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    The document is a lecture on the Second Law of Thermodynamics. It discusses irreversible thermodynamic processes and how entropy is a quantitative measure of disorder. It defines entropy as a state variable according to the Second Law and shows how to calculate the change in entropy for a process. It also explains heat engines, how they convert heat to work, and that their efficiency is limited by the temperatures of their hot and cold reservoirs based on the Carnot cycle. The most efficient heat engine is the reversible Carnot cycle.

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    Lecture 12 Second law of TD

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    The document is a lecture on the Second Law of Thermodynamics. It discusses irreversible thermodynamic processes and how entropy is a quantitative measure of disorder. It defines entropy as a state variable according to the Second Law and shows how to calculate the change in entropy for a process. It also explains heat engines, how they convert heat to work, and that their efficiency is limited by the temperatures of their hot and cold reservoirs based on the Carnot cycle. The most efficient heat engine is the reversible Carnot cycle.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    7 views27 pages

    Lecture 12 Second Law of TD

    Uploaded by

    oadzorgenu
    The document is a lecture on the Second Law of Thermodynamics. It discusses irreversible thermodynamic processes and how entropy is a quantitative measure of disorder. It defines entropy as a state variable according to the Second Law and shows how to calculate the change in entropy for a process. It also explains heat engines, how they convert heat to work, and that their efficiency is limited by the temperatures of their hot and cold reservoirs based on the Carnot cycle. The most efficient heat engine is the reversible Carnot cycle.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 27

    The Second Law of

    Thermodynamics
    Readings: Chapter 20 (12th edition),
    pp. 673 - 709
    PowerPoint® Lectures for
    University Physics, Thirteenth Edition
    – Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


    Example Applications of thermodynamics

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


    Learning Goals
    By the end of the lecture students shall be able to:-
    Explain:
    What determines reversibility of a thermodynamic process.
    What a heat engine is, and how to calculate its efficiency.
    The physics of internal-combustion engines.
    How refrigerators and heat engines are related, and how to
    analyse the performance of a refrigerator.
    How the second law of thermodynamics sets limits on the
    efficiency of engines and the performance of refrigerators.

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


    Learning Goals
    How to do calculations involving the idealized Carnot
    cycle for engines and refrigerators.
    What is meant by entropy, and how to use this concept
    to analyse thermodynamic processes.

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


    Topics for Chapter 20
    I. Irreversible processes
    • II. Definition of entropy and the Second
    Law
    • III. Heat engine
    • IV. Reversible heat engine, most efficient
    heat engine, the Carnot Cycle
    • V. Refrigerator
    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
    I. Directions for thermodynamic processes
    Some thermodynamic process can not be undone or reversed
    without some external (energy) input.
    Examples:
    • Heat naturally flows from an hot object to a cold object
    • Bicycle tyres and brakes warm up during stopping process
    • An orderly system naturally becomes disordered with time.
    • All natural processes are irreversible. They proceed from
    non-equillibrium states to equillibrium states: ordered to
    disordered states.

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
    Natural directions for thermodynamic processes
    • Reversible processes can occur by supplying energy to
    force order from disorder (e.g. a refrigerator moves
    heat from cold object to hot object, but you have to
    supply energy to the refrigerator).
    • An idealized reversible process is one which is in
    thermodynamic equillibrium with itself and its
    environment.
    • Reversible processes can not be attained in a real world
    but by controlling minor parameter e.g. temperature
    and pressure, a system may be made to be near
    reversible.

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


    Entropy and Disorder

    • Entropy is a quantitative measure of disorder. Consider


    an infinitesimal isothermal expansion of an ideal gas.
    • Adding heat causes the gas to expand just enough to
    keep the temperature constant.
    • The internal energy of the ideal gas depends only on its
    temperature, it remains constant.
    • Work is done by the gas thus causing it to be in a more
    disordered state after the expansion than before because
    the molecules are moving in a larger volume and have
    more randomness of position.
    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
    II. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
    • The Second Law of Thermodynamics defines a
    state variable called ‘entropy’ (S) to quantify the
    direction of natural processes. S is a function of
    (T,V,N), see example below

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


    Calculate Entropy Change

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
    Heat engine
    A device that converts heat partly to mechanical
    energy is termed a heat engine
    Examples.
    • Jet engines
    • Steam turbines at power plants
    • Automobiles
    All heat engines absorb heat from higher
    temperatures, perform mechanical work and
    reject heat at lower temperature.
    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
    Thus one can think of the engine as two parts:
    • the heat source, the hot reservoir supplies heat
    QH
    • and the sink, the cold reservoir absorbs heat
    QC

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
    Energy flow diagram

    Efficiency

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
    Energy flow diagram

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
    Statement of Second Law of Thermodynamics

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


    The Carnot Cycle

    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
    Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

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