Classical conditioning (Pavlov)

reflexive/automatic behavior
● Stimulus - something that elicits a reaction
neutral, unconditioned, and conditioned
● Response - something that happens because of a stimulus
unconditioned and conditioned

Sound of a bell
Associating bell and presenting food at the same time, can produce a conditioned response.

Operant conditioning (Skinner)

Voluntary behaviors
● More complex behaviors than Classical conditioning
Association made between behavior + consequence
● 2 types of consequences

Skinner’s Law of Effect

1. Behaviors followed by + consequences (reinforcement) are strengthened
2. Behaviors followed by - consequences (punishment) are weakened

Reinforcement
● Desirable consequence
● Intended to increase the chance of the behavior occurring again

Increase in behavior

Positive reinforcement
● Increases the chance of a behavior occurring by adding a desirable stimulus

Being praised when doing well on an assignment; child cleans their room so can go out and
play with friends; rat pushed the lever and gets a pellet

Negative reinforcement
● Increases the chance of behavior occurring by removing an undesirable stimulus

Annoying ding stops sounding if I put on my seatbelt; stop shocking the rat when it presses the
lever

Punishment
● Undesirable consequence
● Intended to decrease the chance of the behavior occurring again

Decrease in behavior
Positive Punishment
● Decreases the chance of a behavior occurring by adding an unpleasant stimulus

Spanking a misbehaving child

Negative Punishment
● Decreases the chance of a behavior occurring by removing a reinforcing/desirable
stimulus

Lose allowance/privilege for misbehaving

observational learning (Bandura)