 plants are an

important element of any ecosystem, and their protection

is essential for the continuity of life. According to

IUCN (Allen et al., 2014), almost half of the medicinal

plants used on earth are under threat, and necessary

precautions are needed for the survival of threatened

plant species. For this purpose, plants in the priority

conservation class in Turkey are under protection by

national laws and some international regulations such as

The Convention on Biological Diversity, Bern Convention

(The Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife

and Natural Habitats), CITES (The Convention on

International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna

and Flora), etc. However, some medicinal taxa have been

included in the “under-threat” categories by IUCN

(https://www.iucnredlist.org/) due to the negative

effects on population sizes resulting from the overuse by

human beings on a regional or global scale.

 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

This research paper used a quantitative-

descriptive design that identified the ethnobotanical

plants that helps in improving the supply of breast milk.

What species of plant, modes of preparation, modes of in

taking, and parts of these ethnobotanical plants is used

by mothers 18 years and above in Cabilao Pequeno, Carles,

Iloilo. According to the study of Baddu and Ouano, 2018

entitled, Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants used

by Y’Apayaos of Sta. Praxedes in the Province of Cagayan,

Philippines. Descriptive design and the rapid rural

ethnobotanical appraisal method were utilized in

gathering the data from 39 elderly Y’Apayaos using semi-

structured interview guide as a tool in gathering the

profile of the respondents and to find out the different

medicinal plants used by the Y’Apayaos.

3.2 Locale and Context

This study was conducted at Barangay Cabilao

Pequeno in the Municipality of Carles, Province of

Iloilo. Its population as determined by the 2020 census

was 1603. Cabilao Pequeno shares a common border with

Cabilao Grande, Tarong and Camindes. Cabilao Pequeno is

situated at approximately 11.5358,128.1422 in the island

of Panay. The topographical features of the area is

mainly consisted of land based-agricultural area.

3.4 Instruments and its Validity and Reliability

The researchers applied Use Value

(UV). In the study of Cordero et. al 2022, in her study

about Ethnobotanical and diversity of medicinal plants

among rural communities in Mina, Iloilo, Philippines; A

quantitative study. Use value was evaluated to determine

the relative importance of the medicinal plants using the

formula: UVs = Ui/N, where Ui is the number of used

reports, citations or mentions by each informant for a

particular species and N is the total number of

informants who participated in this study.

3.5 Data Gathering Procedure

The following figure shows a schematic

diagram for data gathering procedure:

The researchers
sent a letter of
consent to the
school principal
to conduct the
study.

The researchers
sent a letter of
consent to the
Barangay Captain
of Cabilao
Pequeno

The researchers
selected the
participants in
Cabilao Pequeno

The researchers
sent a letter of
consent to the
participants for
their confimation
to participate in
his study

The data was

gathered by
interviewing the
participants
through a
questionnaire
scheduled ahead on
time.

Collected data was

analyzed and
interpreted to
answer the research
questions.

The schematic diagram shows on how data was

gathered for this study. This study involves
participants, selection, sending letter of consent to the
school principal, barangay captain and to the selected
participants, conducting a survey to gather data and
analysing and interpreting the data to answer the
research questions.
3.6 Data Analysis

The researchers applied Use Value (UV). In

the study of Cordero et. al 2022 about ethnobotanical and
diversity of Medicinal plants used among rural
communities in Mina, Iloilo, Philippines: A quantitative
study. Use Value (UV) was evaluated to determine the
relative importance of Medicinal Plants using the
formula: UVs = Ui/N, where Ui is the number of used
reports, citations or mentions by each informant for a
particular species and N is the total number of
informants who participated in the study.

species
Familiariza parts
mode of
tion of the preaprarion
data mode of
intaking
Amazing
healing of
Plants
identificat Book
ion of the Cultivated
species Plants of
The
Philippine
s

Statistical
Tool
(Use Value)

Writing Up

3.7 Ethical Concerns

This study prioritizes confidentiality in

terms of information and data that will be given by the
respondents.

Researchers sent a letter to the school

principal and Senior High School Coordinator of Fidel
Zarceno National High School for this is purely
educational purposes only.

The researchers also sent a letter to the

Barangay Captain of the chosen barangay to be conducted
with. And also, the respondents send a weaver of consent
to the chosen respondents for their confirmation to take
part in this research study to interview.
 CHAPTER 4

Results and Discussion

4.1 Demographic Profile of Informants

There were total of 35 respondents that was

interviewed using a survey questionnaire in this
ethnobotanical study. The respondents are all 18 years
and above, female, a bonafied resident of Barangay
Cabilao Pequeno, have at least one child and has a prior
knowledge about plants used by breast feeding mothers to
boost supply of breast milk.

Figure 4.1 shows the number of quantity per variable presented

Variable Quantity
Female 35
Male 0

Elementary Graduate 7

High School Graduate 18

College Graduate 10

4.2 Diversity of Plants Species

There were 7 different identified species that helps

in improving breast milk ithat belongs to 7 different
families. Caricaceae: Carricca papaya Linn., Moringaceae:
Moringa oleifera lam., Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moshchata
duchense, Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea batatas, Basellaceae:
Bassella alba l., Arums: Colocasia esculenta linn.
Amarantheceae: amaranthus virdis.
Figure 4.2.1 shows the number of species per family.

0.5

0
ae ae ae ea
e ae s ae
ce ce ce ac ce um ce
rica ga ti a l lla A r
th
e
in rb vu se an
Ca or cu vol Ba ar
M Cu n
Co Am

4.3 Number of Species Frequently Used

There were total of 7 ethnobotanical plants that helps

in improving the supply of breast milk was identified.
The most frequently used plants are Kapayas (51%),
(3%), Gabi (3%), Kulitis (3%).

Figure 4.2 shows the number of species of plants used

Ethnobotanical Plants Used

Alugbati Gabi
Kamote 3% 3%
9%
Kalabasa
6%

Kapayas
52%

Malunggay
27%

4.4 Number of medicinal plant parts used

 The most used part of medicinal plant is the
fruit (bunga) which is 54%, followed by the leaves
(dahon) which is 43% and the stalk (paklang) which is 3%.

Figure 4.4 shows the number of medicinal plant part used

Medicinal plant parts used

Stalk
1%

Leaves
44%
Fruit
55%

4.5 Modes of Intaking

The most frequently used mode of in taking these

plants to increase the supply of breast milk were eaten
(ginakaon) which is 94% and to drink (ginainom) which is
6%

Figure 4.5 shows the percentage of modes intaked

Mode of intaking
To Drink
3%

Ate
97%

4.6 Mode of preparation

 Out of the different modes of preparation,
the most used mode of preparation in using the medicinal
plant that helps in increasing the milk supply is to be
cooked (ginautan) (76%) and to be boiled (ginapabukalan)
(24%).

Mode of Preparation

To be boiled
24%

To be cooked
76%

4.7 Discussion

Total of 35 respondents who were 18 years and above

were interviewed and there were a total of 7 different

identified species that helps in improving breast milk

that belongs to 7 different families. Caricaceae:

Carricca papaya Linn., Moringaceae: Moringa oleifera

lam., Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moshchata duchense,

Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea batatas, Basellaceae: Bassella

alba l., Arums: Colocasia esculenta linn. Amarantheceae:

amaranthus virdis. The most common used plant that hekps in

increasing the breast milk is Kapayas (Carricca papaya

Linn.) for it is believed that it has the most nutrients

that boosts the supply of breast milk. It is usually

cooked with any dishes and is eaten twice a day for more

good supply of lactation. Next is malunggay (Moringa

oleifera lam), kalabasa (Cucurbita moshchata duchense) ,

dahon kamote (Ipomoea batatas), gabi (Colocasia

esculenta), alugbati (Bassella alba l.) and kulitis

(amaranthus virdis) that is also prepared the same. The

most used part of these medicinal plants was fruit and

the leaves for Philippines is a tropical country and

leaves and fruits are always available for most plant

species Cordero et al. 2022. According to Taeib Tounekti

et. al 2019, The most utilized components are the fruits

and leaves. This, in a sense, is a reflection of their

wealth; that is these relatively remote communities

attempted to meet their healthcare demands by utilizing

the resources at their disposal. The most used mode of

intaking is to be cooked and to be drank d or extracted.

They first cook the plants with their dishes and drinks

its juice for it has the most nutrients the plants has

and to get more good supply of lactation for breast

feeding mothers.
 CHAPTER 5

Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion

Breastfeeding is a vital part of health and

growth development of an infant. Breast milk provides

nutritional need for the infants. Nowadays, mothers are

forced to purchased a formulated milk to sustain the

needs of their infants, some reason is they cannot

produce breast milk or they don't have enough supply.

People in the rural communities especially mothers

greatly appreciate the value of Herbal plants. This

plants help them to stimulate breast milk production that

help them to lessen their financial burden to buy a

formulated milk. Experience greatly influenced the

practice of using herbal plants that passed down from

generation to generation. As the practice continues,

people learn to make use and cultivate these plants as

alternative source of Herbal values. Due to the fact that

rural communities are composed of agriculture land, the

area has rich diversity of Herbal plants.

5.2 Recommendations

As a result of this study, the findings of

this research will serve as another step for the

discovery of medicinal research, especially in the field

of ethnobotanical plants. In addition to this, it hopes

to disseminate information and awareness to the

government as well as to the locals to appreciate the

value of this plants that can be beneficial to their

future needs, especially to breastfeeding mothers.

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