Intermediate Wireline Training Manual PCSB v.2.1

DELEUM OILFIELD SERVICES SDN.
BHD Wireline Training Manual
Wireline Training Manual - Intermediate V.1
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DELEUM OILFIELD SERVICES SDN. BHD Wireline Training Manual
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
THEORY
PRACTICAL
PROJECT
TEST / PROJECT
2. THE WELL
SAFETY
X’MAS TREE DESIGN
BASIC WELL COMPLETIONS
3. PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENT

STUFFING BOX
LUBRICATORS
QUICK UNION
BLOW OUT PREVENTER (BOP)
WELL HEAD CROSS OVER
SINGLE WELL CONTROL PANEL (SWCP)
HAY PULLY & WEIGHT INDICATOR
POWER PACK & REEL SKID (WIRELINE UNIT)
4. TOOLSTRING COMPONENTS
Rope Sockets
Stretch Simulators
Stem
Jars
Knuckle Joint / Swivel Joint
Quick Lock System (QLS)
Fishing neck sizes
Thread connection and Shear Pin
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5. WIRELINE TOOLS
Gauge Ring
Blind Box
Lead Impression Box (LIB)
Wire Scratcher
Bailers
6. PULLING AND RUNNING TOOLS

S & R series (OTIS) / JD & JU series (CAMCO)
GS / GR
X-running tool
7. CONTROL DEVICES
X and XN Lock Mandrel
XX and PX plug
Gas Lift Valve
Tubing Pack-Off
8. CIRCULATION DEVICES
Sliding Side Door (SSD)
42-BO shifting tool
142-BO Downshifting Tool
9. SAFETY VALVES (TRSV / SCSSV)

BASIC SURFACE CONTROLLED SUB-SURFACE SAFETY VALVE TYPE
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10. WIRELINE FISHING

Wireline Broke Calculations
Basic Fishing Tools
11. Final Test

- Every end of section written test
- XX / PX plug against SSD demonstration
- Cut wire on toolstring; retriveving wire and toolstring (on training well).
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1 INTRODUCTION
This manual has been complied to suit the wireline course presented by
DELEUM OILFIELD SERVICES SDN. BHD.
Each topic is presented in the order in which they appear in this publication in the following
format:-
Theory - Classroom sessions

- Audio visual presentations
Practical - Under workshop conditions to reinforce theory

- Cutaway demonstrations
- Operations on training well (where available)
Projects - To be completed prior to a test on each topic

- Information required is to be found in the text preceding each project, from
theory and practical sessions or by asking your instructor for further
clarification.
Test - After each chapter to verify the individuals level of understanding.

- Final test on completion of course to assess potential.
Prior to commencing the course each participant will be given an evaluation test to establish
initial level of understanding and provide with knowledge of the specific field conditions
and equipment.
Aim and Objective of the course are:

- To improve understanding and awareness of equipment operation and
correct procedures.
- To improve efficiency and reduce downtime from insufficient maintenance
and/or preparation of equipment.
- To increase individuals knowledge and confidence.
- To improve on-site safety.
- To aid personal involved in purchase and inventory control of wireline tools
and equipment.
Courses can be conducted at Miri base location or training well facility in Labuan.
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As a training aid the topics have restricted to the equipment most commonly utilised on a
worldwide basis. However additional items can be included to suit individual requirement.
This manual is for the internal use of DELEUM OILFIELD SERVICES SDN. BHD.; Clients
and course participants only.
Material contained in this publication has been compiled from various sources and presented
in a clear on concise format to enhance the transfer of the technology important to successful
wireline operations.
This material has been obtained from the non-copyrighted sources.
If specific details or specifications for a piece of equipment are required it is recommended to

contact the relevant manufacturer.
Disclaimer:-
Every possible care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the material provided in this manual.
Check with individual manufactures and suppliers for additional / critical data on tools, wide range of
materials used in their construction. Deleum accept no responsibility for the use of data from this
publication.
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2. THE WELL
General Safety
Safety working Procedures / practices

Each employee is responsible for their own actions and those of other personnel
around them. A safe approach to all aspects of your work is essential and should be
made a habit.
Think and Plan Ahead – To be visualise potential hazards in all working

environment, so as to prevent the occurrence of undesirable or hazardous conditions
and situations.
Housekeeping – Keep your work environment clean and tidy; Respect and maintain
the environment in your work; Dispose the waste correctly; Stairways, passages and
escapes routes must be kept clear at all times.
Personal Protective Equipment should be used as required and when appropriate.

- Hard hats (helmet)
- Coveralls
- Safety Boots
- Eyes protection
- Work gloves
- Ear muffs
Lifting / Moving Equipment

- Use correct personal lifting techniques to prevent spinal or muscular
injury (Do not manually lift anything if possible).
- Check the weight of the item to be moved.
- Get help if the load is too heavy for one person (not access more
than 15 kgs.)
- Use approved slinging equipment in the correct manner.
- Adhere to the safe working load (SWL) of cranes, slings and
shackles.
Work Permit – Always observe the permit to work procedures in place at your work
site. They have designed to protect you and your fellow workers, and
it is your responsibility to see that the established guidelines are
followed.
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OPERATIONAL SAFETY GUIDE LINES
• Safety is everyone responsibility
• Read service manual before operating
• Observe all safety precautions
• This system is capable of producing high pressure
• To avoid component rupture and possible injury regulate inlet air pressure so
outlet pressure does not exceed the maximum working pressure of any
component in the set up
• Check pressure rating and compatibility of all connections
• Clear area of unnecessary personnel
• Select proper equipment
• Make sure valves and regulators are in correct position
• Do not try to tighten or loosen connections under pressure
• Do not weld file or use metal stamps on the pressure equipment, these can start
cracks
• Do not over tighten any valves
• Do not attach anything to this equipment unless you are sure of its pressure
rating
• Watch for trapped pressure, bleed off fully before breaking down unions etc.
• General Check before Operation
• Walk around unit and check:
• Quick connects on grease hose ends. Ensure tightness

• Level of grease in drum
• Airline filter drained
• Lubricator topped up with suitable lubricant
• Air valve is off.
• Safety Meetings
• Before commencement of a wireline operations a safety meeting must be held

involving all the key operational personnel
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• All aspects of the wireline operations associated with operational safety should
form the basis of the safety meeting.
• It is recommended that the following topics should be included as part of the

safety meeting agenda:
• Work permit requirement
• Personnel protective clothing
• Fire Drill and muster station policy
• Chemical hazards especially in the event of spillage and personnel injury
• Crane operation in and around wireline unit and wellhead area
• Contingency plans in case of oil spillage and well control problems
• Understand the work location emergency and evacuation policy.
Origins of Wireline
The forerunner of the modern circular cross-section solid wireline (Slickline) was the
flat type graduated measuring line. Wireline is available in range of sizes and
materials to work in deep, high pressure wells.
Solid wireline provides a means to access the wells with a minimum of lost production
time, with no risk of contaminating the formation with kill fluids.
Efficient, safe operations are essential, but can only be achieved through good
planning and correct procedures. Employment skilled, conscientious operators, who
have been appropriately trained in the correct procedures is also essential.
The use of appropriate tools and correctly maintained equipment is an integral part if
successful, safe, wireline operations. The required skills are a result of the correct
blend of theoretical and practical with sound on the job experience, and competent
supervision.
Operators should be fully aware of the various constraints imposed upon them during
wireline operations. The most significant of these is that the operator is working
‘Blind’ and must rely on surface indications and observation to ‘sense’ the functioning
of his tools.
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This is difficult when the tool being used is several thousand feet / metres away at the
end of a relatively thin wire, and possibly in heavy mud or thick crude oil.
Typical variables which can affect wireline operations are:-
- Tubing corrosion
- Sand / wax / scale - content / deposits in the wellbore
- Well deviation angle
- Differential pressure
- Tubing size
- Well fluid viscosity
- Tubing twisted / hole
- Well temperature
- Equipment design limitations / Equipment conditions.
Any potential adverse affect of many of these variables can be minimised through
good forward planning and a professional approach to the complete wireline
operation, from the planning stage through to the execution of a successful operation.
Good record keeping is essential. Careful analysis of data and performance can
highlight problems and initiate improvement to our operations. Well records should
be referred to prior to a wireline job to check problems previously encountered, and
plan efficiently.
A basic understanding of the subsurface design and components is essential to all

wireline operators. This will assist you to ‘visualise’ the action of your tools
downhole. For this section presents the basic facts about well completions and
wellhead components.
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X’mas Tree Design

The Xmas tree is a series of valves installed on the wellhead to control the flow of fluids / gas
from the well. These are many varying types and designs to suit the well conditions.
Pressure, fluid type, corrosive content, temperature and available space, are some of the
parameters affecting the choice of tree / valve design and material.
It is important for wireline operations personnel to be familiar with the basic types available,
and these are illustrated here:
Single Composite Tree Used on low pressure (up to 3,000 psi) oil wells, this type of tree is in
common use worldwide. The number of joints and potential leakage points make it unsuitable
for high pressure, and for use on gas wells. Composite dual trees are also available but are
not in common use.
Single Solid Block Tree For higher pressure applications, the valve seats and components
are installed in a one piece solid block body. Trees of this type are available up to 10,000 psi,
or higher if required.
Dual Solid Block Tree For dual tubing strings, the solid block tree is the most widely
used configuration. The 2 types shown are the most common designs. The valves controlling
flow from the deeper zone, the long string, are the lower valves on the tree. While there are
some exceptions to this convention, unless the tree is clearly marked it can be assumed that
the valve positions reflect the subsurface connections.
Valve Name Used For:
Swab Valve Manually closed or opened to permit wireline to enter or close in the well (Always
count number of turns to open or close)
Hydraulic Master Valve Hydraulically controlled and isolated from the platform system during
well intervention operations.
Lower master valve Manually operated and used in emergency only.
Kill wing Valve Manually operated normally. Used to line up a test line and kill well if
necessary. Also used to pressure test and bleed down.
Flow Wing Valve Normally actuated valve used to control the flow of well fluids.
Back Pressure Valve – A profile is provided in the tubing hanger to permit the installation of
a BPV (by special lubricator for threaded types, or wireline for profile set type). The BPV
holds pressure from below to isolate well pressure, but allows flow from above to permit
killing of the well through the BPV if this action becomes necessary in an emergency. i.e. The
BPV is a check valve.
Two Way Check Valve – Is available to fit the same profile as the BPV. It hold pressure from
both directions while allowing equalisation when required, and is used to test the tree and
BOP’s.
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Precautions
Do not over tighten manual valves during opening or closing. Many types have a shear pin
between the handle and stem, which will shear if excessive force is applied to protect the
valves internal components.
NEVER USE THE MASTER VALVE TO SHUT IN THE FLOWING WELL, except in an
emergency. Use the swab or wing valves. Each time the gates of the valve shut in a flowing
well, the increase in velocity of the well fluids during the closing action can cause wear across
the seal faces. It is much easier and safer to replace the seats and gates in valves, other than
the master valve in the tree.
ALWAYS Count the valve turns when closing. This is a prudent check against jamming the
Toolstring or wire in the tree, if the tools have not been raised fully into the lubricator.
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Basic Well Completion
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Between the casing being run and the tree being installed, it is necessary to ‘complete’ the
well by installing tubing, various components such as the nipple profiles, circulation devices
and packers. Some of these components are illustrated in the sample completion
schematics.
Tubing – The tubing is a smaller diameter pipe installed inside the casing to carry the
formation fluids / gas to the surface. Wear from erosion (flow related) and
corrosion (chemical attack) is confined within the tubing which protests the
tubing. The tubing can be replaced by a workover at such time as necessary.
Size ID Tubing NO-GO SEAL GUAGE TOOL / BARRELS

Tubing BORE RING FISH PER FOOT
NECK
2⅜ 1.995 1.791 1.875 1.80 1¼ 0.0039
1.187
2⅞ 2.441 2.250 2.313 2.281 1½ 0.0058
2.302 1.375
3½ 2.992 2.760 2.813 2.735 1⅞ 0.0087
2.922 2.635 2.750 2.735 1.750
Packer – Available in a wide range of size and types, packers are designed to isolate
production zones and to isolate the casing annulus from well pressure. The main
types available are:
Inflatable - Usually used in open hole, inflatable packers are generally low
pressure.
Mechanical set – Not in common use, but these are set by rotation against ‘drag
blocks’.
Hydraulic set - Available in single or dual configuration, they are set with
hydraulic pressure.
Wireline set - Permanent types can be set on electric line, and then a seal
assembly attached to the tubing ‘stabbed’ into their polished
bore.
Once set, the ‘slips’ expand to grip the casing and the seals expand to hold the
pressure. Some designs can be retrieved by an upward pull on the string, while
the ‘permanent’ type must be drill out.
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Nipples - Nipple profiles are installed at various intervals, as required, to permit the
installation of lock mandrels and attached flow control during subsequent wireline operations
and / or well re-entries.
Circulation Devices – These allow communication between the tubing and annulus, or the
formation and tubing. They are also known as Sliding Side Door (SSD) or sliding sleeves,
and contain a nipple profile at their upper end.
Side Pocket Mandrel - SPM’s are positioned in a completion to provide a point of injection
of lift gas, chemical inhibitors, or kill valves.
Blast Joint - Are externally hardened, heavy walled sections of tubing that are spaced out
across the perforations on the upper zones to protect the tubing from abrasive wear.
Flow Coupling - Similar in appearance to blast joints but available in shorter lengths, FJ’s
are installed above and below areas of reduced internal diameter; such as safety valves, to
protect the tubing from internal flow cutting from turbulence. They are essential in high flow
rate flow rate gas well.
Telescoping Travel Joint - TTJ’s are installed in dual completions to assist spacing out the
second string, and allowing for internal expansion in the tubing.
Surface Controlled Subsurface Safety Valves – SCSSV’s are available as tubing

retrievable (TRSSV) or wireline rertrievable (WLSSV) types, and are installed on all offshore
wells and some land wells. They are designed to shut in the well in an emergency.
General - The tubing / casing annulus is the space between the ID of the casing and OD of
the tubing above the packer. It is usually filled with fluid such as water, mud or diesel. This
fluid usually contains a corrosion inhibitor which protects the tubing and casing from
corrosion.
Companies are used basic schematics to represent completion components such as in the
following examples using symbols to represent the various components.
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As it is always the tubing in which wireline operations are carried out, it is necessary for the
wireline operator to know the following facts about tubing:-
Size -- OD = The outside diameter of the pipe – The nominal description size.
ID = The internal diameter of the pipe.
Nominal = The approximate ID rounded up to the nearest full size.
Grade -- Indicates the ‘strength’ and type of steel used to make the tubing. It is specified by
a letter followed by a number. The lower the number, the ‘softer’ the steel. This
number is the tensile strength in 1,000 LBS per square inch. ie; N-80 with across-
sectional area of one square inch with take a load of 80,000 LBS.
Weight per foot -- Determines the thickness of the tubing. As the OD is determined by the
nominal size, the thicker wall reduces the ID in heavy-weight tubing.
Drift -- Is the ‘quality control’ ID which a bar of steel and machined to the OD of the drift
require sizes, will pass without hanging up in the tubing. All tubing and
components run in the well MUST be drifted.
Threads -- EU = External upset has a collar on the outside and an internal recess.
NU = Non-upset, but otherwise same as the EU.
VAM = Premium type thread seal with a collar and no internal recess.
Hydril CS = No collar, metal, metal-to-metal three point seal and no internal
recess.
Other threads are available but the above present commonly used types.
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SELF TEST
1. Why is Tubing run inside the Casing?
2. Fill up the Tubing I.D. and Wireline Drifts for the following size of pipes.
Tubing size I.D. Wireline Drift

2 – 3/8”
2 – 7/8”
3 – ½”
3. What is most commonly used as a zero point of the well head?
4. Which valve should be used to shut-in a following well?
5. Which tree valves (2) are most likely to have the Surface Safety Valve (SSV)
actuator installed?
6. Where is the Back Pressure Valve installed in the tree?
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3. PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENT
Introduction
Wells in which wireline services are performed may contain a wide range of wellhead
pressures (WHP) for example from a few psi, up to several thousand psi.
This pressure is normally due to the natural pressure of the producing formation into
which the well has been drilled. Working in a pressurised well allows remedial or
investigative work to be performed without killing the well.
Although killing the well is safer, it is a costly time consuming exercise requiring a rig
and perhaps damaging the producing formation in the process.
Current wellhead pressure equipment and practices allows a wire to be run in and out of
the well.
Various wireline tools can be run and retrieved with a high degree of safety.
Despite this, wireline operations on a line well require highly qualified personnel and
rigorous operating and safety procedures, since the well control aspects of the well is
under their management.
WELL CONTROL PRECAUTIONS
When carrying out wireline operation the well is most likely to be live. Since there is
potential hazards in this operation, adequate pressure control procedures must be
achieved to prevent injury to personnel and damage to machinery.
A hydrocarbon release may arise from the following:
• Choice of wire
• PCE selection
• PCE rig up
• Inadequate understanding of equipment
• Bad communications
• Poor maintenance.
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PRESSURE TESTING GUIDELINES
a) All equipment to be pressure tested at work site, must have a valid certificate and
should have a steel test band strapped around the pressure equipment.
The steel test band should indicate the following:
• Maximum working pressure (MWP)
• Test date
• Test pressure
• Test certificate
• Service: standard or sour
• Inspection authority stamp of authenticity.
NOTE: The equipment shall not be used if this band is missing.
b) The MWP shall be limited to being equal to MWP of the lowest rated component
in the rig up.
c) For the initial pressure test after installation onto the wellhead, unless the client
requires testing to the MWP the equipment shall be tested to the CITHP or plus
a safety margin of 50%.
d) All further pressure testing after installation onto the wellhead shall be confined to
leak testing the O-ringed quick union connections, the wireline valve and stuffing
box at pressures 15% above CITHP.
e) Full pressure testing (1.5 times the MWP) is a base workshop operation,
requiring the use of test bay or similar protected place. This operation should not
be conducted offshore unless a test bay facility is available.
f) The commonly used while pressure testing is Water.
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STUFFING BOX
Design Features
The essential function of the Stuffing Box is to ensure sealing off around moving or
stationary solid wireline at the upper end of the lubricator during downhole
operations. Packing nut or hydraulic chamber is adjustable and can be rotate
clockwise or pressure on pump to increase the compression force on the packing
rubbers as they wear.
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The line size determines the size of the “upper gland”, “lower gland” and sheave
diameter. The minimum size of sheave requirement against wire line is 120 times by
the sizes of line. i.e. 0.092 is 10”; 0.108” is 13” and 0.125” is 15” (minimum). If the
line diameter is to be changed, the above components also have to be exchanged.
Most stuffing boxes contain a BOP plunger which seals off flow in the event that the
wireline breaks, well pressure acting on the cross-section area of the wire forces the
wire out when the line weight is less than the upward force. The flow causes the
BOP to rise, and the rubber on the upper end deforms to seal off the well until the
BOP/Swab valve can be closed.
Injection port
Some Stuffing Boxes have an injection port which can be used for the following:
- Injection of glycol or similar antifreeze in low temperature environments, or when
working on high pressure gas wells where freezing may be a problem.
- Injection of an inhibitor to protect the line in corrosive well conditions, such as
H2S.
- Bleed off pressure to activate the BOP plunger if the packings have to be
changed under pressure.
Hydraulic Packing Nut

The use of a remote hydraulic pressure activated packings nut enables the
adjustment of force on the packings from a safe distance. This feature is particularly
useful when:
- The stuffing box cannot reach easily reached during wireline operation.
- On high pressure well when closed proximily to a pressurised stuffing box is not
advisable.
- On wells containing dangerous gases.
The hydraulic packing nut assembly includes a piston which has a permissible travel
of 10 mm enclosed in a housing. The housing has a 1/4 ins NPT connection for a
hydraulic hose.
The area above the piston is arranged so that when hydraulic pressure is applied to
this area, the piston is forced downward against the force of the spring. The
downward action of the piston is transmitted to the upper packing gland causing the
stuffing box packing to be squeezed around the wireline, sealing off well fluids within
the stuffing box.
Packings – The life of the packings can be extended by keeping the line oiled while
running into the well. The choice of packings is also important. Packings are
available in hard, soft, cloth filled, and polyurethane. Check with you supplier for the
appropriate material for you field conditions.
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LUBRICATORS
The lubricator enables tools to be introduced to, and removed from, a well under
pressure. All quick unions welded to the lubricator. Older types up to 5000psi were
threaded, but this practice is no longer permitted. For high pressure use the quick
connections must be welded in position and x-rayed and pressure tested prior use.
All lubricators should be x-rayed, magnificent for cracks and visually inspected at
regular intervals.
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Working pressure (psi) Test Pressure (psi)

3000 4500
5000 7500
10000 15000
Note: H2S equipment must be used on wells containing more than 10 ppm H2S
(0.001%)
The standard length of lubricators is 8 ft but shorter sections are available on 4-5 ft.
They are usually positioned at the bottom.
Total length must be sufficient to take total toolstring plus tools being recovered.
All types and sizes of the lubricators are checked as follows:-

- General damage and corrosion.
- Check the needle valve condition on the lower sections. Redress / replace the
valve as necessary.
- Visually inspect the internal bore for corrosion and ‘wire tracking’ wear grooves.
Wire tracking caused by wire cutting into the inside wall of the lubricator. This can
drastically reduce the strength of the lubricator and should be checked by visual
inspection regularly.
Pressure testing is to be carried out on all pressure equipment after service, and
prior to it being used offshore. For convenience, several sections of the lubricator
are assembled and subjected to pressure in the test bay up to the test pressure (TP)
required.
As Specified in API 6A for surface equipment

Test pressure (TP) = Working Pressure (WP) x 150%. (WP x 1.5)
Pressure is applied to 50%, then 100% of the test pressure, and observed for 5 mins
at each pressure.
Note: That many ends user specify WP x 200% (WP x 2) for PCE up to 10K WP
rating.
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QUICK UNION
The connections used to assemble the wireline service lubricator and related
equipment is referred to as “Quick Unions”. They are designed to be assembled by
hand.
The box end receives the pin which has as O-ring seal. The collar has an internal
ACME thread to match the external thread on the box. This thread makes up quickly
by hand and should be kept clean. The O-ring forms the seal to contain the pressure
and should be thoroughly inspected for damage – replace if necessary. A light film of
oil (or grease) helps to make up the union and prevent cutting of the O-ring.
The collar of the union will make up by hand when the pin end, with the O-ring has
been stopped by a shoulder matching a shoulder on the other end. When the collar
makes up completely, it should be backed off approximately one quarter turn to
eliminate and possibility of it sticking due to friction when it is to be removed.
Rocking the lubricators to ensure it is perfectly straight will assist in loosening quick
union.
Note: Pipe wrenches, chain tongs or hammer should never be used to loosen the
collar of the union. If it cannot be turned by hand, all precautions must be taken to
make sure that the well pressure has been completed released.
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BLOW OUT PREVENTER (BOP)

Main purpose of BOP is permitted the assembly of the wireline cutter above the BOP
rams and dropping of a wireline cutter if the toolstring become struck in the well. To
permit ‘Stripping’ of the wire through closed rams, only when necessary.
Mechanical or hydraulic force is applied to close the rams which seal around the
wire, and are used in the following configurations:-
Rams – Slickline use blind rams with rubber insert on the sealing faces to seal with
or without wire across the rams. This type of rams have centraliser to ensure the
wire is positioned centrally on the sealing face as the rams close.
Note: BOP only hold pressure from one direction (Below).
All BOP’s have a means of equalising the pressure below the closed rams with the
pressure above. A pressure differential acting on the cross-section of the rams
creates a force that makes opening the rams extremely difficult. Attempting to open
the rams without equalising may result in internal damage.
Keep the equalising valve closed so that in an emergency the BOP will hold
pressure as soon as the rams are closed.
Remember the BOP is a safety device for an emergency, and it is
responsibility of the operator to ensure that it is perfect working order at all
times.
It is recommended that the BOP be tested against the well pressure during
each rig up.
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WELL HEAD CROSS OVER
Well head crossover (tree connections) is required between the X’mas and quick
union connection pin on the lower side of the riser.
These are a significant number of different designs required to match the various
trees available, however the main types are:-
Quick union;
Flanged
Threaded
All well head crossover need to be pressure testing after services, and prior it being
used off-shore.
Once a year all pressure equipment is to be inspected by a third party inspection

service and certified. The report of these inspections is kept on the file by the
workshop supervisor.
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SINGLE WELL CONTROL PANEL (SWCP)
The Single Well Control Panel is used to 'take control' of the well during wireline
operations. This eliminates the chance of an emergency shutdown with wire
through the safety valve while still providing the means to shut in the well.
This unit provides up to 10,000 psi hydraulic oil output from a 120 psi air or gas
input.
The major components are as follows:
Sigma Valve
Senses a pressure drop in the pilot line when a remote ESD valve vents the 30 psi
line pressure. This causes the Sigma valve to close, blocking incoming air
pressure and bleeding pressure from the top of the “D-valve”.
To reset, the Sigma valve must be physically held open until input air has passed
through the small port to reach at least 30 psi in the pilot line.
Haskel Pump
Converts input air pressure to hydraulic pressure. Air acting on large area of piston
is converted to high pressure oil (low volume) by small area of hydraulic piston.
This pump can operate under “stalled” conditions indefinitely, and pressure is
available when required.
Regulators
Used to adjust pilot line pressure and pump input pressure.
WEIGHT INDICATOR (Martin Decker type)

The weight indicator is completely sealed hydraulic system. The sensing load cell is
attached to the Xmas tree by a chain, and a heavy duty hose carries the pressure
generated to the fluid filled pressure gauge which is calibrated in LBs or Kgs.
The load cell is provided with eye connections on one side to attach to the hay pully,
and on the other for the Xmas tree forming a pull at 90 degree. The system is
calibrated to this right angle pull and accuracy will be slightly affected if this angle is
not true, but the sensitivity of the system is always maintained.
The gauge is an 6” fluid filled instrument which can be fastened on the wireline
winch. A damper is provided on the gauge to set the pointer motion to the required
sensitivity. The fluid filled case eliminates severe vibrations and also lubricates and
protects the working parts.
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Hay Pully
Wireline Sheaves, known as “Hay Pulleys” in the smaller slickline sizes, are an
essential part of a wireline rig up.
They are used to bring the wireline down from the stuffing box and into horizontal to
the wireline winch drum. The wire should be parallel to the lubricator to reduce side
loading and resulting bending stress on the tree connection. Ideally the wire should
form a 90 degree angle at the pulley, but some location constraints make it difficult.
The hole in the frame of the hay pulley is to permit a line wiper attachment to be
fitted to apply lubricant corrosion inhibitor.
Always install with the locking pin ‘up’ to prevent the pin vibrating down and
unlocking the hay pulley if the pin spring is weak.
The size of hay pulley must be at least the minimum recommended for the line
diameter and type in use.
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POWER PACK, WIRELINE UNIT
WIRELINE OVERVIEW
Through all stages of drilling, testing, completion and production, wireline procedures will be
used extensively for work-over, data gathering and operational requirements. Modern
wireline techniques and equipment have developed and improved enormously as the whole
oil industry itself has developed.
Originally, wireline was conceived as an early method of determining the depth of a well
accurately, by lowering a flat section, graduated steel tape into the well from a hand-operated
reel.
As depths increased, the difficulties associated with this technique grew until it was no longer
safe or practicable.
The tape was replaced by, a circular section "piano wire", which allowed superior sealing
properties when the survey was performed under well pressure.
The line was marked in equal increments and calibrated measuring wheels introduced.
These " Veeder Root" counters are very similar to those in use today. Larger diameter lines
were introduced as new demands on the line, such as removal of deposits, installation and
removal of flow control devices were made. The grade of solid steel line progressed from
light weights to the modern line in use today of 7,600m (25,000 ft) length and extremely high
tensile strength.
WIRELINE UNIT
The wireline winch has progressed from a hand-operated reel, driven by a belt and propelled
by a pulley attached to the rear axle of a car or pickup to the present day truck/skid mounted
units.
To meet these demands, the modern wireline unit has been developed to provide increased
power and transportability while meeting strict safety requirements.
A wireline winch is used as the means of lowering and raising toolstrings in wells that require
wireline servicing.
A winch will consist of these major assemblies:
 Wireline Drum (Reel Skid / Spool)
 Controls (Hydraulic Circuit System)
 Power Packs (Diesel Engine)
The drum assembly can be single or double, the double drum offering the facility of running-
two sizes of wireline from one which e.g. .108 slickline and .125 ins. Slickline or .108 ins.
slickline and 7/32ins mono-conductor, for electric line operations. A wireline measuring head
is installed as part of the unit assembly; head design will be dependent on wire diameter and
type.
The most common found power units to drive wireline winches are diesel powered hydraulic
systems.
30
Wireline winch – Unit (Reel Skid)

The wireline unit is a two piece compact and lightweight unit. Its size and weight allows for
easy transportation between platforms and can be easily lifted onboard using the platform
mounted crane.
The hydraulic power unit required to operate the winch is supplied by an Iveco 4 cylinder (82-
90HP) water cooled engine. The power pack incorporates a hydraulic starter motor, water
cooled exhaust, exhaust gas cooler anti-static v -belts, plastic pusher fan, and a high capacity
radiator. A comprehensive safety shut down system including an air shut down valve, diesel
operation parameter sensors and an exhaust flame trap/spark arrestor.
The operating panel (left side) houses the hydraulic governor handle winch drive (reel in/out
function), hydraulic governor handle over speed (high/low) and the Combigauge. The
operating panel (right side) houses the air operated signal horn, winch pull slip valve, brake
drum control handle and the blowout preventer (BOP) remote control.
Braking of the reel is controlled by a pneumatic assisted brake band which grips the surface
of the reel and either stops or slows the motion of the reel.
The measuring head controls measures the wire as it is fed in and out of the well. The
measuring head also measures the line pull. Line pull measurement readings are displayed
on the Combigauge (0-3200lbs in 5lbs increments.). Depth measurement readings are also
displayed within the Combigauge and easily visible for the wireline operator.
The controls and power required to operate a wireline support mast are also incorporated
within the wireline unit/power pack. Remotely situated BOP's are operated from within the
wireline unit. A hydraulic reservoir, pump, accumulator system are incorporated into the
power pack.
31
DIESEL POWER PACKS
Diesel engines are used because they are more reliable than petrol. They can be made to
function more safely in hydrocarbon hazardous areas (no spark plugs, contact breakers,
distributors etc.) and the exhaust can be fitted with an efficient spark arrestor. Also diesel fuel
is widely available offshore, whereas petrol is normally not allowed. In the unlikely event of
engine problems, the following fault finding tree should lead you quickly to the fault. Diesels
are simple, they require only fuel and compression to operate.
HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT (Open Loop)

Oil gravity feeds from oil tank via a filter to a positive displacement vane type pump.
(A positive displacement pump outputs a fixed volume of oil per rotation. Any obstruction to the
output can cause failure of the pump or components, and it is therefore essential to have a
pressure relief valve in the system.)
The pump is rotated by a diesel engine or an electric motor which varies from 40HP to 80HP.
On the high pressure outlet side of the pump is a pressure relief valve set at the system
operating maximum (1500psi-3000psi). Should a blockage occur, oil is bypassed back to the
tank.
32
Directional control is provided by a 4-way hydraulic valve which provides ‘forward’, ‘neutral’ and
‘reverse’ positions.
From the exhaust side of the 4-way valve, oil returns to the tank via an oil cooler and filter
system.
From the outlet side of the 4-way valve, oil is directed to the vane type motor to provide rotation
to the outlet shaft of the pump.
Speed control is provided by the 3 or 4 speed gearbox connected to the drum by a chain /
sprocket system.
Line force control is provided by the variable bypass valve which allows oil pressure to divert
around the 4-way valve.
33
Self Test
1. Explain the difference between working pressure (WP) and test pressure
(TP)?
2. What is the pressure rating of the standard stuffing box?
3. How many sections of the lubricators should be used for each job?
4. Under what circumstances can the BOP be omitted from the rig up?
5. List all items (equipment) required for normal wireline operation rig up.
34
4. TOOLSTRING COMPONENTS
The assembly which is run downhole to perform a specific operation is referred to as
the wireline toolstring. The toolstring id run, retrieved and manipulated by upward
and downward movement of the wire which is itself raised and lowered by the
wireline winch at the surface.
The toolstring consists of a number of components which are selected according to
the operation to be performed. Toolstring make up therefore varies for each different
operation.
Wireline operations are conducted with a basic toolstring with the necessary service
tools attached to the bottom of it. A typical wireline toolstring is consists of:- rope
socket; wireline stem; mechanical jar; knuckle joint.
In addition to the basic toolstring, there are a number of standard tools that are use
frequently for tubing control and general maintenance work. The exact make up of
the toolstring is altered by the operator for the operation to be performed and in
consideration of other factors such as access, well deviation, depth, pressure, well
configuration, well log history, etc.
Rope Sockets
Rope Socket provides the mean to attach the wireline to the toolstring.
The rope socket incorporates a fishing neck at its top end. This allows a fishing tool
to latch on to a stuck or dropped tool string to fish from the well. Do not grip the tool
on any of the fishing neck as this may damage the fishing neck shoulder.
All connections should be dry and clean. Do not lubricate toolstring thread as they
could unscrew downhole during extended periods of jarring.
“Tear Drop” type of rope socket
For 0.108” to 0.160” wireline, the most

commonly used. This rope socket is
easy to make up and little experience is
necessary to reliably to “tie the knot”.
The wire is bent around slotted “tear
drop” (or so called thimble) and the
loose and held in place at the top by an
allen screw or by the friction of the
mating sleeve (or so called thimble
eye) itself.
35
Stretch Simulators
36
Stem
Wireline is required as part of the toolstring to increase the weight.
To add weight / mass to the toolstring to overcome well pressure and friction, and
provide impact downhole.
To determine the weight of solid steel stem is:

OD2 x 8/3 = weight of stem per foot.
An increase in stem weight increases the impact force delivered by the jars. The
toolstring should not be over weighted as excessive mass dampens the ‘feel’ and
premature shearing of shear pins may occur.
37
Roller stem is use for work on deviated wells, or in wells with paraffin, asphalting.
Etc. It allows the stem to roll down the tubing wall and hence cut down the friction
incurred when using regular stem.
(Rollers stem should be inspected for wear before use. Tools to be run must have a
larger OD than the Roller Stem).
Jars
Jars are a vital component in every toolstring (except when running pressure
surveys on wireline). It is essential that the operator can recognise the precise
opening and closing point the jars show on the weight indicator. The force required
downhaole to manipulate tools and shear pin is generated by the impact of the jars.
If the jars are not being operated correctly or if jar action is lost, then little force can
be exerted on the tools.
From the formula, F=MA (mass x acceleration), it can be seen that the impact force
can be increased by increasing: Stem weight (mass); speed at impact (acceleration).
Stem weight is fixed after the tools are run in the well, but speed can be varied.
Jar down action limited to maximum speed that gravity will close the jar. In highly
deviated wells and wells with thick viscous fluid downward, jarring may be severely
restricted.
Jar up action is more effective as speed can be increased by increasing the spool
speed at the wireline unit, and by the long stroke jars.
Mechanical Jar
38
Tubular jar – are commonly used when fishing for wireline, its moving components
are for the most part enclosed inside a housing, protecting it from entanglement with
the wireline to be fished and other well debris.
Tubular jar have screwed components which are susceptible to backing off during
prolonged jarring. Also the efficiency of jarring down may be decreased dur to the
viscosity effects of the fluid displaced from inside the housing.
Tubular Jar
Hydraulic Jar / Spring Jar / Upstroke Jar are placed between the stem and
mechanical jar in the toolstring, when extra jar up action or a need anticipated. This
is especially important when conventional jar up action is difficult because of
deviation or high viscosity well fluid.
Operation on hydraulic jar is the upward pull on the wire compresses the oil. The
slow, controlled leakage past the piston permits the jar to open slowly. Energy is
stored in the ‘stretched’ wire. The piston reaches the increased ID – no further
resistance as the oil rapidly bypasses the piston. Upward impact as the piston
strikes the top of the cylinder. Jar closed under the stem weight as the check valve
in the piston permits easy fluid to bypass.
(Never place hydraulic jar below mechanical jar. If hydraulic jar become “gases up”,
they will act as a shock absorber. In their correct position, mechanical jars can still
be used to shear and release the tool).
39
Hydraulic Jar
40
Knuckle Joint / Swivel Joint
Knuckle joint is included in the wireline toolstring to offer a degree of lateral

flexibility. They incorporate a ball joint assembly allowing rotation and some
compliance.
During wireline operation in deviated wells, lengthy toolstring without knuckle joint
may be forced to bend during running to follow the angles of the tubing.
This causes friction and up/down mobility can be seriously impaired. They also use
during fishing operations to give flexibility between fishing tool and jars.
Knuckle Joints permit 15 degree of movement and should be used only when
necessary.
Excessive numbers of knuckle joints can reduce the effectiveness of downward

jarring by allowing a sideways component of the force to be applied to the tubing
wall.
Note: Do not confuse knuckle joint with swivels. Swivels permit only limited
movement, and have a bearing to allow easy rotation even when under tension. (1.5
to 5 degree depending on type)
41
Swivel Joint is designed to reduce the toolstring change-out time at surface during
a series of runs in the well.
This tools consists of top and bottom subs with a swivel arrangement between them.
This allows an operator to change out long sections without having physically rotated
them.
Due to their construction, a swivel joint is stronger than a knuckle joint and therefore,
when rotation of the toolstring is required (rather than angulations), the swivel is
preferred.
Note: Knuckle joints should not be used in place of swivels. If the line breaks,
latching a rope socket with a knuckle joint leaning against the tubing wall can be
very difficult.
Quick Lock System (QLS)

Quick Lock Connection is a faster method connecting toolstring, and know as Quick
Lock System (QLS).
To connect – the components are pushed together and rotated 90 degree. Once
engaged, the spring-loaded ‘blade’ prevents rotation and release.
To release – the blade is retracted by using a punch as shown or by hand on some

designs, and the male connection is then rotated 90 degree and released.
Advantages: - speed of the toolstring assembly; Rapid changing of the tools each
run. Higher strength than sucker rod connections. Wrenches no longer needed to
make-up / break-out the tools, therefore no sharp burrs, damage to tools, or risk
damage to hands. Prevent of possibility unscrewing tools down hole.
42
Fishing neck sizes
Internal fishing neck
External fishing neck
43
Note: Pulling tools have correspondingly sharp dogs, hence a Camco pulling tools
should not be use to fish Otis or Bowen equipment and vice versa as damage to the
fishing neck and pulling tool dogs can result.
Thread Connection and Shear Pin

Threads connection – the traditional means of connecting the tool components are
the Sucker Rod Threads (SRT) used to connect sucker rods in beam pumping wells.
The main sizes are detailed as below:
Sucker Rod Threads connections are susceptible to damage from: Direct damage in
the toolbox if inadequately protected; Corrosion if not protected. Copper based
lubricators (or similar) provide good protection; Over tightening with pipe wrenches
and cheater pipes; Wrench jaw damage – creating steel sprinters and potential H2S
stress raising cracks.
Additional damage can occur around the fishing neck and wrench area from the
wrench jaws.
Fishing necks on Sucker Rod Threads connections may be damaged from

wrenches. These should not be runs as it may impair the pulling tools ability to latch
that fishing neck if the toolstring or components are lost in the well.
If the pulling / running tools do not function smoothly on the surface, there is no
chance of them working in the hole. Check and redress as necessary.
44
Shear Pin
There are various types of pin sheared designed. The common type of pin sheared
is:-
Radial Shear Pin (Flat Shear)
Tangential Shear Pins (Edge Shear) – Usually of a relatively small diameter as

there is increased shear area over radial types.
45
Common use of the shear pin stress force show as follows:-
Shear Stock Forces

Aluminum Shear Stress = 41000 lbs / sq. in.
Brass Shear Stress = 43,000 lbs / sq. in.
Steel Shear Stress = 58,000 lbs / sq. in.
Force
Material Size (ins) Force (lbs/sq.in) Material Size (ins) (lbs/sq.in)
Steel 3/16" 1,601 Brass 3/16" 1,187
Steel 1/4" 2,847 Brass 1/4" 2,110
Steel 5/16" 4,448 Brass 5/16" 3,298
Steel 3/8" 6,406 Brass 3/8" 4,749
Steel 7/16" 8,719 Brass 7/16" 6,464
Steel 1/2" 11,388 Brass 1/2" 8,443
Note: Stainless steel must never be used as it work hardens and may not shear.
Check with a magnet tool to identify stainless from mild steel. (Stainless steel is
most usually non-magnetic)
46
Self test
1. What are the basic tool string consists of?
2. What is the function of knuckle joints?
3. Name one advantage and one disadvantage of the roller stems?
47
5. COMMON WIRELINE TOOLS

Gauge Ring (Gauge Cutter) – It is a good practice to run a Gauge Ring before
starting any operation in a well, to check tubing ID and to tag the total held up depth;
to locate the nipple I.D. and No-go nipple; to cut sand, scale, paraffin and other
deposits from the tubing wall. It is also used to determine the profile of a bridge by
running successively smaller cutters and plotting depth versus sizes to establish the
shape of the restriction.
Advantage -This tool has no moving parts, has a maintenance free sharp cutting
edge requiring little attention and incorporates a fishing neck.
Disadvantage – This tool have no shear-off facility. If small gauge ring are use in
large tubing / tubing I.D., when attempting to clear restrictions, scale/sand debris can
fall on top of toolstring and affect the jar action.
Blind Box – is used when heavy downward jarring is required to dislodge a fish or
punch something down the hole. It is flat on the bottom and hardened to reduce
wear and damage.
It can be used as a ‘cutter bar’, it is made up below a piece of stem and rope socket
then dropped in the well to cut wire down hole.
Advantage – Blind box are available in a wide range of sizes and incorporate a
fishing facility. They require little maintenance as they have no move parts. They can
be used when fishing wirelire.
Disadvantage – Blind box do not have a shear off facility and they can be entangled
with wireline when fishing and damage the restriction to be jarred on.
48
Lead Impression Box (LIB) – The lead impression box is similar in appearance to
the blind box but it is filled with lead which extends below the below edge. The lead
is held in position by a roll pin or a hex-headed bolt. Either of these are installed prior
pouring molten lead inside.
Advantage – it is used to obtain an image profile of a wide range of equipment down

hole to be latched or fished. They have no moving parts and incorporation a fishing
facility.
Disadvantage – it have no shear-off facility. A false or double impression can occur

at obstructions while running in prior to reaching the obstruction/tool to be fished,
causing difficulty interpreting the image obtained. Only the single downward stroke is
used to make the image, otherwise multiple impression will confuse the image or
loosen the lead.
Wire Scratcher - It is run on a standard toolstring, and run up and down to clean the
affected area. They are made from piece of stem or metal rod drilled with a series of
holes on four different axis. Pieces of 3/16” braided line or slickline wire (the length
dependent on the tubing I.D.) are inserted in these holes are locked in place with
grub screws.
Advantage – Wire scratcher incorporate a fishing facility. They are use to dislodge
scale, salt, paraffin etc from tubing I.D. to nipple I.D. Sometime also used to fish
small pieces and light wireline lying loose in a well (such as packing and O-ring).
Disadvantage – Wire scratcher has no shear off facility and are time consuming
when performing a regular redress. The scratcher wire can become detached or
broken downhole which stay in the well as debris.
49
Bailers – Occasionally wireline service involves sand bailing prior to the actual pulling
or setting of subsurface flow controls.
Techniques vary, but the operation of sand pumps are very much the same.
After a few trips the operator should know what he will have to do to get a bailer full
each trip; that is, how long he must stroke the pump, whether it is necessary to drive
down on the bailer (this seldom helps), or how fast he must work the plunger.
Short bridges in the tubing will require some more precautions due to the possibility of
pressure trapped under a bridge.
The most important of these precautions is that the operator should never stroke the
pump and stop at the top of the stroke. He should keep the tools moving on up the
tubing until he is sure there is no pressure, then set the pump back down to make
another stroke.
When the bailer falls through a bridge, the tools should be pulled back up several feet
above the point where the bridge was first encountered to make sure the bridge of sand
is completely clear before going deeper.
Sand is prone to become packed tight on the top when pressure has been applied to the
tubing above, which is very often done to keep the pressure equalised above and below
the sand bridge.
This makes it difficult to pick-up with the sand pump. In this case, it might be necessary
to run a tool to loosen it.
This could be a pointed tool with barbs welded on it, to drive down into the hard sand
and pull back out.
A round tool with teeth cut around the bottom edge will sometimes loosen it enough for
the pump to pick it up (e.g. serrated gauge cutter).
Sand bailers are of 4 basic designs:
• Pump Bailers.
• Hydrostatic Bailers.
• Drive Down Bailers.
• Dump Bailers.
50
1. Pump Bailer
The Pump Bailer is used to remove the bulk of sand above the wireline tools /
equipment.
Description
It is a hollow tube with a check valve (ball or flapper) at its lower end, which is usually
mule-shoed (cut at 45°). It contains a piston and valve attached to a rod which passes
through a loose hold (for fluid bypass) at the upper end of the tube. This rod is attached
to the toolstring.
Operation
As the bottom of the bailer sits on the sand, the weight of the toolstring pushes the
piston to the bottom of the tube. As this piston is picked up, it sucks sand and debris into
the bottom of the bailer. This slow stroking process continues until the bailer is full.
51
Self Test
1. What is the use of an Gauge Ring (Gauge Cutter).
2. List two uses for a Blind Box.
i. .
ii. .
3. To clean out a Nipple bore which is suspected to be full of sand, what tool should
be used?
52
6. Pulling & Running Tools

Pulling Tools are designed to remove various subsurface equipment from the well.
They can only be retrieve an item of equipment that has a fishing neck. Pulling tools
may be designed for either external or internal fishing neck.
If it is impossible to retrieve the equipment, the pulling tool can be released by
shearing a pin and returning to the surface. Shearing the pin can be achieved by
jarring up or jarring down, depending on the type of tool.
Examples:- Jar Up - External fishing neck – RB, RS (Otis) / JUC, JUS (Camco)
Jar Down - External fishing neck – SB, SS (Otis) / JDC, JDS (Camco)
Jar Up - Internal fishing neck – GR (Otis)
Jar Down - Internal fishing neck – GS (Otis) / PRS (Camco)
R & S series (OTIS) / JD & JU series (CAMCO)
Otis R & S Series

It is essential that the operator select a tool which shears in the direction opposite to
which jarring is required, to achieve movement downhole. i.e. jar down action is
required to unlock the mandrel, so the jar up to shear tool must be used.
Therefore the operator must be able to immediately identify a tools shear direction.
As an aid, these features should be remembered to differentiate between ‘R’ & ‘S’
tools:-
Construction of the tools varies internally.

R – The core is attached directly to the top sub.
S – The skirt is attached to the top sub and the skirt in pinned to the core.
Page 53
R Series
The ‘R’ series tools are jar up to shear. They are designed to pull equipment by
jarring up. (Note: All shear up pulling tools have a larger shear pin than equivalent
shear down tool.)
Page 54
S Series
The ‘S’ series tools are jar down to shear. They are designed to pull equipment by
jarring up, or to run and release equipment by jarring down.
Note: The shear pin in shear down tools is smaller than the equivalent in shear up tools.
Page 55
Camco J series (JU & JD)
All Camco type pulling tool tools have dogs which machined from one piece of steel,
as opposed to the Otis type which have independent dogs.
The one piece design ensures that the load is taken equally an all three dogs.
A comparison of the construction of the JU and JD tool is the JU is indentified by the

grub screw which is visible in the top sub. The JD has no such screw visible.
JU – Jar up to shear; core attached to the top sub; screw hole in the top sub (ID
feature); skirt pinned to the core; bigger shear pin than the JD.
JD – Jar down to shear; Skirt attached to the top sub; no hole in the top sub; core
pinned to the skirt; smaller shear pin than the JU.
The JU can be converted to JD by changing the Top Sub, Core Nut and Retainer
Screw.
Note: The dogs profile on the Camco tools is 90 degree. The Otis tools and
compatible equipment have 20 degree undercut.
The OD of the Camco tools is larger than the equivalent Otis tool.
The pinning tool for all Camco tools is the same as for Otis, and is screwed into the
prong thread in the bottom end of the core, the main spring is compressed by
rotating the plate against the skirt until the shear pin holes are aligned and the new
pin is inserted.
No releasing tool required for Camco JU & JD. As the dogs can be retracted
manually and compress the dog spring.
56
57
JD series
The JD series is the standard Camco Jar Down (JD) to shear and release tool. It can
be used as a running tool when downward jar action is required to release
equipment downhole.
Shear Pin
The choice of brass or steel pins depends on the conditions in the well. Factors
which influence the decision are:
The amount of force required / available to shear the pin;
The amount of stem (weight) in the toolstring;
The depth at which the tool is to be sheared;
The well deviation;
The well fluid (less acceleration available in heavy fluid wells than in gas);
The tool from which the running / pulling tool is to be released;
The type of jar in use on the toolstring (link jar or upstroke jar).
In general, Camco tools are a larger OD than the equivalent Otis of the same size,
However, Otis tool dogs expand outside the skirt OD when sheared.
58
59
GS / GR
The GS/GR series are designed to latch internal fishing neck, e.g. X , XN, R and RN
etc. The basic tool is the GS which shears down, but the addition of the GU adapter
converts the total assembly to a GR shear up tool.
A GRL version with an extended core nose is available, and required to pull various
of SCSSV and D-collar lock.
Note: It is important to remember that the skirt must be moved UPWARD by the
fishing neck of the equipment latched. If there is insufficient space for the GS to move
down the internal fishing neck, shear pin will NOT shear-off.
GS can be used as running or pulling down hole equipment.
Running / Pulling - ‘G’ Stop; ‘G’ Pack-off
Pulling - X /XN, R / RN locks; Soft set bomb hangers
A GU adapter can be used as a pinning tool to realign the shear pin holes by
compressing the spring. If a GU adapter and compressing tool is not available, the
spring can be compressed by levering the tool in a vice. This will be done during
your practical session.
GR is the correct tool to pull X and XN locks. The jar down side loosens the ‘set’ on
the keys and makes the lock easier to pull. However it is common, but incorrect, to
use a GS.
60
61
X-running tool
The X running tool is to enable the X / XN / R / RN lock mandrel to be run selectively

into the profile required.
It has two positions, selective and non-selective, in which has to be manually set at
the surface.
It is advisable to run in selective position all time to prevent damage the keys on lock
mandrel which rasping against tubing wall while running in the well as keys are
extracted when tool in non-selective position.
In the Selective position, keys on lock mandrel are fully retracted with the running
tool holding the lock fully extended. On X-running tool, nipple locator dogs out
position; lugs segment locking the core to the main mandrel; no gap between the
fishing neck and spring housing.
In the non-selective position, keys are sprung forward to permit the 90 degree
shoulder to locate in the first nipple. On X-running tool, nipple locator dogs in
position, now holding the inner mandrel in the up position. Lugs segment free to
permit the core to move when the top pin shear. Gap between the top sub fishing
neck and the spring housing.
Selective Position
Non-selective Position
62
X- running locating in the landing nipple.
63
64
65
66
Self Test
1. In what direction do you jar to shear the “S” & “R” series tool?
2. Two reasons why is there a thread in the bottom of the core?
3. How can you recognize an Camco JU & JD series tool by looking at the outside?
4. What are the advantage and disadvantage of the Camco tool compared to the
Otis ‘R’ and ‘S’ series?
5. Why do you add the GU adapter to the GS to convert it to a GR?
(Learn how to dismantle and assemble X-running tool, identify all parts,
functioning test against X-lock mandrel and set into the landing nipple.)
67
7. CONTROL DEVICE
X and XN lock mandrel
Is a device which will ‘Grip’ in the well to provide an anchor for various flow control
devices such as plugs, safety valves, separation tools and hang-off surveys.
It “Grips’ either by utilizing slip, dogs or keys.
The lock mandrel also has a mean of sealing around its OD to hole pressure.
Basically there are three main groups of lock mandrel:-
Slip Lock - can be set any depth in the tubing. E.g. ‘G’, ‘A’ type of slip lock mandrel.
Collar Locks - Can be set in the tubing collar recess. E.g. ‘F’ & ‘D’ collar lock. ‘D’
collar lock Will hold maximum pressure up to 5000psi. Will not pass the nipple ID.
Nipple Locks - Positioned in a nipple run in the tubing string during completion.
Nipple lock offer greater versatility, reliability, and pressure rating than either the Slip
or Collar locks.
Nipple Locks can be divided into three categories:
Selective - Due to nipple profile - S lock
Selective - Due to running tool - X lock
No-go - Due to no-go shoulder in the nipple – XN lock
68
The X & XN lock mandrels designed by Otis set in the standard for selective locks
and are in common use worldwide.
• Plugging the tubing for many reasons, including removing the wellhead or
surface equipment
• Testing the tubing
• Setting packer.
• Separating zones during production or stimulation
• Installing safety valves
• Install as many selective nipples with the same ID as desired in the

production string.
69
The X lock system uses identical nipples in each respective tubing size.
The operator can be select which nipple the lock is to be set, by the use of a
selective running tool.
Advantages over previous designs of lock are:
- Vee-packing seal in the polished bore of the nipple.
- Hole pressure from both directions.
- Identical nipples simplify installation and ordering.
- Can be set in the X profile of SSD’s.
- Simple lock designs reduce maintenance.
70
When Keys and Nipple profile contact:
• Provides maximum bearing areas against pressure differentials
• Allows plug to be retrieved after exposure to high test pressure
71
The XN lock system is an X lock with the keys changed to XN.

The OD of the equalizing sub ID too large to pass the No-go nipple ID, so serves as
a positive stop to locate the nipple keys.
Applications-
• Bottom nipple in tubing string below Otis® X® landing nipple
• Where restrictive no-go is an advantage for non-selective applications
• Standard weight tubing
• Well deviations up to 70 degrees
• Can be run with coiled tubing in wells with deviation greater than 90 degrees
No-go shoulder is restrictive to prevent tools from going below nipple

72
No-go shoulder within X profile moved out of nipple profile
73
The greater the upward force created by the pressure differential, the greater the
‘squeeze’ the keys onto the packings mandrel.
This grips the serrations to prevent the expander mandrel moving upwards and
locking.
This can be observed by opening and closing a lock mandrel, and comparing the
effort needed to repeat the opening sequence while squeezing the keys by hand.
74
75
Creating A Void:-
Guide to the landing nipples :-

Tubing size Tubing ID Seal bore ID No-go ID
2 – 3/8” 1.995” 1.875” 1.791”
2 – 7/8” 2.441” 2.313” 2.205”
3- ½” 2.922” 2.750” 2.635”
3- ½” 2.992” 2.813” 2.760”
76
Running /pulling tools for X / XN lock mandrel.
X Running tool is to enable the x or XN lock to be run selectively into the profile
required.
It has two positions, SELECTIVE and NON-SELECTIVE, in which it has to be

manually set at the surface.
Selective position – used when setting in any profile except a top one or no-go (XN)
profile.
Non-selective position – used when setting the lock in a top profile or no-go profile.
The correct pulling tool is GR.
If in the event plug is too tight and sufficient weight impact to shear pin (GS),
then GS pulling tool could be apply.
77
XX Plug & PX Plug

There are two designed of plugs designed specifically for the X and XN locks.
1. XX plug
2. PX plug
XX Plug – Is designed to be run in clean production wells.

Running: To permit fluid bypass when running, the equalising valve is held off its
seat by a running prong attached to the core of the X running tool. This
valve is closed when the running tool is sheared upwards after setting
the lock.
Pulling: A pulling prong is attached to the core of the GS/GR pulling tool to push
the valve off the seat and permit equalisation through the 4 holes.
Check that the pulling prong has not been inadvertently shorted by someone
redressing the threads.
In order to make a plug, a valve cap is run below the equalising sub. When
assembling onto the running prong, check and grease the O-ring.
78
PX plug – was designed to be run in wells containing solids, such as sand or pipe
scale. The external fishing neck is easier to retrieve if bailing is required,
and the bulk of the steel bar prevents sand entering the lock mandrel
sub.
Running: The P prong is run on an SB. Prior to latch the prong, Check the running
tool will shear correctly. The lock, plus the P equalising sub and the
valve cap is run and locked in the X or XN nipple prior to run the prong.
(It takes two trips to set a PX / PXN).
Note: the hole up the centre of the P prong is for fluid bypass when
entering the equalising sub. As fluid is incompressible, it would be
impossible for the prong to enter the sub completely without this hole.
Pulling: The P prong is pulled using an SB pulling tool. Equalisation occurs during
the time it takes to bring the prong to the surface, and to run with an GR
to recover the lock and plug body.
AS for the PX / PXN plug, a valve cap is screwed below the equalising sub.
The P prong is also available with two opposing sets of V-packings in palce of the
Grommet type seal elements shown.
79
80
Equalising Device
Whenever we install a plug in a well, we must always run an equalising device in

order to equalise the pressure above and below the lock.
This equalisation must occur fully before unlocking the lock mandrel.
Failure to equalise correctly is caused by any of the following errors:-

- No equalising prong.
- Wrong equalising prong.
- Equalising prong too short.
- Insufficient time allowed for equalisation.
- Blocked equalising ports.
Any of these conditions could cause the following:-
- High pressure below the lock – tools could be blown up the hole and lock
mandrel could be difficult to unlock.
- High pressure above the lock – lock could be difficult to unlock.
Note: Correct equalisation is essential – Observe surface pressure.
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Gas Lift
This method consists of injecting gas into the production casing to enhance liquid
production up the tubing.
Gas lift supplements the flow process by the addition of compressed gas which
lightens the liquid head, reduces friction and supplies potential energy in the form of
gas expansion.
Injection of gas normally takes place down the casing annulus. The gas enters the
casing at various predetermined points through previously installed gas lift valves.
These valves open and close in a progressive manner so that the gas first enters the
tubing through the highest valve and ends up entering the tubing through the lowest
valve.
This will reduce the hydrostatic in the tubing to a valve low enough so that reservoir
fluids can flow to surface at an acceptable rate.
In addition, reservoir pressures can then deliver formation fluids into the tubing and
sustain flow. If gas is injected into the tubing to maintain a desired drawdown, this is
termed continuous gas lift.
In sufficient drawdown in the bottom hole pressure is not possible by continuous gas
injection, intermittent gas lift operations can be used.
Intermittent gas lift requires high gas volumes to displace high density liquid slugs to
surface.
Most gas lift systems are designed to re-circulated the lift gas.
Low pressure gas from production separator is collected, compressed and re-
injected into well.
Key considerations for gas lift systems:-
- Tubing size
- The need of the Packer
- Setting depths for gas lift valves
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Simplified Flow Diagram of a Closed Rotation Gas Lift Single Well
Principle of Gaslift:
Gas is introduced into the oil as deep as possible. This is usually from the casing
and into the tubing, but sometimes this is reversed.
As the gas mixes with the oil it reduces the specific gravity of the oil, which
means that the gradient has been reduced. By reducing the gradient the
hydrostatic pressure is reduced to a point where the formation pressure is
greater than the bottom hole pressure (BHP).
As the oil and gas column moves upwards the finely divided particles of gas
expand; thus further reducing the hydrostatic pressure.
Provided the correct amount of gas is injected it will remain in solution until the oil
reaches the surface. The gas can then be separated and re-injected.
If too much gas is injected it will break out of solution and return to the surface
without bringing any oil with it.
83
SIDE POCKET MANDRELS
Side Pocket Mandrel (SPM) provides a means of injecting gas from the casing to the
tubing. They are installed in the completion string and act as receptacles for the
following devices:
- Gas lift valves
- Dummy valves
- Chemical valves
- Circulating valves
- Kill Valves
- Equalising Valves
Note: SPM’s were originally intended for gas lift purposes, and, in some completions,
SSD’s are being replaced by SPM/Circulating valve systems which give the advantage
of being able to replace sealing components by wireline methods rather then by
workovers. However, the cross sectional areas of the circulating ports may be limiting
feature.
A number of SPM’s can be installed in one tubing string, and, with the use of kick over
tool, a valve can be selectively run into or retrieved from any SPM by conventional
wireline techniques.
An SPM consists of an oval or round body shell with an integral forged pocket offset to
one side of the longitudinal axis. The SPM pocket has seal bore and lock profile to
accommodate a communication or flow control device.
Located in the upper part of the body is an orientation sleeve which alights the kick over
tool with the side pocket aperture, regardless of well deviation or the orientation of the
pocket. Side pocket mandrel are available in two sizes of receptacles – 1” & 1.50”
84
Camco “KBMG” & “KBUG” SPM

Both mandrel features an orientation sleeve, an integral forged pocket in an oval body
shell and a tool discriminator which guides the proper tool into the side pocket and
deflects larger ones.
Communication is possible from the tubing, through a flow control device and ports in
the side of the mandrel into the casing and vice versa.
This SPM receives and lock 1” OD valve and accessories and offers full tubing drift ID
which allows normal wireline operations through the tubing string.
“KBMG” models are also designed with additional features which specialises them for
particular production applications: KBMG-H for high pressure applications and KBMG-2
for slightly reduced external diameter running in heavy weight (smaller ID) casing.
Accepts 1” valves on BK-2 latch similar internal design to MMG and KBUG.
“KBUG” mandrel is virtually the same as the “KBMG” except that has been designed
with reduced OD (lower pressure rating) so that it may be easily run in dual string
installations or heavy weight casing. Accepts 1” valves on BK-2 latch similar to KBMG.
Note: - KB series mandrels have lower profile which will also accept integral latch
used if upper profile becomes worn.
85
KICKOVER TOOLS
A kick over tool is required to run and pull valves and accessories into and from SPM’s.
For the “KBMG” and “KBUG” SPM’s a Camco “OK” type or Merla kick over tool is
required. For the “MMG” and “MMA” 1.50 inches OD SPM’s, a Camco “OM” type of kick
over too is required.
In general, a kick over tool consists of:- Fishing neck and pin threads connection (top
Sub); Locating finger (trigger); Kick spring (or lift spring); Arm assembly; are housing
with running / pulling tool, that performs the following functions:- locates the mandrel;
orientates the valve or pulling tool to the correct position; laterally offsets the valve or
pulling tool into position over the pocket.
The kick over tool is run in the tubing with the associated valve and latch attachment to
a point below the selected SPM.
The tool is pick up slowly until the trigger finger has contacted in the orienting sleeve;
further upward pull with rotate the kick over arm into the correct orientation with the
pocket. An over pull with pick over the tool. Then the toolstring is lowered until the valve
/ pulling tool located in the pocket.
The toolstring is now jarred downward to securely latch or setting valve into the pocket.
The running tool is released from the latch by upward jarring which will shear pins in the
running tool and the pulling tool is continuous upward jarring to retrieve the valve.
Note: Pressure across an SPM should be equalised prior retrieving any valve.
- By pulling the bottom valve first, the annulus can become equalised prior to
recovering the upper valves.
- By pulling the upper valve first and working down the well, the pressure
differential is likely to be less therefore reducing the chances of being blown.
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Valve catchers - A valve catcher should be set below the side pocket mandrel to
ensure the valves do not drop in the tubing. Valve catcher should be appropriate lock
and plug / valve cap assembly run with no packing below the lowest SPM. Catcher
valve can be attached to a length of spacer pipe providing sufficient length to
accommodate any dropped gas lift valve.
Running tool – A running tool is attached to the bottom end of the kick over tool. Type
of running tool required depends upon the style and size of the latch being run. All
running tools are jar down types to set a valve in place and jar up to release the
toolstring from the valve.
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Camco BK-2 latch, this is a spring loaded ring style latch which lock 1 inch OD SPM
accessories into the side pocket.
During setting, the latch ring is pushed upwards and to the side as it enters the pocket.
When the valve is properly in the pocket the latch spring forces the latch ring back
downwards into the locking profile in the pocket.
Then the JK running tool is released from the latch by upward jarring to shear the
tangential shear pins on the running tool.
Camco Integral Lock or bottom latch is used on 1 inch valves when the upper latch
profiles is worn or damaged.
The bottom latch is also used in some flowing applications. It is attached to the nose of
the valve and a running head attached to the upper end.
Running Tool - GA-2
Pulling Tool - 1 ¼” JDC
A JDC pulling tool is used to retrieve the latch; the pulling tool latches onto the lower
fishing neck on the BK-2 latch or Integral Lock.
Upward jarring will shear the spear pin in the BK-2 latch body allowing the latch to move
upwards. This will relax the spring, loosen the latch ring and release it from the pocket
shoulder.
88
89
BASIC VALVE TYPE
Gas lift is a process whereby high pressure gas is used to provide the energy to enable low
producing oil wells to produce more efficiently.
In a gas lift operation, gas is injected into the tubing from the annulus at a predetermined depth.
Gas injected into the casing/tubing annulus will flow down the annulus and through a
communicating device into the tubing string.
The function of the gas lift valve is to admit gas from the annulus as required and inject it into
the tubing string. GLV is in essence downhole pressure regulator.
GLV’s normally classified as wireline retrievable or conventional. Conventional GLV’s are
essentially part of the tubing string where the GLV’ in mounted externally onto the lock mandrel,
and repair must be done by pulling the lock mandrel. In this unit we will restrict our discussion to
wireline retrievable GLV’s.
Retrievable GLV’s are designed for use in continuous and/or intermittent flow gas lift production.
These valves utilise either nitrogen gas charged bellows unit or a spring with an evacuated
bellows to provide the force necessary to maintain the valve in the fail-safe closed position.
To open the valve, injection pressure or production pressure enters the valve and work to
overcome the preset pressure in the valve bellows or the preset compression in the valve
spring.
The type of wireline retrievable gas lift valves available are:-
Casing Pressure Sensitive (also called injection pressure sensitive) – operated by casing gas
pressure acting on a bellows against the force of the preset nitrogen pressure inside the valve.
These valves are installed with the highest pressure valves nearest to the surface. Each deeper
valve has a lower pressure setting than the valve above.
An orifice valve is usually installed at the bottom and become the working valve. The upper
valve used to unload the column of fluid in the well only, and then shut in as the casing pressure
drops. (Example: BK/BK-1)
Tubing Pressure Sensitive (also called as production pressure sensitive) – Operated by

pressure in the tubing acting against the preset spring through a crossover seat.
When the tubing pressure exceeds the spring force the opens and permits gas from the casing
to enter the tubing. Casing pressure will not open these valves.
The lowest pressure valves are nearest to the surface. Each deeper valve has a higher pressure
setting than the valve above. An orifice valve is usually installed at the bottom and this becomes
the working valve.
The upper valves are used to unload the column of fluid in the well only.
On the surface and while running in, these valves will be closed.
The valve will open when the hydrostatic pressure in the well exceeds the preset spring tension.
Therefore all the valves should be open when installed at their correct depths. (Eg.: BKR-5)
90
BK valve – This valve employing a nitrogen charged bellows to provide the force necessary to
keep the valve in the fail-safe closed position.
Injection gas pressure enters the valve and compresses the bellows; the pressure necessary to
compress the bellows is governed by the nitrogen pre-charge pressure.
When injection pressure overcomes the closing force, the bellows are compressed, lifting the
stem tip off seat. Injection gas flows through and out of the valve into the production tubing
string.
Orifice valve – Installed in the SPM for continuous flow gaslift applications, sometime below a
sequence of casing or casing pressure sensitive valves. (example: DKO-2 / BKO-3).
These valves are available with fixed orifices within the range of 1/8” to 3/8” with a check valve
in the nose to prevent back flow from the tubing to casing.
Dummy valves – To blank off communication through the SPM. (Example: DK-1 / E-Dummy).
Dummy valves are used to block off the ports in the SPM during the completion phase to enable
pressure testing of the tubing and other downhole component.
91
Tubing Pack-Off
Pack-off’s are designed to “straddle” or pack-off holes and any other communication in
the tubing, while still permitting production to pass through the hollow centre of the
pack-off.
A Pack-off is made up the following components:-
92
The pack-off is installed with the upper and lower seals on either side of the leak in the
tubing.
The spacer length is limited by the lubricator length and the deviation of the tubing.
If spacers longer than approximately 6’ to 8’ are required, a seal extension is used and
spacers are assembled downhole.
The G tubing stop can be run and pull by a GS. To set, the assembly is run in the hole
slowly.
At the depth at which the tubing stop is to set, the rate of descent is increased until the
slip mandrel overrides the slips. If the position is incorrect, pick-up and reposition. Jar
down to set.
The G Element assembly is used on both ends of the spacer pipe. I

t is shown in the upper position, but by inverting the complete assembly it can be used
as the lower seal.
After setting the lower stop, the pack-off assembly is lowered into position using a GS
running tool.
Downward jar action compresses the elements and they expand against the tubing wall.
Spacers can be added beneath the expander to alter the expander OD of the element to
suit the tubing weight.
As a lower seal, the collet is screwed into the lower end. T

his latches into the fishing neck of the G tubing stop or D collar lock.
When pulling the pack-off, this collect ensures both elements are fully retracted before
the pack-off is pulled.
As an upper seal, the G tubing stop can be directly attached or a fishing neck can be
attached to the internal thread.
93
94
Self Test
1. Indicate the way a XX and PX sub can recognise by looking at the outside of the
body?
2. Explain under what conditions it is advisable to use a PX plug instead of an XX

plug.
3. What is the disadvantage of a PX plug.
4. Is it possible to blown up of hole while pulling a PX prong?
5. What is the purpose of the pack-off?
6. Name the main components of the pack-off?
95
8. CIRCULATION DEVICES
Sliding Side Door (SSD)
SSD’s are installed in the tubing during completion to provide a means of

communication between the tubing and annulus.
The most common uses are as follows:
- To provide a circulation path.

 When putting a well into production after drilling or workover operation, by
circulating the drilling fluid into the casing and replacing it with a lighter
fluid in the tubing.
 To kill a well prior to pulling the tubing during workover operation.
 To equalise pressure and fluid levels between the tubing to change gaslift
valves with no risks being blown up the tubing.
- To allow production to enter the tubing from the desired production zone.
- To provide access to the formation for stimulation.
Common Types:-
- Standard open down SSD – Otis XO/ XD/ XA
- Larger flow area, open down SSD : Otis XO / XA (used in heavy crude
applications or high flow rate wells)
- Open up SSD – Otis XA (deigned for used in heavy mud / thick crude
applications)
Operation
SSD’s are available from Otis in either jar down to open or jar up to open designs.
The most common are jar down to open, such as XO and XD, any number can be
installed and opened selectively using 142-BO selective down shift tool.
All SSD’s now being installed have an X profile in their upper bore. This permits the
installation of plug, separation tools, and X selective test tools, as may be required.
All Otis SSD’s have an equalising feature, whereby the movement of the inner
sleeve towards the open position first uncovers a small port. Constant monitoring of
the surface pressure will indicate when the SSD has moved into this equalising
position.
Note: Wait until the pressure has equalised before continuing jarring.
96
97
BO-42 Shifting Tool
The Otis ‘B’ shifting tool (positioning tool) was designed to open or close all of the
Otis SSD’s. This tools has two pin connections to permit either opening or closing
by inverting the tool.
With the 90 degree shoulder on keys facing down: Opens – XO; XD, Closes – XA.
With the 90 degree shoulder on keys facing up: Closes – XO; XD, Opens – XA.
Note: to open an XO or XD sleeve which is below another SSD, the selective downshift tool
must be used.
Operation:-
- Select the direction in which the tool will shift the sleeve, and install on the toolstring
with the 90 degree shoulder facing the direction of the required movement.
- Run in hole into the SSD and locate.
- Jar against the sleeve in the desired direction. If moving the sleeve up, jars cannot
be closed to hit a lick – Run into the SSD from below, adjusting speed to give the
desired impact.
- Observe the lubricator gauge pressure carefully. Stop when the pressure changes
and wait until the pressure is equalised. The pressure should be fully equalised
through the ports in the sleeve prior to the main flow ports being opened.
- Continue jarring to fully open the SSD. The tool will automatically release when the
raised portion of the keys is squeezed by the ID of the polished bore.
- The tool should be passed completely through the SSD three times to check the
SSD is fully open or closed.
- Pull out of the hole and visually check the tool has not sheared. If the steel pin has
sheared, the sleeve may not be fully open. Re-pin and return the tool. It is good
operating practice to check / replace the pin before each run as the pin could be
partially sheared from the jar action.
98
99
142-BO Shifting Tool (Selective downshift tool)
This tool was designed to selectively open XO and XD type of SSD’s by passing
through the upper sleeve(s). It will only shift sleeves downwards, and should never be
inverted as it could get stuck below a tight sleeve.
Selective position: Shifting keys retracted to pass the upper SSD’s locator dogs
extended to locate the packing bore.
- Grip the bottom of the main mandrel in the vice.

- Insert the screwdriver in the slot through the hole in the upper end of
the spring housing, and lever the housing downwards compressing the
main spring.
- At the same time as above, squeeze the upper end of the locator dogs
inwards and release the screwdriver
- The tool should move partially to the selective position.
- Using the handle of the screwdriver, strike the lower ends of each
shifting keys inwards.
- The tool should snap into selective position, if not, repeat above.
Non-selective position: Shifting keys extended to locate in the SSD.
Operation:-
- The tool is run in selective to below the SSD to be shifted.
- Pull upwards through the SSD to trip to non-selective position.
- Sit down in the SSD and jar down. Observe equalisation procedures (as for the 42-
BO shifting tool)
- When the SSD has moved fully, the tool will automatically pass through the SSD.
- Check by passing three times through the SSD.
- Then pull out of the well.
Note: The selective downshift tool has a box thread at its lower end.
100
This is to permit a B shifting tool to be run in the up-shift position to close the
SSD as the tools are picked up. It is advisable to run a 2’-5’ piece of stem
between the 2 tools as a spacer. (Use only is special circumstances).
101
Self Test
1. In which direction do the following SSD open:
XD -
XA –
XO –
2. What type of internal profile do all of these SSD’s contain and how many seal bore it
has?
3. When opening an SSD, what precautions should you takes?
4. What is the purpose of the second polished bore at the bottom end of all Otis SSD’s.
.
5. What causes both shifting tools to release when the SSD inner sleeve has shifted
fully?
6. Why does the 142-BO not have a shear pin?
102
9. SAFETY VALVES (TRSV / SCSSV)

Introduction
During the early 1930's a demand arose for a downhole valve that would permit flow
during normal conditions, but would isolate formation pressure from the wellhead to
prevent damage or destruction. This valve would be installed downhole in the
production string.
From this beginning, Sub-surface Controlled Safety Valves have evolved continuously
so that today's valves have:
· improved closures (balls & flappers)
· improved flow paths to prevent flow cutting
· improved features to allow accurate calibration
· improved pressure rating and corrosion resistance
improved means of opening and maintenance
In general, the valves that were developed operated when tubing flow rates exceeded a
pre -determined rate (pressure differential type) or when the pressure dropped in the
tubing at the valve to a predetermined value (ambient type).
These type of valves were known as direct controlled valves, later referred to as Sub-
surface Controlled Subsurface Safety Valves (SSCSSV) or "storm chokes".
The SC-SSSV is controlled by hydraulic pressure at surface which is ideally suited to

manual or automatic action the latter of which pioneered the sophisticated emergency
shut down systems required today.
The versatility of the valve allows it to be used in specialized applications as well as in

conventional systems.
Most manufacturers offer SSCSSSV's and SCSSSV's in choices of Tubing Retrievable

Safety Valves (TRSSSV) with ball type closures and Wireline Retrievable Safety Valves
(WRSV) with ball or flapper type closures.
Wireline Retrievable Safety Valves are usually available in Subsurface and Surface
Controlled versions. SSCSSSV's are offered in both direct and ambient-controlled
types.
103
Sub-surface Safety Valve Applications
The TRSSSV may be a much more attractive valve to utilise in high volume oil wells
where the WRSV with its smaller ID may limit production rates. Conversely, the WRSV
may have more application in high pressure, high volume gas wells, where compression
allows high rates through small bores with little or no pressure drop.
WRSV Application TRSV Applications

General applications where wireline General application. Larger bore.
operations are practical.
High pressure gas wells High volume oil and gas wells.
Extreme hostile environments where well Subsea completions

fluids or temperature tend to shorten the
life of component materials
High velocity wells with abrasive Multiple zone completions where several
production. flow
Control devices are set beneath the TRSV.
Satellite wells Greater depth setting capabilities.
Basic Surface Controlled Sub-surface Safety Valve type
Sub-surface Safety valves can be divided into two types according to their method of
operation:
 direct controlled,
 remote controlled.
Direct controlled valves (SSCSSV) are designed to shut in the well when changes in
flow condition occur at the valve, that is, when the flow exceeds a predetermined rate,
or when the pressure in the tubing falls below a predetermined value.
104
These valves are often called 'storm chokes'. Eg. ‘E’ & ‘H’ Valve..
Remote controlled valves (SCSSV) are independent of changes in the well and are
actuated by a signal from the surface which is usually loss of the hydraulic pressure
which keeps the valve open.
Any number of monitoring pilots or sensing devices can be linked to the system, each
one being capable of causing the valve to close if it senses a potentially dangerous
situation. Eg. SOF; B7 ; FXE.etc.
The valves can be run and retrieved by wireline methods, in which case they are
installed in special nipples made up as part of the tubing string.
Remote controlled valves can also be run as part of the tubing string, in which case it is
necessary to pull the tubing in order to replace the valve.
However, these TR-SSSV’s are equipped with a lock-out feature, which can be
activated by wireline.
This allows a wireline retrievable safety valve to be set in the landing nipple profile
incorporated in the top of the TR-SSSV, using the same control line.
105
Operation of Safety Valve Change Out
A WR SCSSV (Wireline Retrievable Surface Controlled Subsurface Safety Valve) is

pulled and/or replaced for one or a combination of the following reasons:
 Scheduled routine maintenance and inspection requirement as dictated Deleum
SOP.
 Leak test failure during a routine leak test or after a production station shutdown.
 Failure to hold control line pressure. This can result from failure of the SCSSV’s
elastomer seals (packings), or when the SCSSV has become unseated from its
landing nipple.
 Wireline work in tubing accessories below the SCSSV depth.
PROCEDURE ACTION ITEMS

Pulling B7 SCSSV fitted with C-lock mandrel
Installing B7 SCSSV fitted with C-lock mandrel
Pulling SOF SCSSV fitted with S4 Lock Mandrel
Installing SOF SCSSV fitted with S4 Lock Mandrel
Pulling SOF SCSSV fitted with XOS Lock Mandel
Installing SOF SCSSV fitted with XOS Lock mandrel
Pulling Otis FXE SCSSV
Installing FXE valve
The Otis SOF valve is a ball type, non equalizing SCSSV.

Due to the small clearance between the tubing inside diameter and the valve’s V-
packing, O-rings and valve/lock mandrel body, the SOF valve has always been difficult
to retrieve, very often requiring heavy jarring to unseat and pull the valve to surface.
Sometimes, the presence of sand, scale or hard wax lodged behind the locking dogs
and locator keys of the lock mandrel make it very difficult, if not, impossible to retrieve.
For this reason, the new XOS lock mandrel was designed to overcome this problem.
Self test:
Rig up and set B7 SCSSV on training well (practical)
106
10. WIRELINE FISHING
Introduction
Many fishing operations are conducted under circumstances of urgency that bring
additional pressure to the personnel designing and executing the job.
To ensure that a thorough and logical approach is maintained, the following

guidelines should be reviewed during slickline fishing operations.
1. Calmly assess the situation and consider immediate actions to ensure the
safety of personnel and security of the well.
2. Establish control of well site events while observing standing and special safety
precautions.
• Gather the facts and job design details:

• Well bore diagram
• Depth of tool when wire broke
• Counter reading with wire at known point
• Details of lost tool string
• Review operational circumstances prior to the break
• Lubricator length and location of zero-point
• Distance from lubricator to unit
3. Establish lines of communication with client representative, supervisor,

engineer, and rig superintendent.
• Prepare a plan of action, considering worst case scenarios and potential
outcomes
• Availability of appropriate equipment - function and pressure tested
• Prepare detailed procedures and contingency plans
• Select tool string and jars to ensure functionality and contingency release
4. Execute the plan of action

• Use diagrams to visualize the down hole environment
• Run tool string at low speed under a high level of control
• Maintain constant check of weight indicator readings
• Do not pass the top of wire, start looking for wire 100 ft above calculated depth
• Maximum ball wire – 5 to 8 ft
• Maintain a close record of wire recovered
5. Evaluate operation.
107
Tubing size Wire size Approx. Wire fall (1000 ft)

2 3/8” 0.092” 8
2 7/8” 0.092” 12
3 ½” 0.092” 16
2 3/8” 0.108” 7
2 7/8” 0.108” 11
3 ½” 0.108” 15
2 3/8” 0.125” 5
2 7/8” 0.125” 8
3 ½” 0.125” 11
A Depth in hole when wire broke

B Reading on odometer when wire recovered to know point (our example uses the
counter head)
C Length of wire – tool string to stuffing box
D Length of wire - stuffing box to hay pulley
E Length of wire - hay pulley to counter head
F Length of tool string
G Wire fallback - depends on wire and tubing size
How much wire is in the well?
B + C+ D+ E =Wire in Well (W2)
Where is the top of wire?
108
A - (W1 - G) = depth of wire from zero (Datum Point)
Example to calculate top of wire:-
Scenario - When using 0.092 in. and attempting to retrieve a plug @10,000 ft in
3 in. tubing, the wire broke.
A Depth of tool when wire broke = 10,000 ft BRT
B Reading on odometer when recovered to counter head = 4500 ft
C Length of wire, tool string to stuffing box - 10 ft
D Length of wire, hay pulley to stuffing box - 24 ft
E Length of wire, hay pulley to counter head - 100 ft
F Length of tool string - 14 ft
G Wire fallback - 0.092 in. wire in 3 in. = 8 ft – 10 ft/1000 ft
Using the formula:
Question 1 - How much wire is in the well bore?

B (4500 ft) + C (10 ft) + D (24 ft) + E (100 ft) = W1 (4634 ft)
Question 2 - Where is the top of the wire?

A - (W1 - G)
10,000 ft - (4634 ft - 37 ft) & 10,000 ft - (4634 ft - 46 ft)
10,000 ft - 4597 ft 10,000 ft - 4588 ft
5403 ft BRT 5412 ft BRT
Top of wire approximately 5403 - 5412 ft BRT
If the slickline tool string is stuck:

1. You need first to cut the wire on the rope socket
2. Locate and make a ball (not more than 5 ft)
3. Grab and fish the wire of hole
4. Fish tool string stuck in hole
If the slickline tool string is free

1. Locate and make a ball (not more than 5 ft)
2. Grab and fish the wire of hole
3. Pull out wire and fish
Note
• Use the smallest OD wireline grab when fishing wire
• Always use a socket on the top of your grab and run it on a RB or JUC Pulling Tool
109
• Use a tubular jar in the composition of your tool string when fishing wire
Fishing Tools
Flopetrol Cutter is designed to be attached around stuck line at the surface and
dropped to the rope socket. The cutting force is provided by a separate flat-bottomed
cutter bar (go-devil).
The Otis type 'LO' Wireline Side Wall Cutter is designed to provide a means of cutting wireline
in the tubing string.
This cutter is designed to be run and pulled on a standard wireline tool string using a shear-up
or shear- down to release running tool.
Wire Grab is used to latch into the balled end of broken line.
There are no removable parts on the wire grab, however the following parts should be
checked:
• Pin thread - redress with a die nut if necessary.
• Fishing neck - check the shoulder for wrench damage.
• Welds on each barb - check closely for cracks.
Note : If any cracks are detected it is advisable to break the barb off completely rather than
risk it breaking off downhole.
110
Wire Finder is designed to locate the top of broken wire, and can also retrieve the line.
Alligator Grab is designed to retrieve wire and loose objects from the well. It is run with
a shear pin to hold the jaws in the open position and jar down action will shear the pin.
Overshot is used by SSB to latch fish which have no fishing neck or on which the
fishing neck is worn or broken. Since it has no “release” function it should always be
run on a rope socket attached to a shear-down-to-release tool.
Maintenance of the Bowen Sucker Rod Overshots is simple, but important. After each
use, the tool should be disassembled, inspected, repaired as required and reassembled.
111
The Petroline Releasable Overshot is available with a range of slip sizes and can be released
by downward jarring.
112

Intermediate Wireline Training Manual PCSB v.2.1

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DELEUM OILFIELD SERVICES SDN.

BHD Wireline Training Manual

Wireline Training Manual - Intermediate V.1

3. PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENT

6. PULLING AND RUNNING TOOLS

9. SAFETY VALVES (TRSV / SCSSV)

10. WIRELINE FISHING

11. Final Test

Theory - Classroom sessions

Practical - Under workshop conditions to reinforce theory

Projects - To be completed prior to a test on each topic

Test - After each chapter to verify the individuals level of understanding.

Aim and Objective of the course are:

This material has been obtained from the non-copyrighted sources.

If specific details or specifications for a piece of equipment are required it is recommended to

Safety working Procedures / practices

Think and Plan Ahead – To be visualise potential hazards in all working

Personal Protective Equipment should be used as required and when appropriate.

Lifting / Moving Equipment

OPERATIONAL SAFETY GUIDE LINES

• Safety is everyone responsibility

• Read service manual before operating

• Observe all safety precautions

• This system is capable of producing high pressure

• Check pressure rating and compatibility of all connections

• Clear area of unnecessary personnel

• Select proper equipment

• Make sure valves and regulators are in correct position

• Do not try to tighten or loosen connections under pressure

• Do not over tighten any valves

• General Check before Operation

• Walk around unit and check:

• Quick connects on grease hose ends. Ensure tightness

• Airline filter drained

• Lubricator topped up with suitable lubricant

• Air valve is off.

• Before commencement of a wireline operations a safety meeting must be held

• It is recommended that the following topics should be included as part of the

• Work permit requirement

• Personnel protective clothing

• Fire Drill and muster station policy

• Chemical hazards especially in the event of spillage and personnel injury

• Crane operation in and around wireline unit and wellhead area

• Contingency plans in case of oil spillage and well control problems

• Understand the work location emergency and evacuation policy.

A basic understanding of the subsurface design and components is essential to all

X’mas Tree Design

Valve Name Used For:

Lower master valve Manually operated and used in emergency only.

Basic Well Completion

Size ID Tubing NO-GO SEAL GUAGE TOOL / BARRELS

Surface Controlled Subsurface Safety Valves – SCSSV’s are available as tubing

1. Why is Tubing run inside the Casing?

Tubing size I.D. Wireline Drift

3. What is most commonly used as a zero point of the well head?

4. Which valve should be used to shut-in a following well?

6. Where is the Back Pressure Valve installed in the tree?

3. PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENT

WELL CONTROL PRECAUTIONS

A hydrocarbon release may arise from the following:

• Inadequate understanding of equipment

PRESSURE TESTING GUIDELINES

NOTE: The equipment shall not be used if this band is missing.

f) The commonly used while pressure testing is Water.