INTRODUCTION TO

BIOLOGICAL
CATALYSIS
Enzymes
REMINDERS:
Sit properly. Use hand signals to excuse
oneself during class.
Raise your hand and stand up properly
before reciting.
Prepare your materials before the class
begins.
 Let us begin
our session
with a prayer.
INTRODUCTION TO
BIOLOGICAL
CATALYSIS
Enzymes
 OBJECTIVES:
Determine how
Describe the factors such as pH,
components of an temperature, and
enzyme. substrate affect
enzyme activity.
 BREATHE IN,
BREATHE OUT
IT'S QUITE EASY TO BREATHE
RIGHT? RIGHT?!
Enzymes help in making sure that gas exchange
happens efficiently inside the body.

Meet carbonic anhydrase! :)

 IT'S QUITE EASY TO
BREATHE RIGHT? RIGHT?!
Carbonic anhydrase makes it possible for CO2 gas to
exit the body.

Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic

acid that then dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate
which speeds up the conversion by as much as ten
million times! Carbonic anhydrase is found inside the
red blood cells but not in the blood plasma.
 WHAT'S A CATALYST?
A catalyst is a chemical agent which makes a chemical reaction
faster without being consumed in the process
 WHAT'S A CATALYST?

In biological systems, catalysts exist in the form of enzymes

which are large assemblies of proteins that specifically process
their substrates and turn them into products
 WHAT'S A CATALYST?

In biological systems, catalysts exist in the form of enzymes

which are large assemblies of proteins that specifically process
their substrates and turn them into products
MORE ON ENZYMES
 SOME TERMS TO REMEMBER
Binding site – made up of amino acids
that facilitate interaction with the
substrate and hold it all throughout the
catalytic process.

Catalytic site – composed of a few amino

acid residues that carry out a series of
chemical reactions that converts the
substrate into products.
 SOME TERMS TO REMEMBER
Allosteric site – a portion of the enzyme,
other than the substrate’s binding site in
which other modulator molecules may
bind and cause conformational change.

Conformational change – a change in

three-dimensional positioning and
arrangement of amino acids in an
enzyme
 ENZYME PROPERTIES
High Efficiency
High Specificity in
without the
binding
production of side
substrates
products through
Able to Stabilize a
maximizing
transition state
interactions by
through energy
excluding water
minimization
from the active site
ENZYME AND ACTIVATION ENERGY

In an enzymatic reaction, the substrate binds to the active site

of the enzyme.
The active site can lower an EA barrier by:
ENZYME AND ACTIVATION ENERGY
Orienting substrates
correctly
Straining substrate
bonds
Providing favorable
microenvironment
Covalently bonding to
the substrate
ENZYMES LOWER THE ACTIVATION
ENERGY
ENZYME INHIBITORS
ALLOSTERIC REGULATION
ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY:
Materials: Toothpicks, Hand, and Clips
Hand=enzyme
Toothpick= Substrate
ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY:
Only use one hand to break the toothpicks in half.
Only break one toothpick at a time.
Completely break each toothpick in half (bent
toothpicks do not count).
Only break each toothpick once.
Put every broken toothpick back into the original
bowl.
Close your eyes while breaking the toothpicks.
ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY:
Only use one hand to break the toothpicks in half.
Only break one toothpick at a time.
Completely break each toothpick in half (bent
toothpicks do not count).
Only break each toothpick once.
Put every broken toothpick back into the original
bowl.
Close your eyes while breaking the toothpicks.
TIMER STARTS
NOW!
TIMER STARTS
NOW!
 EXIT TICKET:
Insights on the activity done a while ago?
To speed up enzymatic reactions, what are
the factors that should be taken into
consideration?
Let us end our
session with a
prayer.
INTRODUCTION TO
BIOLOGICAL
CATALYSIS
Enzymes