ST. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE, INC.

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

Candon City, Ilocos Sur GRADE 11
School Year 2021 – 2022 HANDOUT # 1

PHILIPPINE LITERARY HISTORY FROM PRE-COLONIAL TO CONTEMPORARY PERIOD

What is Literature?
• It came from the Latin word “litera” which means letter.
• A body of literary productions containing imaginative language that realistically portrays thoughts, emotions and experiences of
human condition.

Two major types of Literature

Poetry
- It is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning, sound, and rhythmic language choices as to
evoke emotional response.
Prose
- It came from the Latin word “prosa” which means straightforward.
- It consists written works within the common flow of conversation presented in a straightforward manner.
The oral tradition of the Filipinos bore the marks of community. At this phase of literacy development, any members of community were
potential poet, singer or storytelling as long as he/she knew the language and has been attentive to the convention of the form.

Pre-Colonial Times (Below-1520)

Pre-colonial inhabitants of our islands showcase a rich past that affirm our ties with our Southeast Asian neighbors through the
following literary genres in the pre-colonial times:

1. Folk speeches

a. Riddle – this is the most seminal of folk speeches. Riddle is tigmo in Cebuano, bugtong in Tagalog, paktakon in Ilongo
and patototdon in Bicolano. Gaddang is a riddle which verges on the obscene or are sex-related
b. Talinghaga (Metaphor) - it "reveals subtle resemblances between two unlike objects" and one's power of observation
and wit are put to the test.

2. Folk songs - oldest form of Philippine literature that emerges in the pre-colonial period. A form of folk lyric which expresses the
hopes and aspirations, the people's lifestyles as well as their loves. These are often repetitive and sonorous, didactic and naïve.

a. Ida-ida (Maguindanao) - children's songs

b. tulang pambata (Tagalog)
c. cansiones para abbing (Ibanag).
d. Ili-ili (Ilongo) – lullabyes
e. panawagon and balitao (Ilongo) – love songs
f. harana or serenade (Cebuano)
g. bayok (Maranao)
h. ambahan (Mangyans) - the seven-syllable per line poem, that are about human relationships, social entertainment and
also serve as a tool for teaching the young
i. kalusan (Ivatan) - work songs that depict the livelihood of the people often sung to go with the movement of workers
j. soliranin - Tagalog rowing song
k. mambayu, - Kalinga rice-pounding song
l. duplo - the verbal jousts/game which are popular during wakes
m. tagay (Cebuano and Waray) - the drinking songs sung during carousals
n. kanogon (Cebuano) or the Annako (Bontoc) - dirges and lamentations extolling the deeds of the dead
o. kumintang – war song
3. Folk narratives
a. parang sabil kissa (Tausug of Mindanao) - uses for its subject matter the exploits of historical and legendary heroes and
reflect the life ways of the people, especially their values. It tells of a Muslim hero who seeks death at the
hands of non-Muslims.
b. epics - they explain how the world was created, how certain animals possess certain characteristics, why some places
have waterfalls, volcanoes, mountains, flora or fauna and, in the case of legends, an explanation of the origins of things
The epics come in various names:
• Guman (Subanon)
• Hudhud (Ifugao)
• Darangen (Maranao)
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 ST. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE, INC. 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD
Candon City, Ilocos Sur GRADE 11
School Year 2021 – 2022 HANDOUT # 1
• Ulahingan (Manobo)
These epics revolve around supernatural events or heroic deeds and they embody or validate the beliefs and
customs and ideals of a community.

c. fables - about animals and they teach moral lessons. Our country's epics are considered ethno-epics because they are not
national for they are "histories" of varied groups that consider themselves "nations."
d. folk tales - made up stories about life, adventures, love, horror, and humor.
e. legends - form of prose; the common theme is which is about the origin of a thing, place, location or name. Events are
imaginary.

4. Indigenous rituals - Like every religion, be it primitive or modern, rituals were often just as important as daily tasks performed to
survive in their world. Because of rituals, the most common and important events were elevated and required a spark of the
divine.
5. Mimetic dances - is a type of dance that imitates nature; it mimics the behaviors of animals and natural phenomena.

a. Tinikling (Leyte) – The movements of this Filipino folk dance imitate the movements of the tikling bird as it walks around
through tall grass and between tree branches.
b. Itik-Itik (Surigao del Sur) – The itik-itk is named after a species of duck (itik), whose movements the dance imitates. This
example of Philippine folk dance from Surigao del Sur mimics how the itik walks and splashes water to attract a mate.
c. Maglalatik (Biñan, Laguna) – It is a mock war dance that depicts a fight over coconut meat, a highly-prized food.
d. Binasuan (Pangasinan) – The word “binasuan” means “with the use of drinking glasses.” It is one of the most challenging
Filipino dances as the dancers need to balance glasses on their heads and in their hands as they move. What makes it
more difficult is that the glasses are filled with rice wine, which makes any misstep a messy mistake.
e. Singkil (Lake Lanao) – This is based on the story in the Darangen, the pre-Islamic Maranao interpretation of the ancient
Hindu Indian epic, the Ramayana.
f. Kappa Malong-Malong (Maranao tribe in Mindanao) – The malong is a tubular garment, and the folk dance essentially
shows the many ways it can be worn.
g. Cariñosa (Panay Island) – Filipino cultural dance made for flirting, hence it’s a courtship dance.
h. Sayaw sa Bangko (Pangasinan)– This is performed on top of a narrow bench.
i. Pandanggo sa Ilaw (Lubang Island, Mindoro)– A game of balancing glasses, only with candles inside.
j. Pandanggo Oasiwas (Lingayen, Pangasinan) – This is typically performed by fishermen to celebrate a bountiful catch.
k. Kuratsa (Samar Island) – This is considered a courtship dance. The music becomes even faster as the man wins over the
woman with his mating dance.
l. Pantomina (Bicol) – This is also a courtship dance and is said to mimic the movement of doves in courtship.

Other forms of Pre-Colonial Poetry

1. Epigram - rhetorical device that is memorable, brief, interesting and surprising satirical statement. Clever and witty statement. It
points out the truth and weakness of humans.
2. Chant - used in witch craft and enchantment (ex. bari-bari)
3. Maxims- stresses succinct formulation of fundamental principle, general truth or rule of conduct.
Ex. It is better safe than sorry.
4. Saying- short well-known expression (general advice)
Ex. Laugh and the world will laugh with you; weep and you weep alone.
5. Sawikain- idioms
Ex. halang ang bituka

The Spanish Colonial Tradition (1521-1900)

While it is true that Spain subjugated the Philippines for more mundane reasons, this former European power contributed much in
the shaping and recording of our literature. Religion and institutions that represented European civilization enriched the languages in
the lowlands, introduced the following literary genres in the Spanish Colonial Tradition.

1. Theater (komedya, sinakulo, sarswela,)

2. Playlets and Drama -

Literature in this period may be classified as religious prose and poetry and secular prose and poetry.

Religious poetry and religious lyrics written by ladino poets or those versed in both Spanish and Tagalog:

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 ST. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE, INC. 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD
Candon City, Ilocos Sur GRADE 11
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1. Fernando Bagonbanta's "Salamat nang walang hanga/gracias de sin sempiternas" (Unending thanks) which is found in
the Memorial de la vida cristiana en lengua tagala (Guidelines for the Christian life in the Tagalog language) published in 1605.
2. Dalit appended to novenas and catechisms. It has no fixed meter nor rime scheme although a number are written in octosyllabic
quatrains and have a solemn tone and spiritual subject matter.
3. Pasyon in octosyllabic quintillas that became entrenched in the Filipino's commemoration of Christ's agony and resurrection at
Calvary.
4. Gaspar Aquino de Belen's "Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christong Panginoon natin na tola" (Holy Passion of Our Lord Jesus
Christ in Verse) put out in 1704 is the country's earliest known pasyon.

Various kinds of prose narratives written to prescribe proper decorum and used for proselitization:
1. Dialogo (dialogue)
2. Manual de Urbanidad (conduct book)
3. Ejemplo (exemplum)
4. Tratado (tratado).
The most notable of the secular lyrics followed the conventions of a romantic tradition:
1. The languishing but loyal love
2. The elusive
3. Often heartless beloved
4. The rival.
The leading poets were Jose Corazon de Jesus (Huseng Sisiw) and Francisco Balagtas. Some secular poets who wrote in this
same tradition were Leona Florentino, Jacinto Kawili, Isabelo de los Reyes and Rafael Gandioco.

Secular poetry:

Metrical romance - Type of narrative poem which typically centers on courtly love, knights, and chivalric deeds.
a. Awit - is set in dodecasyllabic quatrains. A popular poetic genre reached new heights in Balagtas' "Florante at Laura"
b. Korido - is set in octosyllabic quatrains in Tagalog. These are colorful tales of chivalry from European sources made for
singing and chanting such as Gonzalo de Cordoba (Gonzalo of Cordoba) and Ibong Adarna (Adarna Bird).

The winds of change began to blow in 19th century Philippines. Filipino intellectuals educated in Europe called ilustrados began to
write about the downside of colonization. This, coupled with the simmering calls for reforms by the masses gathered a formidable force
of writers like Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, Emilio Jacinto and Andres Bonifacio.

This led to the formation of the Propaganda Movement where prose works such as the political essays and Rizal's two political
novels, Noli Me Tangere and the El filibusterismo helped usher in the Philippine revolution resulting in the downfall of the Spanish regime,
and, at the same time planted the seeds of a national consciousness among Filipinos.

But if Rizal's novels are political, the novel Ninay (1885) by Pedro Paterno is largely cultural and is considered the first Filipino novel.
Although Paterno's Ninay gave impetus to other novelists like Jesus Balmori and Antonio M. Abad to continue writing in Spanish, this did
not flourish.

Spanish Influence on Philippine Literature: The First Books

1. Ang Doctrina Critiana - First book printed 1593
2. Nuestra Senora del Rosario- It contains the biographies of saints, novenas and questions and answers religion.
3. Ang Barlaan at Josaphat- biblical story printed in the Philippines.
4. Ang Pasion- this is the book about life and suffering of Jesus Christ.
5. Urbana at Felisa- Influenced greatly the behavior of the people in the society.
6. Mga Dalit kay Maria- collection of songs praising the Virgin Mary.

Other Literary Gneres during Spanish Period

1. Senakulo- dramatization of the pasyon of Christ; highlights the suffering of Christ.
2. Moro-moro- blood and thunder dramatization. Conflicts between Christians and Muslims.
3. Carillo- shadow play during dark nights.
4. Tibag- dramatic reenactment of St. Helena’s search for the cross.
5. Duplo and Karagatan- narrative dramas that are connected to catholic mourning rituals.
6. Zarsuela- probably one of the most famous form of entertainment back in Spanish era.

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 ST. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE, INC. 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD
Candon City, Ilocos Sur GRADE 11
School Year 2021 – 2022 HANDOUT # 1
The American Colonial Period (1943-1945)

A new set of colonizers brought about new changes in Philippine literature. American influence was deeply entrenched with the firm
establishment of English as the medium of instruction in all schools and with literary modernism that highlighted the writer's individuality
and cultivated consciousness of craft, sometimes at the expense of social consciousness.

1. Free verse (in poetry) - is a literary device that can be defined as poetry that is free from limitations of regular meter or rhythm,
and does not rhyme with fixed forms. Such poems are without rhythm and rhyme schemes, do not follow regular rhyme scheme
rules, yet still provide artistic expression.

Example: The poet, and later, National Artist for Literature, Jose Garcia Villa used free verse and espoused the dictum,
"Art for art's sake" to the chagrin of other writers more concerned with the utilitarian aspect of literature.

2. Modern short story - is a fiction work that presents a world in the moment of an unexpected change. The traditional short story
obeys some rules, such as the unexpected change and major events with detail. The modern short story is a revolution which
is based on the traditional short story.

Example: Paz Marquez Benitez's "Dead Stars" published in 1925 was the first successful short story in English written
by a Filipino.

3. Critical essay - is a form of academic writing that analyzes, interprets, and/or evaluates a text.
4. Modernism - a break with the past and the concurrent search for new forms of expression.

Example: The poet Alejandro G. Abadilla advocated modernism in poetry. Abadilla later influenced young poets who wrote
modern verses in the 1960s such as Virgilio S. Almario, Pedro I. Ricarte and Rolando S. Tinio.

Alongside this development, writers in the vernaculars continued to write in the provinces. Others like Lope K. Santos, Valeriano
Hernandez Peña and Patricio Mariano were writing minimal narratives similar to the early Tagalog short fiction
called dali or pasingaw (sketch).

It should be noted that if there was a dearth of the Filipino novel in English, the novel in the vernaculars continued to be written and
serialized in weekly magazines like Liwayway, Bisaya, Hiligaynon and Bannawag.

The essay in English became a potent medium from the 1920's to the present. Some leading essayists were journalists like Carlos
P. Romulo, Jorge Bocobo, Pura Santillan Castrence, etc. who wrote formal to humorous to informal essays for the delectation by Filipinos.

Among those who wrote criticism developed during the American period were Ignacio Manlapaz, Leopoldo Yabes and I.V. Mallari.
But it was Salvador P. Lopez's criticism that grabbed attention when he won the Commonwealth Literary Award for the essay in 1940
with his "Literature and Society." This essay posited that art must have substance and that Villa's adherence to "Art for Art's Sake" is
decadent.

The last throes of American colonialism saw the flourishing of Philippine literature in English at the same time, with the introduction
of the New Critical aesthetics, made writers pay close attention to craft and "indirectly engendered a disparaging attitude" towards
vernacular writings -- a tension that would recur in the contemporary period.

The Japanese Period (1941-1945)

Historical Background Between 1941-1945, Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development when the Philippines was
again conquered by another foreign country, Japan. Philippine literature in English came to a halt. Except for the TRIBUNE and the
PHILIPPINE REVIEW, almost all newspapers in English were stopped by the Japanese.

This had an advantageous effect on Filipino Literature, which experienced renewed attention because writers in English turned
to writing in Filipino. Juan Laya, who use to write in English turned to Filipino because of the strict prohibitions of the Japanese regarding
any writing in English.

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 ST. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE, INC. 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD
Candon City, Ilocos Sur GRADE 11
School Year 2021 – 2022 HANDOUT # 1
The weekly LIWAYWAY was placed under strict surveillance until it was managed by Japanese named ISHIWARA In other
words, Filipino literature was given a break during this period. Many wrote plays, poems, short stories, etc. Topics and themes were often
about life in the provinces.

A. Filipino Poetry

The common theme of most poems during the Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith,
religion and the arts.

Two types of poems emerged during this period. They were:

1. Haiku – a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made up of 17 syllables divided into three lines. The first line had
5 syllables, the second, 7 syllables, and the third, five. The Haiku is allegorical in meaning, is short and covers a wide scope in
meaning.

Example: love between us is

speech and breath. loving you is
along river running.

2. Tanaga – like the Haiku, is short but it has measure and rhyme. Each line had 7 syllables and it’s also allegorical in meaning.
Example: Sa gubat na madawag
Tala’y mababanaag.
Iyon ang tanging hangad,
Buhay may igagawad.
- Bannie Pearl Mas

B. Filipino Drama
The drama experienced a lull during the Japanese period because movie houses showing American films were closed. The big
movie houses were just made to show stage shows. Many of the plays were reproductions of English plays to Tagalog. The translators
were Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto Concio, and Narciso Pimentel. They also founded the organization of Filipino players named
Dramatic Philippines.

A few of playwriters were: Jose Ma. Hernandez – wrote PANDAY PIRA, Francisco Soc Rodrigo – wrote sa PULA, SA PUTI,
Clodualdo del Mundo – wrote BULAGA (an expression in the game Hide and Seek), Julian Cruz Balmaceda – wrote SINO BA KAYO?,
DAHIL SA ANAK, and HIGANTE NG PATAY.

C. Filipino Short Story

The field of the short story widened during the Japanese Occupation. Many wrote short stories. Among them were: Brigido
Batungbakal, Macario Pineda, Serafin Guinigindo, Liwayway Arceo, Narciso Ramos., NVM Gonzales, Alicia Lopez Lim, Ligaya Perez,
and Gloria Guzman. The best writings in 1945 were selected by a group of judges composed of Francisco Icasiano, Jose Esperanza
Cruz, Antonio Rosales, Clodualdo del Mundo and Teodoro Santos. As a result of this selection, the following got the first three prizes:

D. Philippine Literature in English

Because of the strict prohibitions imposed by the Japanese in the writing and publishing of works in English, Philippine literature in
English experienced a dark period. The few who dared to write did so for their bread and butter or for propaganda. Writings that came
out during this period were journalistic in nature. Writers felt suppressed but slowly, the spirit of nationalism started to seep into their
consciousness. While some continued to write, the majority waited for a better climate to publish their works.

Noteworthy writer of the period was Carlos P. Romulo who won the Pulitzer Prize for his bestsellers I SAW THE FALL OF THE
PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE PHILIPPINES RISE and his MOTHER AMERICA AND MY BROTHER AMERICANS. Journalists include
Salvador P. Lopez, Leon Ma. Geurrero, Raul Manglapuz and Carlos Bulosan. Nick Joaquin produced THE WOMAN WHO LOOKED
LIKE LAZARUS. Fred Ruiz Castro wrote a few poems. F.B. Icasino wrote essays in The Philippine Review

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 ST. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE, INC. 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD
Candon City, Ilocos Sur GRADE 11
School Year 2021 – 2022 HANDOUT # 1
Carlos Bulosan’s works included • THE LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER (1944) • THE VOICE OF BATAAN (1943) • SIX FILIPINO POETS
(1942) among others Alfredo Litiatco published With Harp and Sling and in 1943, Jose P. Laurel published Forces that Make a Nation
Great. The Commonwealth Literary Awards gave prizes to meritorious writers.

The Contemporary Period (1946-2000)

The flowering of Philippine literature in the various languages continue especially with the appearance of new publications after
the Martial Law years and the resurgence of committed literature in the 1960s and the 1970s.

Filipino writers continue to write poetry, short stories, novellas, novels and essays whether these are socially committed,
gender/ethnic related or are personal in intention or not.

Of course, the Filipino writer has become more conscious of his art with the proliferation of writer’s workshops here and abroad and
the bulk of literature available to him via the mass media including the internet. The various literary awards such as the Don Carlos
Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature, the Philippines Free Press, Philippine Graphic, Home Life and Panorama literary awards
encourage him to compete with his peers and hope that his creative efforts will be rewarded in the long run.

With the new requirement by the Commission on Higher Education of teaching of Philippine Literature in all tertiary schools in the
country emphasizing the teaching of the vernacular literature or literatures of the regions, the audience for Filipino writers is virtually
assured and, perhaps, a national literature finding its niche among the literatures of the country.

REPRESENTATIVE TEXTS AND AUTHORS FROM THE REGIONS

𝑅𝑒𝓅𝓇𝑒𝓈𝑒𝓃𝓉𝒶𝓉𝒾𝓋𝑒 𝒯𝑒𝓍𝓉𝓈 𝒶𝓃𝒹 𝒜𝓊𝓉𝒽𝑜𝓇𝓈: 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝒾𝑜𝓃 𝟣

1. Pedro Bukaneg (Father of Ilocano Literature)
• Although blind, he dictated the text of his poems, songs and translations as someone wrote it down.
• Translated Doctrina Cristiana to Ilocano which was printed in 1593 as one of the first book in the Philippines and was
intended for the use in the local population.
• Born March 1592 and died circa 1630, from Ilocos Sur, his works of literature are preserved to be written in history.
• His surname is lent to Bukanegan, the Ilocano equivalent of Balagtasan.
2. Leona Florentino (Mother of Philippine Women's Literature)
• Filipino poet in the Spanish and Ilocano languages.
• She is considered as the "mother of Philippine women's literature" and the "bridge from oral to literary tradition”
• The works of Leona include Rucrunoy, (Dedication), Naangaway a Cablaaw (Good Greetings), Nalpay a Namnama
(Vanishing Hope), Benigna, Para ken Carmen, Panay Pacada (Farewell) and etc.
• Born to a wealthy and prominent family in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, Florentino began to write her first verses in Ilocano at a young
age. Despite her potential, she was not allowed to receive a university education because of her gender. Florentino was
instead tutored by her mother, and then a series of private teachers. An educated Ilocano priest taught her advanced
Spanish and encouraged her to develop her voice in poetry due to the feminist nature of her writings
• Her literary contributions - particularly 22 preserved poems - were recognized when she was included in the Encyclopedia
Internationale des Oeuvres des Femmes (International Encyclopedia of Women’s Works) in 1889. She is believed to be
the first Filipino to receive this international recognition, a homage that occurred only after her untimely death.
3. Isabelo de los Reyes (Father of Socialism)
• He was a journalist, writer, lawyer and labor leader. He is the founder of Iglesia Filipina Independiente. He won an award at
the Exposicion in Madrid for his El Folklore Filipino.
• He is the son of Elias delos Reyes and Leona Florentino, the first poetess of Ilocos Sur
• He founded the first vernacular paper, El Ilocano.
• He published the prize winning books, the Historia de Ilocos, Folklore Filipino and also Las Islas Visayas en la epoca de la
Conquista: He edited books and leaflets, contributed articles to various Spanish periodicals, wrote articles criticizing the
Spanish maladministration in the Philippines, and openly attacked the religious and Spanish writers.
4. Carlos Bulosan
• Born to Ilocano parents in Binalonan, Pangasinan. Most of his youth was spent in the countryside as a farmer.
• His hometown is the starting point of his famous semi-autobiographical novel, America is in the Heart. Left for America
on July 22, 1930 at the age of 17.
• Upon arriving in Seattle, he met with racism and was forced to work in a low paying job.

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 ST. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE, INC. 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD
Candon City, Ilocos Sur GRADE 11
School Year 2021 – 2022 HANDOUT # 1
• He worked as a farmworker, harvesting grapes and asparagus, and doing other types of hard work in the fields of
California. He also worked as a dishwasher with his brother in the famous Madonna Inn in San Luis Obispo.
• His works include America is in the Heart, The Laughter of My Father, The Cry and the Dedication, My Father’s
Tragedy, The Romance of Magno Rubio and If You Want To Know What We Are
5. Francisco Sionil Jose
• Born in Rosales, Pangasinan the setting of his many stories.
• Ilocano descent whose family had migrated to Pangasinan to flee from poverty.
• His influences: his mother, Jose Rizal
• Critically acclaimed Filipino internationally yet underrated in his own country.
• His writings talk about social justice and change to better the lives of average Filipino families.
6. Manuel Arguilla
• He was an Ilocano who wrote in English.
• He was best known for his short story "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife" which received first price in the
Commonwealth Literary Contest in 1940.
• Most of his stories depict life in Barrio Nagrebcan, Bauang, La Union, where he was born in 1911.
• In August 1944, Manuel Arguilla was captured and executed by the Japanese.
7. Amador T. Daguio
• He was a poet, novelist and teacher during the pre-war.
• His famous short story is The Wedding Dance.
• Daguio was born 8 January 1912 in Laoag, Ilocos Norte, but grew up in Lubuagan, Mountain Province, where his father, an
officer in the Philippine Constabulary, was assigned.
𝑅𝑒𝓅𝓇𝑒𝓈𝑒𝓃𝓉𝒶𝓉𝒾𝓋𝑒 𝒯𝑒𝓍𝓉𝓈 𝒶𝓃𝒹 𝒜𝓊𝓉𝒽𝑜𝓇𝓈: 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝒾𝑜𝓃 𝟤
1. Fernando Maramag
• He was born to wealthy landowners on January 21, 1893 in Ilagan, Isabela.
• Maramag published countless poems which were devoured and admired by the reading public, like “My Queen
Tagala,” “The Atheist,” “A Christ Without a Cross,” “Jose Rizal,” and “The Presentation.”
• He wrote about the history of the English language in the Philippines. This enabled him to mine the secrets of English
poetics, especially its techniques.
2. Edith L. Tiempo
• She was born was born on April 22, 1919 in San Nicolas, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya.
• She received a scholarship grant from the notable United Board of Christian Higher Education in Asia and attained a
doctorate degree in English from the University of Denver, Colorado in 1958.
• Edith Tiempo is proclaimed as one of the Philippines' foremost writers in English alongside other seminal writers like
Jose Garcia Villa.
• Her poetry is hailed for its witty and complex wordplay. This characteristic is most evident in two of her most famous
poems, “Bonsai” and “The Little Marmoset.” Literary scholars often refer to either of these poems in their studies of
Tiempo's work.
𝑅𝑒𝓅𝓇𝑒𝓈𝑒𝓃𝓉𝒶𝓉𝒾𝓋𝑒 𝒯𝑒𝓍𝓉𝓈 𝒶𝓃𝒹 𝒜𝓊𝓉𝒽𝑜𝓇𝓈: 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝒾𝑜𝓃 𝟥
1. Francisco Balagtas
• Also known as Francisco Baltazar
• On April 2, 1788, Prominent Filipino poet Francisco Baltazar, the Philippine counterpart of famed English writer William
Shakespeare, was born in Panginay, Bigaa, Bulacan.
• He published in 1838 the famous epic "Florante at Laura" which became the first Filipino literary piece.
• He was among trendsetters of early 19th century Philippines as he wrote in Tagalog – a move considered as
courageous and novel since literary work then was mostly published in Spanish.
• His work sealed legitimacy of writing literature in Tagalog and demonstrated this language's effectiveness in
communicating one's thoughts.
• His "Florante at Laura", along with Jose Rizal’s "Noli Me Tangere", are considered as among Philippine literary
masterpieces. The government made these two masterpieces mandatory reading materials for high school.
• In 1924, a poetic event took place at the Instituto de Mujeres in, Tondo, Manila. This became the balagtasan -- a poetic
joust patterned after the duplo of the 19th century. It was conceived as a tribute to Balagtas or Francisco “Balagtas”
Baltazar.
2. Gregorio C. Brillantes
• A native of Camiling, Tarlac
• Palanca Award Hall of Famer and a multi-awarded fiction writer
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 ST. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE, INC. 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD
Candon City, Ilocos Sur GRADE 11
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• He often writes about individuals under thirty, adolescent or post adolescent ones who struggle with alienation from
family, society and from themselves.
𝑅𝑒𝓅𝓇𝑒𝓈𝑒𝓃𝓉𝒶𝓉𝒾𝓋𝑒 𝒯𝑒𝓍𝓉𝓈 𝒶𝓃𝒹 𝒜𝓊𝓉𝒽𝑜𝓇𝓈: 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝒾𝑜𝓃 𝟦𝒶
1. Dr. Jose P. Rizal
• He used the pen names “Laong Lalan” and “Dimasalang”
• He was a Filipino Nationalist and polymath during the tail end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines.
• An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement
which advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain.
• Rizal was a leader in the Propaganda Movement, contributing numerous articles to its newspaper, La Solidaridad.
• He was recognized as the great novelist of the Propaganda Movement with his books Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo. He is considered to be the most outstanding Propagandist due to the great impact his novels had done
on the development of a Filipino national consciousness.
2. Paz Marquez – Benitez
• On March 3, 1894, educator Paz Marquez-Benitez was born in Lucena City, Quezon.
• She authored the first Filipino modern English language short story, Dead Stars, published in the Philippine Herald in
1925
• Benitez was among the first generation of Filipinos trained in the American education system which used English as the
medium of instruction.
• In 1919, she founded "Woman's Home Journal", the first women's magazine in the country. In 1928, she compiled
"Filipino Love Stories," reportedly the first anthology of Philippine stories in English by Filipinos, from the works of her
students.
• The annually held Paz Marquez-Benitez Lectures (Ateneo) honors her memory by focusing on the contributions of
Filipino women writers to Philippine Literature in the English language.
3. Alejandro G. Abadilla (Father of Modern Tagalog Poetry)
• He was a Filipino poet, essayist and fiction writer, finished his AB Philosophy at the University of Santo Tomas in 1934.
• His major breakthrough in Philippine poetry was when he wrote his poem "Ako ang Daigdig" (I am the world) in 1955.
• His contributions to Philippine literature, extends to the essay, short fiction and the novel.
• In 1932, he started his regular listing and evaluation of published poems in "Talaang Bughaw".
• Notably, he led the organization of Kapisanan Panitikan, composed of young writers in 1935 and edited a magazine
called Panitikan.
• He received the Republic Cultural Heritage Award in 1966 for his contribution to Philippine Literature.
𝑅𝑒𝓅𝓇𝑒𝓈𝑒𝓃𝓉𝒶𝓉𝒾𝓋𝑒 𝒯𝑒𝓍𝓉𝓈 𝒶𝓃𝒹 𝒜𝓊𝓉𝒽𝑜𝓇𝓈: 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝒾𝑜𝓃 𝟦𝒷
1. Paz Larotena
• She was born in Boac, Marinduque and a fictionist.
• She became nationally known when Jose Garcia Villa included her story, “Sunset”, in his anthology Philippine Short
Stories in 1929. It was considered the best published that year.
• Her works of fiction are included in the Philippine Prose and Poetry series which are used as textbooks in public high
schools. Aside from “Sunset”, her best works include “Small Key”, in Philippine Herald , in 1927; “Myrrh”, in Graphic
, 1931; “Years and a Day”, in Tribune , 1936; and “Desire”, in Literary Apprentice in 1937. All of them were included in
Jose Garcia Villa’s roll of honor from 1926-1940.
• Latorena’s stories have a wistfulness which tells of a gentle disillusionment with life. Many of her stories chronicle are
the unexpressed heartaches of women. There is bitterness, however, but sadness over certain dreams left unfulfilled.
2. NVM Gonzales (Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez)
• He was a fictionist, essayist, poet, and teacher, articulated the Filipino spirit in rural, urban landscapes.
• In 1987, U.P. conferred on him the Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa, its highest academic recognition.
• Major works of N.V.M Gonzalez include the following: The Winds of April, Seven Hills Away, Children of the Ash-
Covered Loam and Other Stories, The Bamboo Dancers, Look Stranger, on this Island Now, Mindoro and Beyond:
Twenty -One Stories, The Bread of Salt and Other Stories, Work on the Mountain, The Novel of Justice: Selected
Essays 1968-1994, A Grammar of Dreams and Other Stories.
𝑅𝑒𝓅𝓇𝑒𝓈𝑒𝓃𝓉𝒶𝓉𝒾𝓋𝑒 𝒯𝑒𝓍𝓉𝓈 𝒶𝓃𝒹 𝒜𝓊𝓉𝒽𝑜𝓇𝓈: 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝒾𝑜𝓃 𝟧

1. Luis Cabalquinto
• He was born in Magarao, Camarines Sur and moved to the United States in 1968, where he studied at Cornell
University, New York University, and the New School.
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• Cabalquinto writes in English, Filipino, and Bikol. His first collection in Bikol, Tignarakol (2013), was published by
Ateneo de Naga University Press.
• He is a recipient of many honors and awards, including a Balagtas Award from the Writers’ Union of the Philippines, a
Dylan Thomas Poetry Award from the New School, an Academy of American Poets Poetry Award, and a Writing
Fellowship Award from the New York Foundation for the Arts. He lives in New York City and the Philippines.
2. Merlinda Bobis
• She grew up in Albay, Philippines at the foot of an active volcano, which figures prominently in her writing and
performance.
• As a child her main interest was painting, but at age ten she began writing poetry because ‘painting with words’ was
cheaper.
• She has published novels, short stories, dramas and poems. Her plays have been produced/performed on stage and
radio in Australia, the Philippines, Spain, USA, Canada, Singapore, France, China, Thailand and the Slovak Republic.
She has performed some of her works as theatre, dance and music.
𝑅𝑒𝓅𝓇𝑒𝓈𝑒𝓃𝓉𝒶𝓉𝒾𝓋𝑒 𝒯𝑒𝓍𝓉𝓈 𝒶𝓃𝒹 𝒜𝓊𝓉𝒽𝑜𝓇𝓈: 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝒾𝑜𝓃 𝟨
1. Dominador Ibarra Ilio
• He was born on November 5, 1913, in Malinao, Aklan.
• He used a number of pen names, including Isaias Topacio Domingo, Basilio, Crisostomo de la Cruz, and J.D. Ibarra.
• He obtained a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering and geodetic engineering from the University of the Philippines, as
well as a master’s degree in hydraulics from the State University of Iowa. He also studied groundwater development at
the University of Minnesota. Ilio became part of the faculty of the University of the Philippines and the East Central
Colleges, Pampanga; he was also dean of engineering of the Laguna College in San Pablo City.
• In addition to becoming editor of The Vigil of Freedom magazine, he was a widely anthologized poet, with such poems
as “The Vigil of Freedom” and “Icarus in Catechism Class” appearing in various publications. His books include The
Diplomat and Other Poems (1955) and Collected Poems of Dominador I. Ilio (1989).
2. Peter Solis Nery
• He is an award-winning Filipino poet, fictionist, and author from Iloilo.
• Writing in his native Hiligaynon language, he has won such prestigious literary contests as the Carlos Palanca Memorial
Awards for Literature, the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) Literary Grant, and the All-Western Visayas Literary
Contest of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA). He was inducted into the Palanca Awards Hall of
Fame in 2012.
• Diversifying into English and Filipino, he has authored over 20 books, and wrote screenplays that won the Philippine
Centennial Literary Prize of 1998, the 1998 Film Development Foundation of the Philippines’ Screenwriting Contest, the
2001 Cinemanila International Film Festival Scriptwriting Competition, and the 2012 Film Development Council of the
Philippines’ First Sineng Pambansa National Film Competition. He wrote and edited wide circulation newspapers in
Iloilo City before becoming a nurse in the United States.
𝑅𝑒𝓅𝓇𝑒𝓈𝑒𝓃𝓉𝒶𝓉𝒾𝓋𝑒 𝒯𝑒𝓍𝓉𝓈 𝒶𝓃𝒹 𝒜𝓊𝓉𝒽𝑜𝓇𝓈: 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝒾𝑜𝓃 𝟩
1. Cecilia Manguerra Brainard
• She grew up in the port city of Cebu in Central Philippines, a place that retains its Spanish-Colonial influences, inspiring
Cecilia to create her mythical setting called “Ubec” which echoes the Santo Niño Church, triangular Spanish fort, and
old buildings and streets of the real Cebu.
• Her three novels — When the Rainbow Goddess Wept, Magdalena, and The Newspaper Widow are set (even partially)
in Ubec. Ubec also appears in her three short story collections — Woman in Horns and Other Stories, Acapulco at
Sunset and Other Stories, and Vigan and Other Stories.

2. Simeon Dumdum Jr
• Simeon Dumdum, Jr. is a Regional Trial Court Executive Judge in Cebu City, and a published poet.
• He once studied for the priesthood in Galway, Ireland, but left the seminary to take up law. After years of practicing law,
he was appointed Regional Trial Court judge in Cebu.
• He won prizes for his poetry, which he has published and read abroad.
• He has published five books - The Gift of Sleep (poems), Third World Opera (poems), Love in the Time of the
Camera (essays), Selected Poems and New (poems), and My Pledge of Love Cannot be Broken (essays).
• He won the Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Award for English poetry four times and the Manila Critics Circle's National
Book Award three times.
• In 2005, he received a medallion for writing the best decision in a criminal case, second level courts, in the Judicial
Excellence Awards sponsored by the Supreme Court of the Philippines.
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School Year 2021 – 2022 HANDOUT # 1
𝑅𝑒𝓅𝓇𝑒𝓈𝑒𝓃𝓉𝒶𝓉𝒾𝓋𝑒 𝒯𝑒𝓍𝓉𝓈 𝒶𝓃𝒹 𝒜𝓊𝓉𝒽𝑜𝓇𝓈: 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝒾𝑜𝓃 𝟪
1. Carlos A. Angeles
• Born on May 25, 1921 in Tacloban City, Leyte, the poet Carlos A. Angeles graduated from Rizal High 1938 and went on
to study at various universities, first in pre-medicine and next pre-law.
• In 1964, the same year that poetry was first considered in the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature, Angeles’
collection of poems, A Stun of Jewels (Manila: Alberto S. Florentino, 1963), received first prize in the prestigious
contest. Comprised of 47 poems and dedicated to Angeles’ wife, A Stun of Jewels also won the Republic Cultural
Heritage Award for Literature.
• Angeles has been living in the USA since 1978. Married to Concepcion Reynoso, he has seven children and 18
grandchildren, all residing in the States.
2. Ramon Escoda
• He was a Filipino writer and editor in Spanish from Calbayog, Samar.
• He is one of the winners of the Zobel prize for his work The Song of the Solitary, awarded for decades to the best works
written in Spanish in the Philippines.
• He studied law at the School of Law in Manila, but from the beginning he devoted himself to journalism, although, later also
dedicating himself to politics and becoming a deputy.

𝑅𝑒𝓅𝓇𝑒𝓈𝑒𝓃𝓉𝒶𝓉𝒾𝓋𝑒 𝒯𝑒𝓍𝓉𝓈 𝒶𝓃𝒹 𝒜𝓊𝓉𝒽𝑜𝓇𝓈: 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝒾𝑜𝓃 𝟫

1. Martha Cecilia
• She was from the city of Dapitan in Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines.
• She was a Filipino writer of Tagalog romance pocketbook novels and the author of bestselling novel series Kristine and
Sweetheart. Many of her novels were serialized by ABS-CBN under Precious Hearts Romances Presents.
2. Cesar Ruiz Aquino
• He is a Filipino poet and fictionist from Zamboanga City.
• He began his writing career when Philippine Graphic published his story Noon and Summer in 1961.
• Ruiz Aquino publications include Chronicles of Suspicion (short stories, Kalikasan Press, 1988), Word Without End
(poems, Anvil Publishing,1993) and Checkmeta: The Cesar Ruiz Aquino Reader (poems and stories, Midtown Printing
Company, 2004).

𝑅𝑒𝓅𝓇𝑒𝓈𝑒𝓃𝓉𝒶𝓉𝒾𝓋𝑒 𝒯𝑒𝓍𝓉 𝒶𝓃𝒹 𝒜𝓊𝓉𝒽𝑜𝓇: 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝒾𝑜𝓃 𝟣𝟢

Joey Ayala
• He is a Filipino singer, songwriter and former chairman of the music committee of the National Commission for Culture
and the Arts from Bukidnon City.
• He is well known for his style of music that combines the sounds of Filipino ethnic instruments with modern pop music.
• Some of the Filipino ethnic instruments Ayala is known to use include the two-stringed Hegalong of the T'Boli people of
Mindanao, the Kubing, the bamboo jaw harp found in various forms throughout the Philippines, and the 8-piece gong
set, Kulintang, the melodical gong-rack of the indigenous peoples of the southern part of the country.
• He also uses modern instruments in his music, such as the electric guitar, bass guitar, synthesizer/sequencer and
drums.
𝑅𝑒𝓅𝓇𝑒𝓈𝑒𝓃𝓉𝒶𝓉𝒾𝓋𝑒 𝒯𝑒𝓍𝓉𝓈 𝒶𝓃𝒹 𝒜𝓊𝓉𝒽𝑜𝓇𝓈: 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝒾𝑜𝓃 𝟣𝟣

1. Leoncio P. Deriada
• He was born in Iloilo but spent most of his life in Davao.
• He works in three genres and five languages, and whose efforts in nurturing generations of writers from Panay island
earned him wide recognition as the father of contemporary West Visayan literature
• He was recognized as the Hall of Famer of the famous writing competition Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for
Literature because he won here 18 times since joining in 1975 to 2018.
• Some of his most famous works are the children's story “The Man Who Hated Birds, ” play “Medea of Siquijor, ” and
short story “Ang Pagbalik Sang Babaylan ” all reflect Hiligaynon literature.
2. Danny Sillada
• He is a surrealist painter, sculptor and installation artist, philosopher, bilingual poet, essayist, musician (singer-
songwriter-composer), performance artist, photographer, and an amateur indie filmmaker from Cateel, Davao
Oriental.
• He is a former columnist and art and cultural critic in Manila Bulletin, one of the leading daily papers in the
Philippines.
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 ST. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE, INC. 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD
Candon City, Ilocos Sur GRADE 11
School Year 2021 – 2022 HANDOUT # 1
• As a polymath, he was described as a "Modern Renaissance Man” in a research paper submitted to the University of
Asia and the Pacific.
• Sillada is the embodiment of a Filipino who defies the existing trend. His multi-faceted attribute in the humanities is
identical with those of well-rounded historical figures during the Renaissance period in Europe.
• He is a visual artist recognized in the Philippine art scene for his paintings and installation artworks, a literary writer
who is into prose and poetry, a philosopher, whose writings are akin with existentialism, a first-rate performance
artist, and also an art-critic.” (The Life & Works of Danny C. Sillada by Michael Marlowe Uy & Katrina Kalaw,
September 2006).
• As a philosopher, he is the epitome of the new generation of Filipino thinkers, a critic of culture and a philosopher of
humanity, advocating on social justice and moral responsibility in relation to the common and highest good of the
society.
• As a musician and performance artist, Sillada was described by a Filipino writer-columnist Juaniyo Arcellana as “a
perfect example of art in a public space, part performance, and walking innuendo, straight from the wilds of
Mindanao." (Juaniyo Arcellana, Zoetrope: More Art in Public Spaces, The Philippine Star, May 5, 2008).
• He writes and composes ethnic songs, Hip Hop, and avant-garde ethno-techno music. He has already launched an
album “The Battle Within” (2008), a techno-music with ethnic roots and four singles, a Visayan folk song
"Dandansoy" that he arranged in blues harp, ethnic songs “Canta Para Kanmo” and “Ya Uli Da Si Bodie,” and a rap
music titled “Bulag,” a political satire about the Philippine politics and politicians.

𝑅𝑒𝓅𝓇𝑒𝓈𝑒𝓃𝓉𝒶𝓉𝒾𝓋𝑒 𝒯𝑒𝓍𝓉𝓈 𝒶𝓃𝒹 𝒜𝓊𝓉𝒽𝑜𝓇𝓈: 𝒩𝒞𝑅

1. José Garcia Villa

• He was born in Manila in 1908.
• In 1933 his Footnote to Youth: Tales of the Philippines and Others (Charles Scribner’s Sons) became the first book of
fiction by a Filipino author published by a major United States-based press.
• He also continued to publish in the Philippines, and his poetry collections Many Voices (Philippine Book Guild) and
Poems (The Philippine Writers’ League) appeared in 1939 and 1941, respectively. In 1942 he published his first
poetry collection in the United States, Have Come, Am Here (Viking Press), which was a finalist for the 1943 Pulitzer
Prize. He went on to publish several more poetry collections in the Philippines, including Poems in Praise of Love (A.
S. Florentino, 1962), and two in the United States, Selected Poems and New (McDowell Obolensky, 1958) and
Volume Two (New Directions, 1949).
• Villa was the recipient of numerous honors and awards, including a Guggenheim Fellowship, a Philippines Heritage
Award, a Poetry Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship, and a
Shelley Memorial Award. In 1973 he was named a National Artist of the Philippines, and he also served as a cultural
advisor to the Philippine government. He died in New York City on February 7, 1997.
2. Bienvenido N. Santos
• He was born in Tondo, Manila, on March 22, 1911.
• When Santos started school, the Philippines was already a colony of the United States and instruction was in
English. In his early attempts at creative writing, Santos developed an ear for three kinds of communication:
Pampango in the songs his mother sang at home; English in the poems and stories his teacher read at school; and
Tagalog in the street life of the Tondo slums.
• His first two novels, Villa Magdalena and The Volcano, written under a Rockefeller grant and a Guggenheim
fellowship, were published in Manila in 1965, the year Santos won the Philippine Republic Cultural Heritage Award
for Literature.
• In 1972, Santos and his wife Beatriz were on their way to the Philippines to "stay home for good," when news of the
declaration of martial law reached them in San Francisco. The new regime banned The Praying Man, his novel
about government corruption
• His short story, "Immigration Blues," won the best fiction award given by New Letters magazine in 1977. In 1980,
the University of Washington Press published Scent of Apples, his first and only book of short stories to appear in
the United States. The next year it won the American Book Award from the Before Columbus Foundation. Santos
died at his home in Albay on January 7, 1996.
3. Lualhati Bautista
• She was born in Tondo, Manila. She studied in public schools, both in her elementary and high school years.
• She took up Journalism in the Lyceum of the Philippines, and eventually stopped schooling because all she wanted
to do was write.
• She started writing while she was still 16 years old, and was mainly influenced by her parents who were into
composing and poem-writing.
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 ST. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE, INC. 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD
Candon City, Ilocos Sur GRADE 11
School Year 2021 – 2022 HANDOUT # 1
• Ms. Lualhati Bautista is known for her outstanding and award-winning novels. Among these, are Gapo (1980),
Dekada '70 (1983), and Bata, Bata, Pa'no Ka Ginawa? (1984). All of these won the grand prize in the Don Carlos
Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature.
• Aside from this, she has written numerous poems and short stories, some of which were compiled in an anthology.
In addition to being a novelist, Lualhati Bautista is also a movie and television scriptwriter and a short story writer.
𝑅𝑒𝓅𝓇𝑒𝓈𝑒𝓃𝓉𝒶𝓉𝒾𝓋𝑒 𝒯𝑒𝓍𝓉𝓈 𝒶𝓃𝒹 𝒜𝓊𝓉𝒽𝑜𝓇𝓈: 𝒞𝒜𝑅
1. Albert Casuga
• A Philippine-born Canadian academic and writer from Benguet.
• His works are mostly in poetry, and has won poetry and fiction awards in the Philippines, Canada, and the United
States. His books include fiction, literary criticism and theory, textbooks on the humanities (art appreciation and
literary survey courses), journalism, and public speaking.
2. Maria Luisa B. Aguilar-Cariño
• She is poet from Baguio City and Associate Professor in the MFA Creative Writing Program and Department of
English, Old Dominion University.
• Luisa is also an eleven-time recipient of the Carlos Palanca Memorial Award for Literature in three genres (poetry,
nonfiction, and short fiction)
• She has published 10 books including JUAN LUNA'S REVOLVER (University of Notre Dame Press, 2009 Ernest
Sandeen Prize in Poetry); TRILL & MORDENT (WordTech Editions, 2005; Co-Winner of the 2007 Global Filipino
Literary Awards in Poetry); ENCANTO (Anvil, 2004); and IN THE GARDEN OF THE THREE ISLANDS (Moyer
Bell/Asphodel, 1995).

REFERENCES

Bobis, M.(2016). Merlinda Bobis autobiography. merlindabobis.com. https://www.merlindabobis.com.au/biography.htm

Brainard, C. (2020). About the Author. ceciliabrainard.com. https://ceciliabrainard.com/about/
Garcia, J. M. (2018, September), Representative texts and authors from region in the Philippines. Prezi.
mmmhttps://prezi.com/p/hberjnqxzvzm/representative-texts-and-authors-from-region-in-the-philippines/
Goodreads. (2020). Paz Marquez-Benitez. goodreads.com
mmmhttps://www.goodreads.com/author/show/5751186.Paz_Marquez_Benitez
Institute of Creative Writing. (2020). Dominador Ibarra Ilio. Likhaan Panitikan. http://panitikan.ph/2013/11/07/dominador-ilio/
Raymond. (2017, February 7). The Literary works of Region IV. Prezi. https://prezi.com/nsdtagu2rd-x/the-literary-works-of-region-
mmmiv/?fallback=1
Republic of the Philippines. (2020). Order of National Artists: NVM Gonzales. GOVPH.
mmmhttps://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/national-artists-of-the-philippines/nvm-gonzalez/
Rubac, C. (2020). Region II Authors. SCRIBD. https://www.scribd.com/document/414993751/Region-II-Authors
Panitikan. (2020). Leoncio P. Deriada Talambuhay. panitikan.com. https://www.panitikan.com.ph/authors/d/lpderiada.htm
Poetry foundation. (2020). Luis Cabalquinto. Poetry foundation. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/luis-cabalquinto
Private Education Assistance Committee. (2019). Ensuring SHS Learner’s Preparation for the Four Exits of the
. k to 12 Curriculum. PEAC
The Manila Times. (2019, April, 4) Palanca Hall of Famer Leoncio P. Deriada, 81. manilatimes.net
mmmhttps://www.manilatimes.net/2019/04/04/second-headline/palanca-hall-of-famer-leoncio-p-deriada-81/535322/
Tonogbanua, C. (2011, June 29). Jose Rizal's Literary talent. The Culture Trip.
mmmhttps://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/the-8-most-important-literary-works-by-jose-rizal/

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