1.

Institutional and Systemic Factors: Discrimination is often embedded in organizational

structures and systems. Biased policies, lack of diversity in leadership, and inadequate
representation contribute to systemic discrimination.

2. Unconscious Bias: Unconscious bias refers to automatic, ingrained preferences for or against
certain groups. These biases can shape decisions without individuals being consciously aware
of them, leading to unintentional discrimination.

3. Power Dynamics: Power imbalances within organizations can exacerbate discrimination.

Individuals in positions of authority may misuse their power to discriminate against
subordinates or reinforce existing discriminatory practices.

III. Consequences of Workplace Discrimination:

The impact of workplace discrimination extends beyond the immediate victims, affecting individuals,
organizations, and society as a whole.

1. Individual Consequences: Discriminated individuals often experience psychological distress,

diminished self-esteem, and a decline in overall well-being. In extreme cases, discrimination
can lead to mental health issues, such as anxiety and depression.

2. Organizational Consequences: Workplace discrimination hampers organizational

performance and productivity. It creates a toxic work environment, leading to increased
turnover, absenteeism, and reduced employee morale. Moreover, discrimination exposes
organizations to legal risks and damages their reputation.

3. Societal Consequences: Discrimination perpetuates social inequalities, reinforcing

stereotypes and limiting opportunities for marginalized groups. This not only hinders
individual growth but also undermines societal progress towards inclusivity and diversity.