ENOLOGY

Investigatory Project

AIDS”

Anstuka Jaiwal
Class 12th Science
CE

RTIFICAT
SZ

S—_——4

eda ie as a

This is certify that Anshika Jaiswal

of class XII A Roll no.30 has
satisfactorily completed her
Biology Investigatory project

as prescribed by the CBSE during

the academic year 2020-20721

Internal examiner Teacher incharge

External examiner
AGknowlcd Gracnit

| would like to sincerely and profusely

thanks to my Biology teacher
Mr. Sameer Shukla , PGT (Biology)
and our lab attend for their guidance
and support in completing my project.

| would also like to extend my gratitude

to the Principal Dr. A.K. Singh for
providing me with all the facility that
was required.

Signature of student
CONTENTS

aa —

FR AIDS
ra Causes of AIDS

3. Symptoms of HIV- AIDS

4. Diagnose of AIDS
5. Treatment of HIV- AIDS

6. Recent development in AIDS

Treatment

r P HIV Prevention

8. Conclusion

9. Hypothesis

10. Bibliography
AIDS:

Acquired Immuno

Deficienc

Syndrome

AIDS (Acquiredimmune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency

syndrome) isa syndrome caused by a virus called HIV (Human

Immunodeficiency Virus). The illness alters the immune system, making

people muchmore vulnerable to infections and diseases. This susceptibility

worsens as the syndrome
progresses.

HIV is found in the body

fluids of an infected

person(semen and

vaginal fluids, blood and

breast milk). The virus is

passed from one person

to another through blood-

to-blood and sexual

contact. In addition,

infected pregnant women can pass HIV to their babies during pregnancy,
delivering the baby during childbirth, and through breast feeding.

HIV can be transmitted in many ways, suchas vaginal, oral sex, anal sex,
bloodtransfusion, and contaminated hypodermicneedles.
“The red ribbon is the worldwide symbol of support and
awareness for people living with HIV.”

Boththe virus and the syndrome are often referred to together as HIV/AIDS.
People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. As aresult, some will then
develop AIDS.

The development of numerous opportunisticinfections in an AIDS patient

can ultimately lead to death.

According to research, the origins of HIV date back to the late nineteenth or
early twentieth century in west-central Africa. AIDS and its cause, HIV, were
first identified and recognized inthe

early 1980s.

Thereiscurrently no cure for HIV or

AIDS. Treatments can slow the
course of the condition - some
infected people can live along and
relatively healthy life.

Y HiVis the virus which attacks the

T-cells in the immune system.
AIDS is the syndrome which
appears in advanced stages of
HIV infection.

HIV is a virus.
AIDS is a medical condition
HIV infection causes AIDS to develop.
However, it is possible to be infected
withHIV without developing AIDS.
Without treatment, the HIV infection is
allowed to progress and eventually it
will develop into AIDS in the vast
majority of cases.

HIV testing can identify infection in the

early stages. This allowsthe patient to

use prophylactic (preventive) drugs which will slow the rate at which the
virus replicates, delaying the onset of AIDS.

AIDS patients still have the HIV virus and are still infectious. Someone with
AIDS can pass HIV to someone else.

Causes of HIV/AIDS

HIV is aretrovirus that infects the vital organs of the human immune system.
The virus progresses in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. The rate of
virus progression varies widely between individuals and depends on many
factors(age of the patient, body's ability to defend against HIV, access to
health care, existence of coexisting infections, the infected person's genetic

inheritance, re sistance to certain strains of HIV).

Vertical transmission Injection drug use

firm nective te cbvibal) (rare vie tel

biol ieee proche ts)

= hi wiers
« dhring delheery
Peredeat revel

|
HIV infection
HIV can be transmitted through:

Sexual transmission. It can happen when there is contact with

infected sexual secretions(rectal, genital or oral mucous membranes).
This can happenwhile having unprotected sex, including vaginal, oral
and anal sex or sharing sex toys with someone infected withHIV.

Prenatal transmission. The mother can pass the infection on to her

child during childbirth, pregnancy, and also through breastfeeding.

Blood transmission. The risk of transmitting HIV through blood

transfusion is nowadays extremely low indeveloped countries, thanks
to meticulous screening and precautions. Among drug users, sharing
and reusing syringes contaminated with HIV-infected blood is
extremely hazardous.

Symptoms of HIV and AIDS

What is the difference between asign and a symptom?

Asignis something other people, apart from the patient can detect, such
as a swelling, rash, or change in skin colour. Asymptomis something only
the patient feels and describes, suchas a headache, fatigue, or dizziness.

For the most part, the symptoms of HIV are the result of infections
caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. These conditions do not
normally develop in individuals with healthy immune systems, which
protect the body against infection.

Symptoms of early HIV infection

Many people with HIV have no symptoms for several years. Others may
develop symptoms similar to flu, usually two to six weeks after catching the
virus. The symptoms canlast up to four weeks.

Symptoms of early HIV infection may include:

: fever
chills
joint pain
muscle ache

sore throat
sweats (particularly at night)

enlarged glands
aredrash
tiredness
weakness

weight loss

Asymptomatic HIV infection

In many cases, after the initial symptoms disappear, there will not be any
further symptoms for many years. During this time, the virus carries on
developing and damages the immune system. This process can take up to 10
years. The infected person will experience no symptoms, feel well and
appear healthy.

Late-stage HIV infection

if left untreated, HIV weakens the ability to fight infection. The person
becomes vulnerable to serious illnesses. This stage of infection is known as
AIDS.

Symptoms of late-stage HIV infection may include:

blurred vision

diarrhoea, which is usually persistent or chronic

dry cough

fever of above 37C (100F) lasting for weeks

night sweats
permanent tiredness
shortness of breath

swollen glands lasting for weeks

weight loss
white spotson the tongue or mouth

During late-stage HIV infection, the risk of developing a life-threatening

illness is muchgreater. Examples include:

esophagitis (aninflammation of the lining of the lower endof the

esophagus)
infections to the nervous system (acute aseptic meningitis,
subacute encephalitis, peripheral neuropathy)
pneumonia
Some cancers, such as Kaposi's sarcoma, invasive cervical cancer, lung
cancer, rectal carcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, head and neck
cancers, cancers of the immune system known as lymphomas
* Toxoplasmosis (a disease caused bya parasite that infects the brain. It
can also cause disease in the eyes and lungs)

® tuberculosis

. Life-threatening illnesses

may be controlled and treated

with proper HIV treatment.

Diagnosis of
HIV/AIDS

A 2011 report issued by the CDC

(Centres for Disease Control and

Prevention), USA,found that about 1 in every 5 HIV-positive Americans is
unaware of their HIV-status, and only 49% of those who are aware receive
ongoing medical care and treatment.
Blood test

Diagnosis is made through a bloodtest that screens specifically for the virus.

If the HIV virus has been found, the test result is "positive". The blood is re-
tested several times before apositive result isgivento the patient.

For those whose tests came back positive, they will be asked to undergo
some other tests to see how the infectionhas progressed, and also to
decide when to start treatment.

lf a person has beenexposed to the virus, it is crucial that they get tested as
soon as possible. The earlier HIV is detected, the more likely the treatment

will be successful. Also,

precautions can be takento J
prevent the virus from spreading

to other people.

ELISA Test?

|
An enzyme-linked L i
immunosorbent assay, also called ELISA or EIA, is a test that detects and
measures antibodies in your blood. This test canbe used to determine if you
have antibodies related to certain infectious conditions. Antibodies are

proteins that your body produces in responseto harmful substances called

antigens. An ELISA test may be used to diagnose:
HIV, which causes AIDS
Lyme disease
pernicious anaemia
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF)
« rotavirus
squamous cell carcinoma
(4) sy philis
toxoplasmosis
2 varicella-zoster virus, which causes

w
a substrate
ie

chicken pox and shingles

ELISA is often used as a screening tool

before more in-depth tests are ordered.
A doctor may suggest this test if you’re
having signs or symptoms of the
conditions above or your doctor wants
to rule out any of these conditions.

enzyme labelled 3)
detection antibody

capture antibody (1)

How the Test Is

Performed

The ELISA test is simple and straightforward. You'll probably needto signa
consent form, and your doctor should explain the reason for doing the test.

The ELISA test involves taking a sample of your blood. First, a healthcare
provider willcleanse your arm with an antiseptic. Then, a tourniquet, or
band, will be applied around your arm to create pressureand cause your
veins to swell with blood. Next, aneedle will be placed in one of your veins
to draw a small sample of blood. When enough blood has been collected,
the needle will be removed and a small bandage will be placedon your arm

where the needle was. You'll be asked to elevate your arm and place
pressure on it with gauze to reduce blood flow.
This procedure should be relatively painless,
but yourarm maythrob alittle after the
procedure.

The blood sample will be sent toa laboratory

for analysis. In the lab, a technician adds the
sample to a Petri dish containing the specific
antigen related to the condition for which
you are being tested. If your blood contains
antibodies to the antigen, the two will bind
together. The technician willcheck this by
adding an enzyme to the Petri dishand
observing how your blood andthe antigen
react. You may have the conditionif the
contents of the dish change colour. How
much change the enzyme causes allows the
technicianto. Determine the presence and
amount of antibody.

Ultra-sensitive HIV
sensor

Scientists from Imperial College London

reportedin Nature Nanotechnology (October

2012 issue) that they have developed an extremely sensitive sensor that
detects viral infections, including HIV. They say the sensor isten times more
sensitive at detecting an HIV biomarker that anything else onthe market
today; it is also extremely cheap. The doctor cansee the results by looking
at the colour change in a liquid solution.

Recent developments on HIV

Genetic changes identified that make HIV elusive to drugs

The team used anew form of technology that can detect infection early on
and track the body's immune system.

Recent developments in HIV treatment

New drugs reawaken latent HIV to eradicate virus

A new study suggests a class of drugs already being tested in clinical trials
for the treatment of cancer may also hold the key to complete eradication
of HIV.

Envelope protein

Envelope

Viral genome

Nucleocapsid

Viral tegument

A drug used to treat alcoholism - called disulfiram - could bring us closertoa

cure for HIV, according to the results of a new study led by researchers from
the University of Melbourne in Australia.
A new study suggests it may be possible to induce a rapid anti-HIV immune
response inunexposed people by developing avaccine that triggers
antibodies containing loop-like structures.

HIV antibodyt! lool -

A new study of the effects of a new antibody treatment suggests it may

offer a long-term solution for the control of HIV.

HIV Prevention

To prevent being infected

with HIV, healthcare
professionals advice
precautions related to:

Unprotected
SeX

Having sex without a

condom can puta person at
risk of being infected with
HIV and other sexually
transmitted

infections (STIs). HIV canbe

spread by having unprotected sex (vaginal, oral and anal sex). It can also be
caught from sharing sex toys with someone infected with HIV.

&

Drug abuse and needle sharing

Intravenous drug use is an important factor in HIV transmission indeveloped

countries. Sharing needles can expose users to HIV and other viruses, such
as hepatitis C.

Strategies such as needle-exchange programsare used to reduce the

infections caused by drug abuse.
Managing HIV

Adherence. HIV treatment is effective if the patient is committed and

constant in taking the medication on time. Missing evena few doses will
jeopardize the treatment.A daily methodicalroutine has to be programmed
to fit the treatment plan around the patient's lifestyle and schedule.
"Adherence" is sometimes knownas "compliance".

General Health. It is crucial for patients to take medication correctly and

take steps to avoidillness. Patients should seek to improve their general
health and reduce the risk of falling ill by practicing regular exercise, healthy
eating, and not smoking.

Additional precautions. HIV-infected people should be extra cautious to

prevent exposure to infection. They should be careful around animals, avoid

coming into contact with cat litter, animal feces. Meticulous and regular
washing of hands is recommended.

Long-term condition. HIV is a lasting condition, and therefore patients have

to bein regular contact with their healthcare team. Treatment plan is
reviewed regularly.

Psychological. Common misconceptions about AIDS/ HIV are diminishing.

However, the stigma of the condition persists in many parts of the world.
People infected withthe virus may feel excluded, rejected, discriminated
and isolated.

Being diagnosed withHIV can be very distressing, and feelings

of anxiety or depression are common. If you feel anxious or have symptoms
of depression, seek medicalhelp immediately.

CONCLUSION

After studying the cause and effects of ‘AIDS’ from different views, we
conclude that it is a pandemic disease. It is mainly spreading sexually and
person ofthe age group of 25-45 years are the most affected group. There
are some methods like ‘Antiviral Therapy’ and Immuno Simulative therapy
which bring some hope that even then no specific treatment has been found
so for and morality form is virtually 100%. So only prevention in the test
medicine care.

HYPOTHESIS

AIDSis non curable due to its nature of pathogen. It also damage immune
system of the body. Therefore any medicine (Antiviral) drugs are not
effective against HIV virus. Ignorance and lack of knowledge about this
disease is the root cause of wide spread of this disease Malariais one of the
major diseases which is caused by Protozoan. Protozoan causes many
diseasesin human beings. Malaria has been for thousands of years a very
serious disease of the tropical and temperate regions. Prevalence of malaria
continues to be one of the major health problems of developing countries. It
wasalmost eliminated afew years back with the efforts of WHO and our
National Malaria Eradication Programme(NMEP), but unfortunately it has
appeared again, Plasmodium isa genus of Protozoa belonging to subphylum
Sporozoa, class Telosporidea, includes causative agent of malaria in man
and lower animals. Members of the genus plasmodium are collectively

known as Malaria parasite, because they cause a horrible disease called

malaria.
Bibliography

Parts of this project have been referred from foreign sources

and have been included in this project after editing.

The reference of sources is as follows:-

Books:-

a) Biology NCERT Book class 12"

b) National Geographic Magazine
Internet Sources:-

a) www. le.com

b) www.icbse.com

c) Bioflora.com

d) Nationalgeographic.com

Journal

a. Biology Today
b. Science Reporter