【12 14-12 20】萤火虫PTE真题预测

萤火虫 PTE 真题预测
2023.12.14– 2023.12.20
目录
页码：请参考每页正下方的页码数字
Read Aloud 第 1 页/187 页
Repeat Sentence 第 18 页/187 页
Describe Image 第 27 页/187 页
Retell Lecture 第 34 页/187 页
Answer Short Question 第 36 页/187 页
Summarize Written Text 第 39 页/187 页
Writing Essay 第 41 页/187 页
Re-order paragraphs 第 48 页/187 页
Fill in the blanks (R & W) 第 62 页/187 页
Fill in the blanks (R) 第 101 页/187 页
Summarize spoken text 第 115 页/187 页
Highlight incorrect words 第 151 页/187 页
Fill in the blanks (Listening) 第 154 页/187 页
Write from Dictation 第 159 页/187 页

本周预测更新一览
题型编号内容变化
RS #021149 The School of Arts and Design is having an open day on Thursday 修改
next week.
RS #021482 It is of the utmost importance that you follow the ethical guidelines 重回/修改
carefully.
RS #021500 The first draft of the presentation is almost ready. 重回
RS #021567 I haven't done a lot of work in this area. 新题
RS #021568 Your abstract should contain the empirical evidence of your 新题
research.
RS #021569 This program is running in partnership with a number of 新题
departments.
RS #021570 Students are not allowed to speak when they are in the 新题
examination hall.
RS #021571 We often ask our students to get access to all sorts of services. 新题
RS #021572 Try to get through it as soon as possible. 新题
ASQ #051549 Some people use right hands to write, then who are the people 重回
using left hands to write?
ASQ #051551 What part of a door or a window that we can use to open it? - 重回/修改
Handle.
ASQ #051655 What will ice do when heated? - Melt. 新题
ASQ #051656 What is the publication called that issues academic papers? - 新题
Journal.
SWT #091083 Benefit of Honey to athletes 蜂蜜对运动员的好处重回
SWT #091115 Raw Honey Health Benefits 原蜜对健康的好处重回
SST #111127 The History of English 英语语言发展史重回
SST #111131 Negativity bias 消极偏差重回
WFD #131098 Most of these features were part of the previous system. 重回
WFD #131114 The university theater group will be performing in the concert hall. 重回
WFD #131137 Resources and materials are on hold at the library reference desk. 重回
WFD #131140 Rivers provide habitats for fish and other aquatic species. 重回
WFD #131172 Food that contains antibiotics provides few or no nutrition values. 重回
WFD #131262 There are some doubts about whether these events actually 重回
occurred.
WFD #131308 Years of training are required to become a medical specialist. 重回
WFD #131334 Education and training provide important skills for the labor force. 重回
WFD #131405 Continuing students will be sent the necessary application forms. 重回
WFD #131456 You must hand in your essays by midday on Friday. 重回/修改
WFD #131516 The notification will not be received until the following week. 重回
WFD #131540 New developments in manufacturing are constantly changing the 重回
way we live.
WFD #131609 A visit to the designed museum is of great value. 重回/修改
WFD #131725 You need to hand in an essay next semester. 重回
WFD #131921 The director of the gallery was grateful for the anonymous 重回
donation.
WFD #1311010 His analysis study appears to be based on the false premise. 重回
WFD #1311015 Any gain on sales of property must be allocated promptly. 重回
WFD #1311067 When the root system of a plant fails, foliage suffers. 修改
WFD #131781 It is important to make clear notes when you are reading. 重回
WFD #131650 The degree is taught by using a mixture of lectures and seminars. 重回
WFD #1311025 Visual aid can be really helpful when you are revising. 重回
WFD #1311102 Artists need to make their works both original and accessible. 新题
WFD #1311103 Muscles bring parts of the body close together. 新题
WFD #1311104 Physical strength can be enhanced through regular training. 新题
Read Aloud
命中率：低优先级：中
共 6-7 题，命中 1-3 题
备战策略
预测押题＞机经总题库（保证单词都读对）
借助 SST 文本、SWT 文本、FIB 文本作为陌生文段练习
当前趋势
本次更新
本周与上周相比的变化请看《本周预测更新一览》表格。
所有最新更新请以网站/APP 为准。
READ ALOUD - 154题
1.Blue #011001
While blue is one of the most popular colors, it is one of the least appetizing. Food researchers say that when
humans searched for food, they learned to avoid toxic or spoiled objects, which were often blue, black or
purple. When food dyed blue is served to study subjects, they lose appetite.
2.Carbon Emission #011002

When countries assess their annual carbon emissions, they count up their cars and power stations, but bush
fires are not included – presumably because they are deemed to be events beyond human control. In
Australia, Victoria alone sees several hundred thousand hectares burn each year; in both 2004 and more
recently, the figure has been over one million hectares.
3.Tesla and Edison #011003

Tesla's theoretical work formed the basis of modern alternating current electric power systems. Thomas
Edison promised him almost one million dollars in today's money to undertake motor and generator
improvement. However, when Tesla, the ethical Serb, asked about the money, Edison’s reportedly reply was
"Tesla, you don't understand our American humor." The pair became arch-rivals.
4.Productive Capacity #011004

The core of the problem was the immense disparity between the country's productive capacity and the ability
of people to consume. Great innovations in productive techniques during and after the war raised the output of
industry beyond the purchasing capacity of U.S. farmers and wage earners.
5.Father #011005
Every morning, no matter how late he had been up, my father rose at five-thirty, went to his study, wrote for a
couple of hours, made us all breakfast, read the paper with my mother, and then went back to work for the
rest of the morning. Many years passed before I realized that he did this for a living.
6.Himalayas #011006
Although it comes from a remote region in the Himalayas, this plant now looks entirely at home on the banks
of English rivers. Brought to the UK in 1839 (eighteen thirty-nine), it quickly escaped, colonising riverbanks and
damp woodlands. Now it is spreading across Europe, New Zealand and Canada. In the Himalayas the plant is
held in check by various pests, and it grows and reproduces unhindered.
7.Pluto #011007
Pluto lost its official status when the International Astronomical Union downsized the solar system from nine to
eight planets. Although there had been passionate debate at the General Assembly Meeting in Prague about
the definition of a planet, and whether Pluto met the specifications, the audience greeted the decision to
exclude it with applause.
8.Fiscal Year #011008

At the beginning of each fiscal year funds are allocated to each State account in accordance with the
University's financial plan. Funds are allocated to each account by object of expenditure. Account managers
are responsible for ensuring that adequate funds are available in the appropriate object before initiating
transactions to use the funds.
9.Lincoln #011009
Lincoln's apparently radical change of mind about his war powers to emancipate slaves was caused by the
https://www.fireflyau.com 第 1 页 /共 187 页
escalating scope of the war, which convinced him that any measure to weaken the Confederacy and
strengthen the Union war effort was justifiable as a military necessity.
10.Shakespeare #011010
A young man from a small provincial town, a man without independent wealth, without powerful family
connections and without a university education, moves to London in the fifteen eighties, and becomes a
remarkable playwright of all time. How is an achievement of magnitude made? How does Shakespeare
become Shakespeare?
11.Domestication #011011
Domestication is an evolutionary, rather than a political development. They were more likely to survive and
prosper in an alliance with humans than on their own. Humans provided the animals with food and protection,
in exchange for which the animals provided the humans their milk and eggs and, yes, their flesh
12.Akimbo #011012
Akimbo, this must be one of the odder-looking words in the language and puzzles us in part because it
doesn't seem to have any relatives. What's more, it is now virtually a fossil word, until recently almost
invariably found in arms akimbo, a posture in which a person stands with hands on hips and elbows sharply
bent outward, one signalling impatience or hostility.
13.Yellow #011013
While yellow is considered an optimistic color, people lose their tempers more often in yellow rooms, and
babies will cry more. It is the most difficult color for the eye to take in, so it can be overpowering if overused.
14.Elephant #011014
The elephant is the largest living land mammal. During evolution, its skeleton has greatly altered from the usual
mammal, designed for two main reasons. One is to cope with the great weight of huge grinding cheek teeth
and elongated tusk, making the skull particularly massive. The other is to support the enormous bulk of such a
huge body.
15.Avi Loeb #011015

The situation is similar to a pregnant woman that has twin babies in her belly, says Avi Loeb of the Harvard-
Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. He's proposing the idea in a paper that's been accepted for publication
in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.
16.Yellow Tulip #011016

How do we imagine the unimaginable? If we're asked to think of an object - say, a yellow tulip – a picture
immediately forms in our mind's eye. But what if we try to imagine a concept such as the square root of
negative number?
17.Grand Canyon #011017

Few things in the world produce such amazement as one's first glimpse of the Grand Canyon. It took nature
more than 2 billion years to create this vast wonder - in some places, 17 miles wide - largely through the
relentless force of the Colorado River, which runs 277 miles along its length, a mile beneath its towering rims.
18.English Revolution #011018

There are three main interpretations of the English Revolution. The longest lasting interpretation was that the
Revolution was the almost inevitable outcome of an age-old power struggle between parliament and crown.
The second sees it as a class struggle, and a lead-up to the French and other revolutions. Finally, the third
interpretation sees the other two as too fixed, not allowing for unpredictability, and that the outcome could
have gone either way.
19.Quotes #011019
Many papers you write in college will require you to include quotes from one or more sources. Even if you
don't have to do it, integrating a few quotes into your writing can add life and persuasiveness to your
arguments. The key is to use quotes to support a point you're trying to make rather than just include them to
fill space.
20.Global Warming #011020

Global warming is defined as an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere. This trend
began in the middle of the 20th century and is one of the major environmental concerns of scientists and
governmental officials worldwide. The changes in temperature result mostly from the effect of increased
concentrations of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere.
21.Marine Biologist #011021

The speaker is a marine biologist who became interested in the Strandlopers, an ancient people who lived on
the coastline, because of their connection to the sea. Their way of life intrigued him. As a child he had spent a
lot of time by the sea, exploring and collecting things – so he began to study them, and discovered some
interesting information about their way of life, how they hunted, what tools they used, and so on.
22.Company-Oriented Reforms #011022

The climate for doing business improved in Egypt more than in any other country last year, according to a
global study that revealed a wave of company-oriented reforms across the Middle East. The World Bank
rankings, which look at business regulations, also showed that the pace of business reforms in Eastern Europe
was overtaking East Asia.
23.Furniture #011023
There are perhaps three ways of looking at furniture: some people see it as purely functional and useful, and
don't bother themselves with aesthetics; others see it as essential to civilized living and concern themselves
with design and how the furniture will look in a room. In other words, function combined with aesthetics; and
yet others see furniture as a form of art.
24.Modern buildings #011024

Modern buildings have to achieve certain performance requirements, at least to satisfy those of building
codes, to provide a safe, healthy, and comfortable environment. However, these conditioned environments
demand resources in energy and materials, which are both limited in supply, to build and operate.
25.Transportation #011025
Not a lot is known about how the transportation of goods by water first began. Large cargo boats were being
used in some parts of the world up to five thousand years ago. However, sea trade became more widespread
when large sailing boats travelled between ports, carrying spices, perfumes and objects made by hand.
26.Historian #011026
As a historian, if you really want to understand the sensibilities of those who lived in the past, you must be like
a novelist and get into the skins of your characters and think and feel as they do. You are asked to imagine
what it's like to be a peasant in medieval times, asking the sort of questions a peasant might ask. What the
writer is saying is that a historian needs imaginative sympathy with ordinary people in the past.
27.Studying Abroad #011028

Studying abroad is a very popular option for students who come from a wealthy family. Most people believe
that overseas experience provides a deeper understanding of cultures and develops communication skills.
While this may be true, not all of these new experiences are useful for finding a job. Employers tend to value
interpersonal skills and industry knowledge more than cultural background.
28.Energy and Pollution #011030

Humans need to use energy in order to exist. So it is unsurprising that the way people have been producing
energy is largely responsible for current environmental problems. Pollution comes in many forms, but those
that are most concerning, because of their impact on health, result from the combustion of fuels in power
stations and cars.
29.Rehabilitation #011031
The primary application we're targeting at first is to give people a decision aid during rehabilitation, following
an acute knee injury, to help them understand when they can perform particular activities, and when they can
move to different intensities of particular activities. A useful thing to take a crack at.
30.Recent Trend #011032

A recent trend in the entertainment world is to adapt classic works of literature for either TV or the movies. One
argument is that this is to everyone's benefit, as it introduces people to works they might otherwise never have
experienced, while others say that turning books into movies not only cheapens the original, but is rarely done
successfully.
31.Hamburg University #011033

Three professors from Hamburg University's medical faculty traveled last month to Ingeborg's sitting room in
East Berlin to test her on the work she carried out in pre-war Germany. They were impressed and a special
ceremony took place at Hamburg University Medical Centre on Tuesday, in which she finally received the
Ph.D. that the Nazis stole from her.
32.The Border #011034

The border itself between Mexico and the United States is fraught with a mix of urban and desert terrain and
spans over one thousand nine hundred miles. Both the uninhabited areas of the border and urban areas are
where the most drug trafficking and illegal crossings take place. Crime is prevalent in urban cities like El Paso,
Texas and San Diego, California.
33.Long-Distance Fliers #011035

Researchers think that long-distance fliers such as the American golden-plover and the white-rumped
sandpiper picked up the spores while lining their nests. Then when the birds arrive in new places they molt,
leaving behind the feathers and their precious cargo to start growing again at the other end of the world.
34.University #011037
A university is a lot more than just classes and exams. University is a concept that offers you a host of
possibilities to develop both academically and personally. Find out about the different projects, clubs and
societies that are in your university. You will definitely find something you are interested in.
35.Moods #011038
Moods may also have an effect on how information is processed, by influencing the extent to which judges
rely on pre-existing, internal information, or focus on new, external information. Positive moods promote more
holistic and top-down processing style, while negative moods recruit more stimulus-driven and bottom-up
processing.
36.Roman Writers #011040
Roman writers and orators began to expand their imaginative and intellectual horizons and refine the Latin
language through the study of Greek literature. Early Roman literature had two kinds; the recording and
examination of public life and behaviour through life stories of famous men, and the particularly Roman art of
satirical comedy and drama.
37.Integration #011042
Currently, integration is increasingly needed in the business environment. This need emerges from the
efficiency and synergy requirements necessary in a complex and turbulent environment. In other words,
integration is needed to facilitate coordination, which is again related to the building of competitive advantage.
38.Dolphins #011043
Dolphins, whales and porpoises are all social animals, but some species are more sociable than others. This
depends on the environment because a species adopts the lifestyle most suitable for this. Among dolphins,
forming groups makes it easier for them to find food, reproduce and gain knowledge. They are safer, too,
because dolphins can communicate danger when there are threats around.
39.US Student Debt #011044

The numbers on US student debt, after all, are truly staggering. The average two thousand and fifteen US
university graduate who took out loans to help pay for tuition enters the workforce with thirty-five thousand
dollars in student debt. In the US, total student debt exceeds one point one five trillion dollars, dwarfing, for
instance, the nation's credit card debt.
40.War On Women #011047

While the Republican field is packed with male candidates, so far, some of the sharpest Clinton critics have
come from women. Democrats successfully campaigned on an alleged GOP perpetrated "war on women" in
2012, but faltered in 2014 when they tried the same tactic. With Hillary Clinton as the likely Democratic
nominee, the fight for women voters will be a central part of the 2016 campaign.
41.Glamorous Person #011048

Who do you think is the most glamorous person? A biotechnologist who led his company in international
research, an ordinary welder who gained international fame through his work, or a photographer complimented
widely for a series of photos?
42.Hackers #011050
The Office of Personnel Management was the target of the attack, but data from nearly every government
agency was stolen. U.S. investigators say they believe Chinese hackers were behind the breach.
43.Atlantis #011051
For centuries, Atlantis has been one of the western world's favorite legends, a tantalizing blend of fantasy and
mystery. Stories tell of a rich and glorious empire that was lost to the sea, where some hope its ruins still lie,
waiting to be discovered.
44.Naming English #011052
In the past, naming English as a separate subject seemed relatively easy. The textbook selected and graded
items of language which were put into content and then practiced intensively. New items were carefully
controlled so that the student could cope quite easily. Now that English is used as a medium of instruction.
45.Mitigation #011053
As far as politics go, the responses are just as varied. Mitigation is common and calls for a reduction of
emissions and less reliance on fossil fuels. Coal burning power plants are now replaced with hydraulic power
plants and electric cars are replacing some gasoline efficient cars. Many people, however, feel that this is not
enough.
46.Thompson #011054
"Thompson recognized and exploited all the ingredients of a successful amusement ride," writes Judith A.
Adams in The American Amusement Park Industry. "His coasters combined an appearance of danger with
actual safety, thrilled riders with exhilarating speed, and allowed the public to intimately experience the
Industrial Revolution's new technologies of gears, steel, and dazzling electric lights."
47.Free Trade #011057

Free trade is an economic policy under which the government does not interfere with trade. No tariffs are
applied to imports or exports, and people are allowed to trade goods and services as they please. Supply and
demand dictates the prices for which goods and services sell and are the only factors that determine how
resources are allocated in society.
48.Networking #011058
Networking is easy and fun because it taps into this human predilection to talk about ourselves when asked.
Consider successful networking as little more than the process of guiding a person to tell you about his life,
what he's doing, the company that employs him, and his current industry.
49.IT #011059
IT may well change the way you live, yet again. Welcome to world mobile commerce, where your handheld
device, be it a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant or any other wireless application will soon be used for
commercial transactions. Skeptical? Consider these facts. In Japan, mobile phones are used for location-
based services where the mobile service providers tie up with a host of other players such as restaurants, car
rental companies and so on. When the mobile user enters that zone, messages from all these players are
flashed on the mobile device. Location-based services are proved in several other countries as well.
50.Insults and Criticism #011060

The insults and criticism were not unexpected. What was surprising was people's enthusiasm about the
competition. Thousands have participated in the discussion.
51.Sleep Apnea #011061

The second group that is particularly vulnerable are night shift workers, and the third group that is particularly
vulnerable are people with sleep disorders, particularly sleep apnea. One out of three men and one out of six
women have sleep apnea. And yet, eighty-five percent are undiagnosed and untreated. And it more than
doubles the risk of crashes.
52.Arms #011062
Unlike the United Kingdom, which has taken a relatively restrictive approach to the possession of arms, the
United States has taken a more lenient approach. In the United States, three models have evolved regarding
the interpretation of the meaning of the right to bear and keep arms as delineated in the Second Amendment.
53.Trade Unions #011064

Trade unions originated in Europe during the industrial revolution. Because of the machinery that had become
commonplace, skilled labour became less in demand so employers had nearly all of the bargaining power.
Employers mistreated the workers and paid them too little for the work they did. Trade unions were organised
that would help in the improvement of working conditions.
54.Marijuana #011066
Another administration option is to bake marijuana at a relatively low temperature to kill any dangerous
microorganisms and then allow that patient to eat it or drink it. Both of these methods of administration make
smoking the drug unnecessary. However, criticism of medical marijuana has also been raised because as a
natural plant, it cannot be patented and marketed by pharmaceutical companies and is unlikely to win
widespread medical acceptance.
55.Such an agreement #011069

Such an agreement would include recognition that the world must aim as soon as possible to hold global
warming to one point five degrees Celsius, a long-term low-carbon future, five-year updated action plans that
recognize the developing climate reality, and aid to those countries that did little to cause climate change but
are most at risk from it.
56.Uncaffeinated Adults #011070
Researchers gathered 160 uncaffeinated adults, people who consumed less than 500 milligrams of caffeine a
week. These decaf subjects looked at pictures of various objects, then took either a placebo or a pill
containing 200 milligrams of caffeine. That's roughly the amount you'd get from two cups of coffee.
57.Instrument #011071
Some people disagree that in order for the eye to modify and still remain a useful instrument to its owner,
many changes would have had to take place simultaneously. However, it is not necessary to suppose this if
the modifications were extremely slight and gradual.
58.Improvement #011074
Analysts were impressed by the improvement in margins reported across all regions, apart from the United
Kingdom, and said that this reflected a clear effort to improve profitability across the business. Although the
turnaround is still in its early stages and the valuation looks full, given the challenge of turning around such a
large and complex business, this is certainly an impressive start.
59.Genuine Republic #011075
In a genuine republic, the will of the government is dependent on the will of the society, and the will of the
society is dependent on the reason of the society. In Federalist 51, for example, James Madison claimed that
the extent and structure of the government of the United States make it dependent on the will of the society.
60.Galaxy #011077
One of the unidentifiable objects in this study lies just outside Centaurus A, an elliptical galaxy located about
12 million light-years from Earth. The other is in a globular cluster of stars found just outside NGC 4636,
another elliptical galaxy located 47 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Virgo.
61.Brain Hemispheres [V1] #011078

The brain is divided into two hemispheres, called the left and the right hemispheres. Each hemisphere provides
a different set of functions, behaviors, and controls. The right hemisphere is often called the creative side of
the brain, while the left hemisphere is the logical or analytic side of the brain. The right hemisphere controls the
left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls the right side.
62.Introvert and Extrovert #011079
Introvert, or those of us with introverted tendencies, tends to recharge by spending time alone. They lose
energy from being around people for long periods of time, particularly large crowds. Extroverts, on the other
hand, gain energy from other people. Extroverts actually find their energy is sapped when they spend too
much time alone. They recharge by being social.
63.Job of Doctor #011080
In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more and more like the job of a chief
executive. The people who run hospitals and physician's practices don't just need to know medicine. They
must also be able to balance budgets, motivate a large and diverse staff and make difficult marketing and legal
decisions.
64.Easy-To-Use Statistics #011081
The development of easy-to-use statistics is being taught and learned. Students can make transformations of
variables, create graphs of distributions of variables, and select among statistical analyses all at the click of a
button. However, even with these advancements, students sometimes find statistics to be an arduous task.
65.Written Examination #011083
Written examinations are a fact of life for most high school and university students. However, recent studies
have shown that this traditional form of assessment may not be an accurate indicator of academic
performance. Tests have shown that many students experience anxiety during exam weeks, which leads to
poorer results. As a result, some learning institutions are replacing exams with alternative assessments such
as group work and oral presentations.
66.Methodology #011084
Certain types of methodology are more suitable for some research projects than others. For example, the use
of questionnaires and surveys is more suitable for quantitative research whereas interviews and focus groups
are more often used for qualitative research purposes.
67.Life Expectancy #011087
Life expectancy has increased dramatically in the last century. Most people these days will live for over 70
years. This is more than double the lifespan of the average human in the seventeenth century. We can attribute
our longevity to advances in medicine and lifestyle. While everyone agrees that living longer is wonderful,
overpopulation is becoming a serious environmental concern.
68.Microbes #011089
Such cross-protection is usually seen between two animals. But Gore studies the same sort of mutualism in
microbes. He and his team demonstrated the first experimental example of that cross-protective relationship in
drug-resistant microbes, using two strains of antibiotic-resistant E. coli bacteria: one resistant to ampicillin, the
other to chloramphenicol.
69.Botanic Garden #011092
Botanic gardens are scientific and cultural institutions established to collect, study, exchange, and display
plants for research and for the education and enjoyment of the public. There are major botanic gardens in
each capital city. Zoological parks and aquariums are primarily engaged in the breeding, preservation, and
display of native and exotic fauna in captivity.
70.Clouds #011094
Howard believed that all clouds belonged to three distinct groups: cumulus, stratus and cirrus. He added a
fourth category, nimbus, to describe a cloud "in the act of condensation into rain, hail or snow." It is by
observing how clouds change colour and shape that weather can be predicted, and as long as the first three
of cloud keep their normal shape there won't be any rain.
71.Incentive Pay Schemes #011098

If bonus or incentive pay schemes work so well for senior executives and bankers, why does everyone not get
them? After all, many jobs involve making important decisions or taking risks. Is there anything about
corporate decisions and financial risks that makes these categories of work special in terms of how they need
to be incentivized and rewarded?
72.Augustus #011101
Augustus was given the powers of an absolute monarch, but he presented himself as the preserver of
republican traditions. He treated the Senate, or State Council, with great respect and successfully reduced the
political power of the army by retiring many soldiers by giving them land or money to keep their loyalty.
73.Industrial Revolution #011102

As to the Industrial Revolution, one cannot dispute today the fact that it has succeeded in inaugurating in a
number of countries a level of mass prosperity which was undreamt of in the days preceding the Industrial
Revolution. But, on the immediate impact of Industrial Revolution, there were substantial divergences among
writers.
74.Diversity of Language #011104
The diversity of human language may be compared to the diversity of the natural world. Just as the demise of
plant species reduces genetic diversity, and deprives humanity or potential medical and biological resources.
So extinction of language takes with it a wealth of culture, art and knowledge.
75.Vanilla #011106
The uniquely scented flavor of vanilla is second only to chocolate in popularity on the world's palate. It's also
the second most expensive spice after saffron. But highly labor-intensive cultivation methods and the plant's
temperamental life cycle and propagation mean production on a global scale is struggling to keep up with the
increasing demand for the product.
76.Living Room #011107

The living room is the most used part that withholds most of the traffic coming in and out of the house. It is
highly recommended that the flooring should be strong enough that it can endure all such amendments done
with your furniture or to the increasing and decreasing ratio of visitors. For this purpose, you can opt for
hardwood flooring. Being classy and sophisticated in look, it is the perfect choice for your living room
whenever you are remodeling your home.
77.Teacher’s instruction #011108

In classes, your teachers will talk about topics that you are studying. The information that they provide will be
important to know when you take tests. You must be able to take good written notes from what your teacher
says.
78.Legal Writing #011113

Legal writing is usually less discursive than writing in other humanities subjects, and precision is more
important than variety. Sentence structure should not be too complex; it is usually unnecessary to make
extensive use of adjectives or adverbs, and consistency of terms is often required.
79.Two Sisters #011115
Two sisters were at a dinner party when the conversation turned to upbringing. The elder sister started to say
that her parents had been very strict and that she had been rather frightened of them. Her sister, younger by
two years, interrupted in amazement. "What are you talking about?" she said, "Our parents were very lenient."
80.Russia #011119
Long isolated from Western Europe, Russia grew up without participating in the development like the
Reformation where many Europeans, taking pride in their unique culture, find dubious value. Russia is, as a
result, the most unusual member of European family, if indeed it is European at all. The question is still open to
debate, particularly among Russians themselves.
81.Marketing Management #011120

For any marketing course that requires the development of a marketing plan, such as Marketing Management,
Marketing Strategy and Principles of Marketing. This is the only planning handbook that guides students
through step by step creations of a customized marketing plan while offering commercial software to aid in the
process.
82.Australian English #011124

Australians speak English of course. But for many tourists and even some locals, Australian English has only
tenuous links with the mother tongue. Our speech is peppered with words and phrases whose arcane
meanings are understood only by the native speaker. It is these colorful colloquialisms that Australian slang is
yet to truly explain.
83.Botswana #011128
Although Botswana's economic outlook remains strong, the devastation that AIDS has caused threatens to
destroy the country's future. In 2001, Botswana has the highest rate of HIV infection in the world. With the help
of international donors, it launched an ambitious national campaign that provided free antiviral drugs to anyone
who needed them, and by March 2004, Botswana's infection rate has dropped significantly.
84.Environmental Policy Course #011130

Along with customary classes on subjects such as finance, accounting, and marketing, today's MBA students
are enrolling in courses for environmental policy and stewardship. Indeed, more than half of business schools
require a course in environmental sustainability or corporate social responsibility, according to a survey of 91
US business schools, published in October 2005.
85.Business School Admissions #011132

Business school admissions officers said the new drive to attract younger students was in part the result of a
realization that they had inadvertently limited their applicant pool by requiring several year's work experience.
Talented students who might otherwise have gone to business school instead opted for a law or policy degree
because they were intimidated by the expectation of work experience.
86.Online Shopping Environments #011133

A unique characteristic of online shopping environments is that they allow vendors to create retail interfaces
with highly interactive features. One desirable form of interactivity from a consumer perspective is the
implementation of sophisticated tools to assist shoppers in their purchase decisions by customizing the
electronic shopping environment to their individual preferences.
87.Bookkeepers #011135
A national study into fraud by bookkeepers employed at small and medium-sized businesses has uncovered
sixty-five instances of theft in more than five years, with more than thirty-one million dollars stolen. Of the
cases identified by the research, 56 involved women and nine instances involved men. However, male
bookkeepers who defrauded their employers stole three times, on average, the amount that women stole.
88.Domestic Work #011136

Traditional divisions of domestic work are understood to persist because of the strong association of the home
with femininity and paid work with masculinity, to challenge who does what in the home is arguably equivalent
to challenging what it is to be a woman or a man.
89.The Only Family #011137

Imagine living all your life as the only family on your street. Then, one morning, you open the front door and
discover houses all around you. You see neighbors tending their gardens and children walking to school.
Where did all the people come from? What if the answer turned out to be that they had always been there, you
just hadn't seen them?
90.The Most Measurable Benefit #011139

Perhaps the most measurable benefit of the program has been the opportunity to meet in small groups,
something that is difficult to arrange in such a desperate organization. Many officers would have to work
together for thirty years but would not know each other's strengths and weaknesses.
91.Teenage Girls #011140

Teenage girls are continuing to outperform boys in English while the gender gap in achievements in math and
science has almost disappeared. The figures show that last year eighty percent of fourteen-year-old girls
reached at least the expected Level Five in English, compared with sixty-five percent of boys. But in math, the
girls are just one percent ahead of boys, while in science the difference is two percent.
92.Black Swan #011141

Before the discovery of Australia, people in the old world were convinced that all swans were white, an
unassailable belief as it seemed completely confirmed by empirical evidence. The sighting of the first black
swan might have been an interesting surprise for a few ornithologists, but that is not where the significance of
the story lies.
93.Important Values of Literature #011142

One of the important values of literature is that it nourishes our emotional lives. The inner life that good writers
reveal in their characters often gives us glimpses into some portion of ourselves. We can be moved to laugh,
cry, tremble, dream, ponder, shriek, or rage by simply turning a page instead of turning our lives upside down.
94.The Maximum Yield of Plants #011145

The maximum yield of plants, determined by their genetic potential, is seldom achieved because factors such
as insufficient water or nutrients, adverse climate conditions, plant diseases, and insect damage will limit
growth at some stage. Plants subjected to these biotic and abiotic constraints are said to be stressed.
95.Recycle #011148
When we recycle, used materials are converted into new products, reducing the need to consume natural
resources. If used materials are not recycled, new products are made by extracting fresh, raw material from
the Earth, through mining and forestry. Recycling helps conserve important raw materials and protects natural
habitats for the future.
96.Language appeared from nowhere #011149

It seems that language appeared from nowhere since no other species has anything resembling human
language. However, other animals do possess basic systems for perceiving and producing sounds that enable
them to communicate. These systems may have been in place before the appearance of language.
97.Soil Samples #011150
Investigators also compared those microbes with those living in fifty-two other soil samples taken from all
around the planet. The park had organisms that also exist in deserts, frozen tundra, forests, rainforests, and
prairies. Antarctica was the only area that had microbes that did not overlap with those found in Central Park.
Only a small percentage of the park's microbes were found to be already listed in databases.
98.Rural Population #011151

Thus, a country might possess a sizeable rural population, but have an economic system in which the interests
of the voters were predominantly related to their incomes, not to their occupations or location; and in such a
country the political system would be unlikely to include an important agrarian party.
99.The Training of an Actor #011157

The training of an actor is an intensive process which requires curiosity, courage and commitment. You will
learn how to prepare for rehearsal, how to rehearse and how to use independent and proactive processes that
inform you to do the best work possible for both stage and screen.
100.Brain hemispheres [V2] #011163

The brain is divided into its hemispheres by a prominent groove. At the base of this lies nerve fibers which
enable these two halves of the brain to communicate with each other. But the left hemisphere usually controls
movement and sensation in the right side of the body, while the right hemisphere similarly controls the left side
of the body.
101.Scientific evidence #011168
The latest scientific evidence on the nature and strength of the links between diet and chronic diseases is
examined and discussed in detail in the following sections of this report. This section gives an overall view of
the current situation and trends in chronic diseases at the global level.
102.Australian Mining Industries #011171

Australia has one of the world's most important mining industries. It is a major exporter of coal, iron ore, gold,
bauxite, and copper, and is self-sufficient in all minerals bar petroleum. Since the first discoveries of coal in
1798, mineral production has risen every year; in the decade to 1992, it doubled.
103.Chasing the Flame #011172

Yet it is precisely in observing the intertwinings of success and failure that Chasing the Flame makes its
greatest mark. With piercing insight and relentless logic, it reveals the pitfalls of international politics and
details an intricate struggle between individual and institution. It haunts us with the poignant truth that even a
great man can do only so much to reinvent the world.
104.A thesis #011174

A thesis is a claim that you can argue for or against. It should be something that you can present persuasively
and clearly in the scope of your paper, so keep in mind the page count. If possible, your thesis should also be
somewhat original.
105.US Automobile market #011175

The United States is at present the world's market for motor cars and trucks. An agent for the U.S. Bureau of
Foreign and Domestic Commerce reports a prosperous condition of affairs prevailing in Japan, which is buying
more automobiles, especially large cars, than ever before.
106.Madagascar #011176
Scientists have recommended actions the government of Madagascar's recently elected president Andry
should take to turn around the precipitous decline of biodiversity and help put Madagascar on a trajectory
towards sustainable growth. Madagascar's protected areas, some of the most important for biodiversity in the
world, have suffered terribly in recent years from illegal mining, logging, and collection of threatened species
for the pet trade.
107.Food is important #011181
Food is one of the most important things you'll ever buy. And yet most people never bother to think about their
food and where it comes from. People spend a lot more time worrying about what kind of blue jeans to wear,
what kind of video games to play, what kind of computers to buy.
108.Microscopic invaders #011182

We all know about bacteria, viruses, and microscopic protozoa. We can watch the way that these tiny agents
move into our bodies and damage our organs. We have a growing understanding of how our body mounts
defensive strategies that fight off these invaders, and have built some clever chemical that can help mount an
assault on these bio-villains.
109.Demographic change #011184

How quickly this occurs depends on the dynamics of fertility, mortality and overseas migration. While a
moderate pace of demographic change allows for gradual adjustment of the economy and policies to the
changing population demographics, rapid changes are more difficult to manage. As a result, governments and
society as a whole may need to take actions to address these issues.
110.Physical Activity #011186

Participating regularly in physical activity has been shown to benefit an individual's health and wellbeing.
Regular physical activity is important in reducing the risk of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and
stroke, obesity, diabetes and some forms of cancer. The National Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults
recommends at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, preferably every day of the week, to
obtain health benefits.
111.Aquaculture #011193
Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans,
molluscs and aquatic plants. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under
controlled conditions.
112.History is selective #011194

History is selective. What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but what
historians have selected. They cannot put in everything: choices have to be made. Choices must similarly be
made about which aspects of the past should be formally taught to the next generation in the shape of school
history lessons.
113.Tissues and organs #011195

Tissues are grouped together in the body to form organs. These include the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, and
liver. Each body organ has a specific shape and is made up of different types of tissue that work together. For
example, the heart consists mainly of a specialized type of muscle tissue, which contracts rhythmically to
provide the heart's pumping action.
114.Hunter-gatherer #011196
The life of a hunter-gatherer is indeed, as Thomas Hobbes said of the state of nature, 'solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short'. In some respects, to be sure, wandering through the jungle bagging monkeys may be
preferable to the hard slog of subsistence agriculture.
115.Blue whales #011197

Blue whales are the largest living mammals. Though reports of maximum length and weight vary from one
account to another, Antarctic blue whales are known to have reached lengths to 100 feet and weights of over
150 tons before stocks were severely depleted by whaling operations.
116.Beginning of the lecture #011200

Don’t miss the very beginning of a lecture since that is often the most valuable part. For instance, because it
reviews previous lectures or outlines objectives and lecture structure. If you easily get distracted by other
students, sit near the front.
117.Mature trees #011201

The wonderful framework of mature trees creates a secluded enclosed atmosphere that unites a great variety
of plantings to inspire visitors in all seasons. Spring in the garden is marked by the leafing up and flowering of
trees and eruption of flowers in the bulb meadows and woodland understory.
118.Personal libraries #011203

Scholars build their own personal libraries to support not only particular projects but also general reading in
their field. They buy or make photocopies of materials when possible so they can consult them frequently,
mark passages, and write annotations on them. When moving into a new field, they add to their collections,
usually concentrating on primary texts.
119.Flood control #011207

We’ve spent a lot of money over the last 70 years on flood control, and it’s protected millions of people and
has saved us billions of dollars. We’ve built dams to hold back the waters. We’ve built levees to keep the
water off the people, and we’ve raised the ones that were originally started in 1718.
120.Graduate admission school #011211
Since our graduate admission school is not centralized, each of the university schools and colleges admits
students to its own programs. For information about specific program degrees, graduate applications,
graduate admission requirements and procedures, graduate scholarships and status of your application, visit
the individual school websites.
121.Lincoln’s executive order #011214

But on May 3rd a couple of weeks later, Lincoln issued an executive order calling for 43,000 3-year volunteers
for the army and also increasing the size of the regular army and navy by 40,000 men. Both these actions were
in apparent violation of the constitution.
122.Windows in the painting #011220

We can see from the X-rays that at an early stage of painting, a window was painted in at the left of the
portrait. It seems that there may have been two windows in the initial design for the portrait or that the window
was moved at an early stage.
123.Eminent professors #011226

Written by three eminent professors, it has been updated to reflect the shifts of sociological thought in the last
five years, making it the most comprehensive, authoritative and up-to-date dictionary available. It is essential
reading for all students and teachers of sociology and other related courses - and also the general reader.
124.Barley grains #011229

University of Adelaide researchers have uncovered fundamental new information about the malting
characteristics of barley grains. They say their finding could pave the way to more stable brewing processes or
new malts for craft brewers. Published in the Nature publication Scientific Reports, the researchers discovered
a new link between one of the key enzymes involved in malt production for brewing and a specific tissue layer
within the barley grain.
125.Babies’ hearing #011230
Most babies start developing their hearing while still in the womb, prompting some hopeful parents to play
classical music to their pregnant bellies. Some research even suggests that infants are listening to adult
speech as early as 10 weeks before birth, gathering the basic building blocks of their family's native tongue.
126.Restaurant location #011231

The physical location of a restaurant in the competitive landscape of the city has long been known as a major
factor in its likely success or failure. Once restaurants are established in such environments they can do little
about their location. All they can do is work to improve customer access to their premises. Restaurateurs often
do this by engaging in battles with local authorities about car parking.
127.Humanities and social sciences #011232

We believe in the inherent value of research in the humanities and social sciences. And our research data
agenda is given by the pursuit of new knowledge that will be of benefit of Australia and the world. We offer one
of the most comprehensive programs in the humanities and social sciences in Australia and the Asian Pacific
region.
128.The word radical #011234
The word radical from the Latin word for roots means anyone who advocates fundamental change in the
political system. Literally, a radical is one who proposes to attack some political or social problem by going
deep into the social or economic fabric to get at the root cause and alter this basic weakness.
129.New textbook #011235
This is a new, accessible and engaging textbook written by academics who also work as consultants with
organizations undergoing change. It offers a unique combination of rigorous theoretical exploration together
with practical insights from working with those who are actually responsible for managing change.
130.Volcano behaviors #011236

There were various explanations for volcano behavior before the structure of the earth's mantle as a semisolid
material was developed. For decades, awareness that compression and radioactive materials may be heat
sources was discounted and volcanic action was often attributed to chemical reactions and a thin layer of
molten rock near the surface.
131.Emigrants to North America #011237

In the late 16th and 17th centuries, many English, French and Dutch emigrants went to North America in
search of gold and silver. But they did not find it. Instead, settlers were forced to support themselves by
cultivating crops that they could sell in Europe, like tobacco, indigo and rice.
132.The natural environment #011238
The natural environment can be hazardous, and, with increased travel and leisure, people today are more likely
than ever to be exposed to potentially life-threatening conditions. Although the human body can adjust to
some extent, it cannot cope with poisons or prolonged exposure to extremes of environment.
133.Learner's experience #011239

We seek to improve learner's experience of education at college and help them to aspire, achieve and
progress. We must embed equality and diversity in everything we do, both as a provider and an employer. We
hope to prepare our students for work, higher education and citizenship by equipping our staff with the skills
to meet this agenda.
134.Terms for certain items #011240
An industry or work place often has its own terms for certain items, places, or groups of people, and a
university is no different. Here we have attempted to explain some of the terms you may come across on our
website that are specific to higher education.
135.Tortoise #011241
The tortoise size and shell shape varies depending on where they live. The shell is made of bone and is a dull
brown color. Their rips, backbone and breastbone have become part of the shell, which is why you can never
separate the tortoise from its shell.
136.Consumer culture #011242

In this course, we will explore how such things as department stores, nationally advertised brand-name goods,
mass produced cars and suburbs transformed the American economy, society and politics. The course is
organized both thematically and chronologically. Each period deals with a new development in the history of
consumer culture.
137.Attending the theater #011243

Experts discuss the significance of attending the theater as a civic occasion, associated with the political and
cultural achievements of Athens. Through archeology and analyses of contemporary art forms such as
decoration on pottery, a picture is built up of ancient Greek theater.
138.Norms and values #011244

Members of a culture must conform to its norms for the culture to exist and function. Hence, members must
want to conform and obey rules. They first must internalize the social norms and values that dictate what is
normal for the culture. Then they must socialize or teach norms and values to their children.
139.Art as expression #011245

Expression became important during the Romantic movement with artwork expressing a definite feeling, as in
the sublime or dramatic. Audience response was important, for the artwork was intended to evoke an
emotional response. This definition holds true today, as artists look to connect with and evoke responses from
their viewers.
140.Antarctica #011246
The world's fifth-largest continent Antarctica is almost entirely covered by ice over 2000 (two thousand) meters
thick. The area sustains a varied wildlife, including seals, whales, and penguins. The Antarctic Treaty, signed in
1959 (nineteen fifty-nine) and in force since 1961 (nineteen sixty-one), provides for international governance of
Antarctica. To gain Consultative Status, countries have to set up a program of scientific research into the
continent. Following a 1994 (nineteen ninety-four) international agreement, a whale sanctuary was established
around Antarctica.
141.William Shakespeare #011247

Three hundred and eighty years after his death, William Shakespeare remains the central author of the English-
speaking world; he is the most quoted poet and the most regularly produced playwright — and now among the
most popular screenwriters as well. Why is that, and who "is" he? Why do so many people think his writing is
so great? What meanings did his plays have in his own time, and how do we read, speak, or listen to his words
now?
142.Giving helps with depression #011248

At a time when stress levels are soaring, rates of depression are increasing and the gap between rich and poor
is ever widening. We believe that giving can play a positive role in helping people to feel connected to those
around them and generate a sense of purpose and hope. When we give, we feel valued, useful and happy.
143.Your tutor #011249
Your tutor helps you make the most of your time at university by giving you guidance and support along the
way. All new students are allocated a personal tutor who will encourage you to get the most out of your
course, direct you to other sources of support and help you achieve your goals.
144.Attendance at cultural venues #011250

To some extent, attendance at cultural venues and events is influenced by a person's age and the composition
of the household in which they live. For example, those people in households with dependent children were
more likely to visit zoological parks and aquariums than people living in single person households.
145.Get enough fluid #011251

Your body is nearly two-thirds water. And so it is really important that you consume enough fluid to stay
hydrated and healthy. If you don't get enough fluid you may feel tired, get headaches, and not perform at your
best.
146.A single research study #011252

Rarely, however, does a single research study produce the certainty needed to assume that the same results
will apply in all or most settings. Rather, research is usually an ongoing process, based on many accumulated
understandings and explanations that, when taken together, lead to a generalization of educational issues and
ultimately, to the development of theories.
147.Urban forests #011253

Urban forests can show pride and community spirit. Trees enhance community economic stability by
attracting businesses and tourism. People linger and shop longer along tree-lined streets, apartments and
offices in wooded areas, rent more quickly and have higher occupancy rates. Businesses leasing office space
and developed developments with trees find their workers are more productive and absenteeism is reduced.
148.Scottish literature #011254

Despite many similarities with literary political debate and other nations, there are also ways in which the
cultural and political situation in Scotland has left a study of Scottish literature in a significantly different
condition from that of a literary studies in many other parts of the world.
149.Child psychology #011256

Within this free course, you will be introduced briefly to the discipline of child psychology and to theories and
approaches that have been developed to help us understand and support children's lives by focusing on the
individual children. Psychologists can assess changes in their child's abilities over time, including their
physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development.
150.Political problems #011257

The course considers the ways in which thinkers have responded to the particular political problems of their
day and the ways in which they contribute to a broader conversation about human goods and needs, justice,
democracy, and the proper relationship of the individual to the state.
151.Statistics #011258
Statistics are indicators of change and allow meaningful comparisons to be made. While it may be the issues
rather than the statistics as such that grab people's attention, it should be recognized that it is the statistics
that informed the issues. Statistical literacy, then, is the ability to accurately understand, interpret and evaluate
the data that inform these issues.
152.Agricultural problems #011259
Agricultural problems due to climate change of normal weather, water depletion and the collapse of soil have
become big problems in all parts of the world. Many are now focusing on ethics and family farming as a way to
combat these issues.
153.An innovative new product #011260

An innovative new product or service can give a firm a head start over its rivals, which can be difficult for a
new entrant to overcome. If the new technology is also patented, then other firms cannot simply copy its
design. It is legally protected.
154.Hubble Space Telescope #011261

The successor to the Hubble Space Telescope has been delayed yet again and will not now launch until
"approximately May 2020". The James Webb Space Telescope is also in danger of busting the cost cap put
on the project by the US Congress. Back in 2011, politicians on Capitol Hill said the observatory should not
take more than $8 billion dollars to build and $800 million dollars to operate over five years in orbit.
Repeat Sentence
命中率：中优先级：高
共 10-12 句，命中 2-6 句
备战策略
预测刷题＞机经总题库＞非真题
以“读熟”为目标，保证开口流利度
当前趋势
每周少量新题增加
本次更新
REPEAT SENTENCE - 211题
1.A computer virus destroyed all my files. #021001

一种电脑病毒毁了我所有的文件。
2.A lot of agricultural workers came to the east end to look for alternative work. #021002
许多农业工人来到东区寻找替代的工作。
3.A periodical is a publication that is issued regularly. #021003
期刊是定期发行的出版物。
4.A preliminary bibliography is due the week before spring break. #021004
一份初步的参考书目要在春假前一周交。
5.A study skill seminar is on for the students who require assistance. #021005
一场技能学习研讨会开始了，专为需要帮助的学生开设。
6.A full bibliography is needed at the end of all the assignments. #021006
所有作业的结尾处都需要一份详尽的参考书目。
7.All essays and seminar papers submitted must be emailed to your tutor. #021007
所有提交的论文和研讨会论文必须通过电子邮件的方式发送给你的导师。
8.All filed assignments should have a full list of bibliography. #021008
所有归档的作业都应该有一个完整的参考书目列表。
9.All necessary information is in the assignment. #021009
所有必要的信息都在作业中。
10.All undergraduate students should participate in the seminar. #021010
所有本科生都应该参加研讨会。
11.All students and staff have access to printers and scanners. #021011
所有学生和工作人员都可以使用打印机和扫描仪。
12.All students are encouraged to vote in the upcoming elections. #021012
所有的学生都被鼓励在即将到来的选举中投票。
13.All students must participate in the exercise. #021013
所有的学生都必须参加这个练习。
14.All the assignments should be submitted by the end of this week. #021014
所有的作业都要在本周末前交上来。
15.All the necessary information is in the assignment. #021015
所有必要的信息都在作业中。
16.Allergy problems do run in the family, but we don't understand why. #021016
过敏问题确实会遗传，但我们不知道为什么。
17.Any text or references you make should be cited appropriately in the footnotes. #021017
您作出的任何文本或参考文献都应恰当得在脚注中引用出来。
18.Anyone who has a problem with their accommodation should speak to the welfare officer. #021018
任何对住宿有疑问的人都应向福利员提出。
19.Basketball was created in eighteen ninety one by a physical educational instructor. #021019
篮球运动是在1891年由一位体育教练创立的。
20.Being a student representative in the union really cuts into my study time. #021020
成为学生会的学生代表真的会占用我的学习时间。
21.Being a vegan means not consuming any animal product. #021021
成为素食主义者意味着不吃任何动物产品。
22.Conferences are always scheduled on the third Wednesday of the month. #021022
会议总是安排在每月的第三个星期三。
23.Please pass the handouts along to the rest of the people in your row. #021023
请把讲义传给你这排的其他人。
24.Distance learning has become far more popular these days. #021024
如今，远程学习变得越来越受欢迎。
25.Dr. Green's office has been moved to the second floor of the building. #021025
格林医生的办公室已经搬到大楼的二楼了。
26.Does the college refectory offer vegetarian dishes on a daily basis? #021026
书院餐厅是否每日供应素菜？
27.Doing this research makes me think of the purpose of science. #021027
做这个研究让我思考科学的目的。
28.Don't forget to hand in your assignments by the end of next week. #021028
别忘了在下周末之前交你的作业。
29.During the next few centuries, London became one of the most powerful and prosperous cities in Europe.
#021029
在接下来的几个世纪里，伦敦成为欧洲最强大、最繁荣的城市之一。
30.The African elephant is the largest living land mammal in the world. #021030
非洲大象是世界上最大的陆地哺乳动物。
31.Essays should be typed with double space in white paper. #021031
论文应用双倍行距打在白纸上。
32.Even with a permit, finding a parking spot on campus is almost impossible. #021032
即使有许可证，在校园里找到一个停车位也几乎是不可能的。
33.Farmers do not always receive price for agricultural goods. #021033
农民并不总是收到农产品的价格。
34.Higher numbers of patients were infected than during previous outbreaks of the illness. #021036
感染人数高于以往此疾病暴发期的感染人数。
35.However, this method is problematic in terms of accuracy. #021037
然而，这种方法在准确性方面存在问题。
36.I believe children should read aloud more. #021038
我认为孩子们应该做更多的大声朗读练习。
37.I didn't understand the author's point of view on immigration. #021039
我不理解作者在移民问题上的观点。
38.I missed yesterday's lecture. Can I borrow your notes? #021040
我错过了昨天的课。我可以借你的笔记吗?
39.I still don't understand the last sentence. #021041
我还是不懂最后一句话。
40.I think the university's main campus is closed. #021042
我想大学的主校区已经关闭了。
41.I will be in my office every day from 11 to 12. #021044
我每天从11点到12点都在办公室。
42.I will now demonstrate how the reaction can be arrested by adding a dilute acid. #021046
我现在将示范如何通过加入稀酸来中止反应。
43.I've got a tutorial in an hour and I haven't had any time to prepare for it. #021048
一小时后我要上一堂辅导课，但我没时间准备。
44.If you forgot your student number, you will need to contact Jenny Brice. #021049
如果你忘记了你的学号，你需要联系珍妮布莱斯。
45.If you want to quit the student union, tell the registrar. #021050
如果你想退出学生会，请告诉登记员。
46.In the last few weeks, we've been looking at various aspects of the social history of London. #021052
在过去的几周里，我们了解了伦敦社会历史的各个方面。
47.International students can get help with locating housing near the university. #021054
国际学生可以得到学校附近住房的帮助。
48.It is important to take gender into account when discussing the figures. #021056
在讨论数字的时候将性别因素考虑在内是很重要的。
49.It's time to finalize the work before the Wednesday seminar. #021059
是时候在星期三的讨论课之前把作业定下来了。
50.Journalism is the collection and publication or transmission of news. #021060
新闻工作是新闻的收集，出版或传播。
51.Just wait a minute. I will be with you shortly. #021061
稍等片刻。我很快就来见你。
52.Make sure you correctly cite all your sources. #021062
确保你正确地引用了所有的来源。
53.Meeting with mentors could be arranged for students who need additional help. #021066
可以为需要额外帮助的学生安排与导师的会面。
54.Meteorology is a detailed study of earth's atmosphere. #021067
气象学是对地球大气的详细研究。
55.More females than males graduated from universities last year. #021069
去年大学毕业的女生比男生多。
56.Most assignments need to be submitted on the same day. #021070
大多数作业需要在同一天提交。
57.No more than four people can be in the lab at once. #021077
实验室里一次不能超过四个人。
58.Our class is divided into two groups. You come with me, and the others just stay here. #021081
我们班分成两组。你跟我来，其他人留在这儿。
59.To get further extension, you need to call the education executive on 401. #021085
为了获得更长的延期时间，你需要拨打401找教学主管。
60.You need to finish all the reading chapters before the field trip. #021087
你们需要在实地考察前完成所有的阅读章节。
61.Please register your student email account at your earliest convenience. #021088
请尽快注册您的学生电邮帐户。
62.The portfolio is due at the internal review office no later than Tuesday. #021089
作品集最迟应在周二交到内部审查办公室。
63.Put the knife and fork next to the spoon near the edge of the table. #021090
把刀叉放在汤匙旁边，靠近桌子边缘。
64.In this library, reserve collection books can be borrowed for up to three hours. #021091
在这个图书馆，储备藏书最多可以借三个小时。
65.The residence hall is closed prior to the academic building closing time at the end of the semester. #021092
在学期结束时，学生宿舍会在教学楼关闭时间之前关闭。
66.She has been in the library for a long time. #021093
她在图书馆待了很长时间了。
67.Students are so scared of writing essays because they have never learned how. #021099
学生们很害怕写论文，因为他们从来没有学过怎么写。
68.Most students can get access to computers on a daily basis. #021101
大多数学生每天都能接触到电脑。
69.The Internet provides unusual opportunities for students and current events. #021109
互联网为学生和时事提供了非同寻常的机会。
70.The course comprises twenty hours of lectures, seminars, and tutorials per week. #021110
该课程包括每周20小时的讲座、研讨会和辅导课。
71.Each group should submit a rough outline of their project to their tutor. #021112
每个小组都应该向他们的导师提交一个项目的大致大纲。
72.The clear evidence between brain events and behavioral events is always fascinating. #021114
大脑活动和行为活动之间的明确证据总是令人着迷的。
73.I would like an egg and tomatoes on white sandwich bread with orange juice. #021119
我想要白面包三明治里夹一个鸡蛋和西红柿，配上橙汁。
74. The minimal mark for Distinction to be awarded is 75%. #021135
被授予优异成绩(D)的最低分是75%。
75.The office opens on Mondays and Thursdays directly following the freshman induction seminar. #021137
办公室在新生入职研讨会之后的周一和周四开放。
76.The office said Dr. Smith will arrive later today. #021138
办公室说史密斯医生今天晚些时候会到。
77.The original Olympic Games were celebrated as religious festivals. #021139
最初的奥运会是作为宗教节日来庆祝的。
78.The part of the story is the story of my father. #021140
其中一部分的故事是我父亲的故事。
79.The pharmacy was closed when I went past this morning. #021141
今天早上我经过药店时，药店关门了。
80.The School of Arts and Design is having an open day on Thursday next week. #021149
艺术与设计学院下周四将举行开放日活动。
81.The smoke from these contributed a great deal to the air pollution. #021152
这些烟在很大程度上造成了空气污染。
82.The topic next week on colonial era will be the nuclear disarmament. #021157
下星期的殖民话题的主题是核裁军。
83.The trial experiment is to increase the interests of the issue and the jurisdiction clause. #021158
审判试验是为了增加利益问题和管辖权条款。
84.The tutorial is held on the 8th of April. #021159
辅导课在4月8日举行。
85.The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. #021160
英国是君主立宪制和议会民主制国家。
86.The wheelchair lift will be upgraded this month. #021162
轮椅电梯这个月将进行升级。
87.There is no entrance fee for tonight's lecture. #021168
今晚的讲座不收入场费。
88.All applications of internship are available in the office. #021187
所有的实习申请都可以在办公室获得。
89.We offer a broad range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses. #021190
我们提供广泛的本科和研究生课程。
90.Would you pass me the book on the left-hand side? #021196
请你把左手边的那本书递给我好吗?
91.A demonstrated ability to write clear, correct and concise English is bigotry. #021207
要求必须写出清楚、正确和简明的英语（这样的想法）太偏执了。
92.Biographical information should be removed prior to the publication of the results. #021208
在结果公布之前，个人生平信息应被删除。
93.Conservation is the survival of future generation. #021209
保护是后代得以存活的方法。
94.I wasn’t able to attend the tutorial because I had a doctor appointment #021215
我没能参加辅导班，因为我要去看医生。
95.I'm glad you got here safely. #021219
我很高兴你安全到达这里。
96.No crop responds more readily to careful husbandry and skillful cultivation. #021226
面对细心的耕种照料和娴熟的培育技术，所有农作物都很容易呈现积极反应的。
97.Students should take advantage of the online resources before attending the lecture. #021228
学生应在上课前应该充分利用网上资源。
98.Students will not be given credits for assignments submitted after the due date. #021229
学生在截止日期后提交的作业将不会被给予学分。
99.The study demonstrates a need for further research in this field. #021230
这项研究表明在这一领域需要进一步的研究。
100.The first person in space was from the Soviet Union. #021232
第一个进入太空的人来自苏联。
101.Unfortunately, the two most interesting economic selective subjects clash on my timetable. #021239
不幸的是，两门最有趣的经济选修课的时间在我的时间表上有冲突。
102.Assignments should be submitted to the department office before the deadline. #021248
作业须于截止日期前交回系办公室。
103.I would like a tomato and cheese sandwich on white bread and orange juice. #021253
我想要一个西红柿乳酪三明治加白面包和橙汁。
104.If you want to receive the reimbursement, you must submit the original receipts. #021254
如果你想报销，你必须提交原始收据。
105.Students have the opportunity to share their lunch during the common lunch break around noon. #021255
学生们有机会在中午的公共午休时间分享他们的午餐。
106.In eighteen thirty, periodicals appeared in large numbers in America #021256
1830年，美国出现了大量的期刊。
107.Number the beakers and put them away before tomorrow. #021261
把烧杯标好号码，在明天之前把它们收起来。
108.Physics is the study of matter and energy. #021263
物理学是一门研究物质和能量的学科。
109.Student loans for higher education are now available for international students. #021267
国际学生现在可以申请高等教育学生贷款。
110.The bookstore is located on the main campus behind the library. #021270
书店位于图书馆后面的主校区。
111.The library is located on the other side of the campus behind the student center. #021273
图书馆位于校园的另一边，在学生活动中心的后面。
112.The small Indian state is a land of forests, valleys and snowy islands. #021276
这个小小的印度邦是一片森林、山谷和多雪岛屿的土地。
113.The study of archaeology requires extensive international fieldwork. #021277
考古学的研究需要广泛的国际实地考察。
114.The United States has developed a coffee culture in recent years. #021279
美国在近年形成了一种咖啡文化。
115.The U.S. ranks twenty second in foreign aid, given as a percentage of GDP. #021280
以占GDP的比例计算，美国的对外援助排名第22位。
116.Vessels carry blood from the heart to other organs of the body. #021282
血管将血液从心脏输送到身体的其他器官。
117.What distinguishes him from others is his dramatic use of black and white photography. #021283
使他与众不同的是他对黑白摄影的戏剧性运用。
118.This Thursday is the last day for students to withdraw subjects without any penalty. #021289
本周四是学生可以不受处罚退课的最后一天。
119.We are required to submit the assignments before Friday. #021291
我们被要求在星期五之前交作业。
120.Please do not bring food into the classroom. #021294
请不要把食物带进教室。
121.I expect a long and stagnant debate for a week or two on this issue. #021298
我预计在这个问题上会有一场一两个星期的长时间停滞不前的辩论。
122.Higher fees make students think more critically about what universities can offer. #021301
更高的学费会让学生更加批判性地思考大学能提供什么。
123.Anatomy is the study of the body's internal and external structures. #021311
解剖学是研究人体内部和外部结构的学科。
124.Hypothetically, insufficient mastery of comprehension slows future progress. #021323
假设来说，理解能力掌握不足会延缓未来的进步。
125.Many undergraduate students go back home and stay with their parents after graduation. #021332
许多大学生毕业后会回家和父母住在一起。
126.We want to attract the very best students regardless of their financial circumstances. #021337
我们想吸引最优秀的学生，无论他们的经济状况如何。
127.The hypothesis on the black hole is rendered moot as the explanation for the explosion. #021346
把黑洞的假设作为对爆炸的解释是无意义的。
128.Restricted scholarships target principally at the students with specific goals. #021350
限制性奖学金主要针对有特定目标的学生。
129.He is almost never in his office. #021353
他几乎从不在他的办公室。
130.You must ensure you do not include too much irrelevant information. #021355
你必须确保不要包含太多无关的信息。
131.It is interesting to observe the development of the language skills of toddlers. #021357
观察幼儿语言技能的发展是一件很有趣的事情。
132.There's an hourly bus service from the campus into the town. #021358
从学校到城里有每小时一班的公共汽车。
133.You can pay by cash or using a credit card. #021361
你可以付现金，也可以用信用卡。
134.Those students have to retake the module if their marks are too low. #021363
如果这些学生的分数太低，他们必须重修该模块。
135.Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to other parts of the body. #021370
动脉将含氧血液从心脏输送到身体的其他部位。
136.In consultation with your supervisor, your thesis is approved by the faculty committee. #021389
经与你的导师协商，你的论文获得系委员会的批准。
137.You should go to the reception to get your student card. #021393
你应该去服务台拿学生证。
138.You can download all lecture handouts from the course website. #021395
你可以从课程网站上下载所有的课程讲义。
139.Eating too much can lead to many health problems. #021399
吃得太多会导致很多健康问题。
140.Fishing is a sport and a means for surviving. #021402
捕鱼是一项运动，也是一种生存手段。
141.Contemporary critics dismissed his idea as eccentric. #021407
当代批评家认为他的想法古怪而不屑一顾。
142.The brain can be called the central computer of the body. #021410
大脑可以被称为身体的中央计算机。
143.Ideally, free trade is beneficial for trading with two partners. #021424
理想情况下，自由贸易有利于与两方进行交易。
144.Living in the 21st century is increasingly stressful. #021432
生活在21世纪的压力越来越大。
145.I would like the assignment less than two thousand words. #021439
我希望这份作业不要超过2000字。
146.We have three distinctive libraries which are nationally acclaimed. #021442
我们有三个独特的图书馆在全国享有盛誉。
147.Parking permits can be collected through the student service office. #021443
停车证可以通过学生服务办公室领取。
148.Everyone should get access to art galleries no matter where they live. #021449
无论住在哪里，每个人都应该有机会参观艺术馆。
149.There is too much information on this topic. #021451
关于这个话题的信息太多了。
150.The main sports on campus are rugby, soccer, and tennis. #021453
校园的主要运动包括橄榄球、足球和网球。
151.This framework allows us to pose further research questions more systematically. #021455
这一框架使我们能够更系统地提出更多的研究问题。
152.Read the safety instructions before using the equipment during the workshop. #021458
在车间使用设备前阅读安全说明。
153.Please make an appointment with your tutor about work. #021463
请和你的导师预约一下，讨论工作。
154.I think your watch is fast. You need to reset it. #021465
我觉得你的表走快了，你需要重新设置一下。
155.This website has probably the most attractive layout #021467
这个网站的布局可能是最吸引人的。
156.Animals grow larger and stronger to help them hunt better. #021473
动物长得更大更强壮，以帮助他们更好地狩猎。
157.A man who suffered serious brain damage during an operation is suing the hospital. #021474
一名在手术中遭受严重脑损伤的男子正在起诉医院。
158.All students must return the books to the college library before the end of the term. #021476
所有学生必须在学期结束前把书归还学院图书馆。
159.Tuition fees will vary according to the field of study. #021478
学费会根据学习领域的不同而有所不同。
160.The contemporary literature works have been broadened and extended through interpretation. #021481
通过解读，当代文学作品得到了拓展和延伸。
161.It is of the utmost importance that you follow the ethical guidelines carefully. #021482
认真遵守道德准则是最重要的。
162.For further information, please contact a member of our administrative team. #021496
欲了解更多信息，请与我们行政团队的成员联系。
163.The professor plans to discuss issues in the news that reflect concepts taught in class. #021498
这位教授打算讨论一些新闻事件，这些新闻事件中反映出课上教过的概念。
164.The first draft of the presentation is almost ready. #021500
演示文稿的初稿差不多准备好了。
165.I have lectures on Tuesdays from nine o’clock until two o’clock. #021501
我星期二上午九点到下午两点有课。
166.Would you pass me the textbook on that table? #021503
你可以把那个桌子上的课本递给我吗？
167.You may use your student identification card to borrow books at the library. #021504
你可以用你的学生证件去图书馆借阅图书。
168.Making a profit and protecting the environment needn't be separate aims. #021507
盈利和保护环境不一定是不同的目标。
169.Keeping organized class notes will make study time more efficient. #021508
有条理的课堂笔记会让学习时间更有效率。
170.Students can choose graduate certificate, graduate diploma and master course. #021512
学生可以选择研究生证书（课程）、研究生文凭（课程）和硕士课程。
171.Animal behavior appears to contain both similar and distinct aspects to that of humans. #021515
动物的行为似乎与人类既有相似之处，也有不同之处。
172.Tomorrow evening, there's a panel discussion on sustainable development. #021516
明天晚上，有一个关于可持续发展的小组讨论。
173.We are not able to accept assignments submitted after Friday's deadline. #021517
我们不能接受在周五截止日期之后提交的作业。
174.Key aspects of this investigative paradigm may prove useful in other spheres. #021521
这种研究模式的关键方面可能在其他领域被证明是有用的。
175.One of the first mass transit systems was located in France. #021525
最早的公共交通系统之一位于法国。
176.The university hosts a wide range of events both on and off campus. #021530
这所大学在校园内外举办了各种各样的活动。
177.Our capacity to serve the community is a vital part of our role. #021531
我们服务社会的能力是我们这个职位的重要组成部分。
178.At the end of the day, people want to profit from return on their investment. #021533
最终，人们希望从他们的投资回报中获利。
179.The support and advice of lecturers within the department has been invaluable. #021534
系里讲师的支持和建议是非常宝贵的。
180.Tomorrow's lecture has been canceled due to the power cut. #021535
因为停电，明天的讲座取消了。
181.Today we have a guest speaker who is visiting from Canada. #021536
182.Please make sure you use the standard form of quotation. #021537
请确保您使用的是标准报价形式。
183.Compiling a bibliography can present a major challenge for some students. #021540
编制参考书目对一些学生来说可能是一个重大挑战。
184.By logging in, you agree to all terms and conditions regarding your enrollment. #021541
通过登录，你同意关于你的注册的所有条款和条件。
185.Renewable energy sources are now used to produce electricity. #021546
可再生能源现在用于发电。
186.Having a healthy breakfast can provide energy throughout the day. #021547
一顿健康的早餐可以为一天提供能量。
187.The assessment of this course will begin next week. #021548
这门课的评估将于下周开始。
188.It is expected that all students have their own laptops. #021549
希望所有的学生都有自己的笔记本电脑。
189.We are committed to recruiting the best students regardless of their financial situations. #021550
我们致力于招募最优秀的学生，无论他们的经济状况如何。
190.You have to submit the project by the end of the week. #021551
你必须在这个周末之前提交这个项目。
191.None of the students found it difficult to get a job. #021552
没有一个学生发现找工作很难。
192.His particular interest is in the 18th century French society. #021553
他特别感兴趣的是18世纪的法国社会。
193.Such behaviors are regarded as a deviation of the norm. #021554
这些行为被认为是离经叛道。
194.The graph shows the population growth in the last century. #021555
该图显示了上个世纪的人口增长情况。
195.The origin of psychology can be traced back to ancient Greece. #021556
心理学的起源可以追溯到古希腊。
196.Experts cannot agree on a single definition of intelligence. #021557
专家们无法就“智力”的单一定义达成一致。
197.There is a lot more about this topic on the university website. #021558
在大学网站上有更多关于这个话题的信息。
198.The literal output of this research is prolific and diverse. #021559
这些研究的实际成果是丰富多样的。
199.She is doing a Master's degree by distance learning. #021560
她正在通过远程教育攻读硕士学位。
200.The campus library will be closed during the winter break. #021561
校园图书馆将在寒假期间关闭。
201.Digital scans of archive materials are provided for a small fee. #021562
档案资料的数字扫描只收取少量费用。
202.The bus for London will leave ten minutes later than planned. #021563
开往伦敦的公共汽车将比原计划晚十分钟开出。
203.The energy that we absorb from the food we eat can help us prevent the cold and become warmer.
#021564
我们从食物中吸收的能量可以帮助我们御寒取暖。
204.The result of the experiment indicates that further research is needed. #021565
实验结果表明，还需要进一步的研究。
205.You need to use a Bunsen burner and a test tube. #021566
你需要使用本生灯和试管。
206.I haven't done a lot of work in this area. #021567
我在这方面做得不多。
207.Your abstract should contain the empirical evidence of your research. #021568
你的摘要应包含你研究的实证证据。
208.This program is running in partnership with a number of departments. #021569
这个项目是与一些部门合作进行的。
209.Students are not allowed to speak when they are in the examination hall. #021570
考生在考场内时不允许发言。
210.We often ask our students to get access to all sorts of services. #021571
我们经常要求学生获取各种各样的服务。
211.Try to get through it as soon as possible. #021572
试着尽快解决这个问题。
Describe Image
命中率：中优先级：中
共 3-4 题，命中 1-2 题
备战策略
模板一通则百通，模板熟练度比命中率更重要
当前趋势
以数据图为主。
本次更新
DESCRIBE IMAGE - 40题
Years to Double Population #031001 Dubai Gold Sales in 2002 #031002
Total Population of Thoralby #031004 Number of arrests per year for using illegal drugs
#031005
Weekly Temperature #031006 Consumer Confidence #031008
Population growth and projected population of Litchfield Population Growth #031010
Sydney 1976-2031 #031009
Probability of Depression by age #031011 Average annual hospital visits per capita
Glasgow residents #031012
Net Generation from coal and Share of total Life Expectancy (Years) at Birth by Sex #031021
generation from coal #031017
Life Expectancy of Males and Females at birth by World Income Distribution and Poverty Line in
Years #031026 1970 and 1990 #031030
University and College Students who did World population development #031035
educational activities #031032
Australian Age Group #031053 Energy Produced from Coal in Four European
Countries 1995-2010 #031054
Internet Population in Millions of Users #031058 Total MSW Generation by Material 2009
#031118
The Average Household Energy Consumption How Solar Yard Lights Work #031145
#031140
Food Pyramid #031148 Government Expenditure: Education - All Sectors

#031149
Oxbow Lake Formation #031152 Bird Feeder #031174
Land Use Map of India #031176 Switzerland: Languages #031177
Simple Circuit with Light #031221 Teaching as a Career #031245
Sitting Postures When Typing #031248 Blackpoll birds migration #031261
Annual Change in Forest Area by Region 1990- Weekly household spending, Ireland #031263
2010 #031262
Trading Goods in Ancient Egypt #031266 Population Density in Australia (B&W) #031280
Rainforest in South America #031283 A Food Chain #031285
Recycle of old plastic bottles #031304 Supply chain management #031322
Retell Lecture
命中率：低优先级：低
共 1-2 题，命中 1-2 题
备战策略
模板一通则百通，模板熟练度比命中率更重要
当前趋势
新题与旧题并行
本次更新
RE-TELL LECTURE - 28题
1.Australian export 澳大利亚出口 #041001
2.Brain development 大脑发育 #041002
3.Darkness between galaxies 银河系的黑暗 #041003
4.Bomb calorimeter 弹式测热仪 #041005
5.High LG and Low LG 母鼠对子鼠的舔舐和理毛 #041006
6.Dimensions 维度 #041015
7.The Large Hadron Collider 大型强子对撞机 #041027
8.Biomedical Engineering 生物医学工程 #041033
9.Gene & Protein 基因和蛋白质 #041034
10.Loggerhead turtles 红海龟迁徙路线 #041040
11.Mars and Earth 地球和火星 #041045
12.Early Robot 早期机器人 #041046
13.Indian HIV Training 印度HIV培训 #041048
14.The Politics of Happiness 幸福指数与政治 #041060
15.Win-win Solutions 双赢局面 #041071
16.Marshmallow Test 棉花糖测试 #041077
17.Venus 金星 #041080
18.Melatonin 褪黑素 #041081
19.The Arctic and the Antarctic 北冰洋和南极洲 #041082
20.Bilingual Parents 双语父母 #041095
21.Civil society/NGO 民间社会团体/NGO #041105
22.Shy Fish and Bold Fish 胆小鱼群实验 #041126
23.The Springtime Phenomena 早春现象 #041127
24.Doing Research 引用研究 #041138
25.Animal Behaviors [Why] #041153
26.Leadership and management 领导力与管理 #041155
27.Fatherhood 父亲角色 #041156
28.Universal philosophy 普遍哲学 #041158
Answer Short Questions
命中率：低优先级：低
共 5-6 题，命中 1-4 题
备战策略
先刷机经，再刷预测；最好把机经总题库都刷完；
关注单词的发音，否则答案读错也算错
当前趋势
本次更新
ANSWER SHORT QUESTION - 114题
1.A business doesn’t want to make a loss - what does it want to make? - - Profit #051001
2.What would call a doctor who sells prescribed medicines? - - Pharmacist / Chemist. #051002
3.What is the legal document protecting someone's intellectual property? - - Patent #051003
4.A famous canal links the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean, is it the Corinth or Suez Canal? - - Suez
Canal #051004
5.A manufacturing process releases poisonous gases. What is the most important safety measure for workers
at this plant – ensuring good ventilation, or appropriate footwear? - - Ensuring good ventilation #051006
6.What is this field of study? - - Geography #051007
7.What would you call a specialist who repairs leaking water pipes? - - Plumber #051008
8.At what ceremony do students receive their degree or diploma at the end of their period of study? - –
Graduation #051011
9.What is the behavior when an animal changes its color to match the environment for protection? - -
Camouflage #051012
10.Despite all the advances in equality between the sexes, would more men or women play professional
football? - – More men #051015
11.What do you call the person who faces you in a court? - – Judge #051019
12.How do you call the pointing device that is connected to the computer? - - Mouse. #051020
13.How many countries are involved in a mutual agreement? - - Two. #051024
14.How many quarters in a calendar year? - -Four #051026
15.How many days are there in a fortnight? - – Fourteen #051027
16.How many days are there in a week? - – Seven #051028
17.How many years are there in the passage of a decade? - – Ten #051034
18.How many years are there in a millennium? - One thousand. #051035
19.How many years does a centennial celebrate? - One hundred. #051036
20.What is the synonym of destiny? - - Fate. #051037
21.How would you call people who study ancient bones, rocks and plants? - - Paleontologist. #051040
22.If you need to use a different currency, what do you need to do? - - Exchange. #051041
23.If a button has come off a shirt, what would someone most likely to do to put it back on? - - Sew #051042
24.In addition to A, E, what are the other three vowel letters? - - I, O, U. #051045
25.If someone lives in an urban area, where do they live? - – City #051048
26.If there are 8 black balls and 1 white ball, and I randomly pick one, which color is mostly likely to be
picked? - - Black. #051052
27.If you get sick, you go to see a doctor in hospital. There are different types of doctors. Some doctors deal
with bones; some deal with the heart. Which doctor deal with teeth? - - Dentist #051055
28.In which direction does the Sun arise from? - - East #051064
29.What do you call a group of mountains? - - Range. #051065
30.Jane and Peter have three children, they are 4,13 and 15 years old, they only have one son who is the
youngest child, how old is their middle child? - Thirteen. #051069
31.What do you call the person who is guilty in law term? - - Criminal. #051071
32.What is the opposite of majority? - Minority #051072
33.When you mix black and white, what color would you get? - Gray #051075
34.Which word is used for a brother or a sister? - - Sibling. #051077
35.The opposite direction of southwest on a compass is? - - Northeast #051085
36.What are winter, spring, summer and autumn? - – Seasons #051098
37.What do we call a period of 100 years? - — Century #051108
38.What do you call a very long essay, that students have to write for a doctor's degree? - —Thesis or
dissertation #051121
39.What do you call the number of people living in a specific area? - – Population #051126
40.Who is the person who works in a hospital and can do operations? - – Surgeon. #051128
41.What are the animals that have fins? - Fish. #051133
42.What is it called when two or more people are speaking to each other? - – Conversation #051148
43.What is the antonym of vertical? - – Horizontal #051152
44.What is the big musical instrument that has 88 black and white keys? - - Piano. #051153
45.What is the collective term for cows and bulls, especially on the farm? - — Cattle #051155
46.What is the opposite of the word "dangerous"? - Safe. #051163
47.What is the important document that can prove you are eligible to drive a car? - – Driver's license #051169
48.What is the quickest way to get to the 21st floor? - Elevator (or Lift) #051182
49.What is the red fluid that flows from the heart to the rest of the body? - – Blood #051183
50.What kind of liquid do mammals feed their babies? - – Milk #051198
51.What is the financial plan of how much money you will spend over a period of time? - – Budget #051206
52.What do we call it when the moon completely blocks out the light from the sun? - Solar eclipse #051214
53.What is the 26th letter of the alphabet in English? - - Z. #051217
54.What do you call a book where you arrange all of your photos together? - - Album. #051224
55.What does the chemical symbol H2O stand for in chemistry? - - Water #051267
56.What do we call the thread in the center of the candle? - - Wick #051268
57.How would you describe an animal that no longer exist on the earth? - - Extinct #051273
58.What do you call the diagram which includes a horizontal line called the X-axis and a vertical line called the
Y-axis? - - Coordinate system. #051275
59.What do we call a festival which is held every four years gathering people together as a sporting event? - -
Olympics. #051283
60.What do you call the condition of being unable to sleep? - - Insomnia. #051311
61.What is the area of the low land between hills or mountains? - Valley. #051314
62.What is the book that people write about their own stories? - - Autobiography. #051320
63.What are the mountains that can erupt? - - Volcano. #051333
64.How many eggs are there in a dozen? - Twelve. #051341
65.What is the word or expression that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in the same
language? - - Synonym. #051357
66.What is the heading at the top of an article or page in a newspaper or magazine? - - Headline #051379
67.Which part of your leg can make it possible to bend? - – Knee #051404
68.What does IT stand for? - – Information Technology #051414
69.Who produces books? - – Publisher #051415
70.What do we call a person who studies the past? - – Historian #051429
71.What is the first paragraph of an essay? - – Introduction #051430
72.What gas will be formed from the boiling water? - Vapor/Steam #051431
73.Tomorrow’s lecture has been cancelled. If today is Tuesday, then on which day was the lecture
cancelled? - - Wednesday. #051443
74.What word means the opposite of artificial? - - Natural. #051447
75.What is the tool that you use to measure an adult’s weight? - - Scale. #051449
76.Which of the following is not a means of transportation: plane, train, or car model? - - Car model. #051451
77.What are the two holes in your nose that you use to breathe? - - Nostrils. #051462
78.Which part of a birds’ body is used for flying? - - Wings. #051463
79.What are dollars, euros, and pounds the examples of? - - Currency. #051473
80.What is the antonym of horizontal? - - Vertical #051489
81.What do you call the person who plays musical instruments as a job? - - Musician. #051493
82.What could we call a natural disaster when the ground shakes violently? - - Earthquake. #051496
83.What do you call the two siblings who were born at the same time? - Twins. #051508
84.What is the boat that carries people from one side of a river to the other? - Ferry. #051512
85.What do you call a photograph of a person's face seen from the side? - - Profile. #051517
86.What do you hear after a flash of lightning? - - Thunder. #051524
87.What do people usually use to cut food? - Knife #051530
88.Who is the person who buys things in a shop? - Customer. #051536
89.What is the storyline or the series of scenes of novels, movies, short stories or plays? - Plot. #051539
90.Some people use right hands to write, then who are the people using left hands to write? - Left-handed /
Lefty / Sinistral #051549
91.What part of a door or a window that we can use to open it? - - Handle. #051551
92.If 1, 3, 9 are odd numbers, then what are 2, 4, 6 called? - - Even numbers. #051553
93.Who is the person who gives evidence in court? - Witness. #051555
94.What do you call the daughter of your sister or brother? - Niece. #051556
95.What is the opposite of "negative"? - Positive. #051557
96.What is the room in which you keep things when you don't need them now? - - Storeroom. #051558
97.What do we use to get to the third floor when the elevator is broken? - - Stairs. #051588
98.What is the northernmost or the southernmost part of the Earth called? - - Pole. #051592
99.What is the summary at the beginning of an academic paper called? - - Abstract. #051596
100.What is the antonym of maximum? - - Minimum #051604
101.Who is a female's partner as in a married relationship? - - Husband. #051609
102.What is the room that is under the ground floor? - - Basement. #051619
103.What is the body part of your leg that is below your thigh and between your knee and ankle? - - Shank.
#051625
104.What do we call a young cow? - - Calf. #051638
105.The term green has come to be associated with the protection of what? - - Environment. #051643
106.What is the colorful sticker that is put on an envelope? - - Stamp. #051648
107.What is the food that is used in a recipe? - - Ingredients. #051649
108.Which continent is Canada located on? - - North America. #051650
109.What is the opposite of the minus sign? - - Plus sign. #051651
110.What is the verb when employing someone or renting something? - - Hire. #051652
111.What is the short form of a word? - - Abbreviation. #051653
112.If you want to accelerate a car, which part do you need to press with your foot? - - Throttle. #051654
113.What will ice do when heated? - - Melt. #051655
114.What is the publication called that issues academic papers? - - Journal. #051656
Summarize Written Text
命中率：不稳优先级：低
命中 1-2
备战策略
利用模板，一通则百通，模板熟练度比命中率更重要
当前趋势
持续重回旧题
本次更新
SUMMARIZE WRITTEN TEXT - 39题
1.Plug-in vehicle 充电车 #091001
2.The Rosetta stone 印刷石 #091002
3.Water resource 水资源 #091003
4.American English美语影响力 #091004
5.Malaysia Tourism马来西亚旅游 #091005
6.World Wide Web 互联网 #091006
7.Overqualified employees 大材小用的员工 #091009
8.Online teaching & online Learning网上教学 #091017
9.Oil Price Decline 油价下降 #091018
10.Vividity of TV and Newspaper电视和报纸的区别 #091019
11.3D printing 3D打印 #091020
12.Children Allowance 给孩子零花钱 #091022
13.Cataract Surgery 白内障手术 #091023
14.The Great Sphinx 狮身人面像 #091026
15.Australia-US Alliance 澳美联盟 #091030
16.Grass & Cow 牛和草 #091033
17.School Liaison Police NSW学校联络警察 #091039
18.Crime rate 犯罪率 #091058
19.Plants research 植物研究 #091059
20.Pre-service teachers 预备教师 #091082
21.Benefit of Honey to athletes 蜂蜜对运动员的好处 #091083
22.Micro-plastics 微型塑料 #091095
23.Asda 阿斯达超市 #091103
24.People-watching Observation 暗中观察 #091106
25.Women’s Institutes 女权运动（outline only） #091107
26.Raw Honey Health Benefits 原蜜对健康的好处 #091115
27.Reading Aloud 大声朗读 #091119
28.New Women 新女性 #091120
29.Eater of animal flesh 肉食者 #091125
30.Ethics 伦理道德 #091128
31.Electric car 电动汽车 #091129
32.Straw as building material “稻草房” #091138
33.Positive mindset 积极心态 #091139
34.Brain waves 脑电波 #091140
35.A flow state [原文尚不完整] #091141
36.Why are women so far behind men 女性为何落后于男性 #091144
37.Biomimicry 仿生学 #091145
38.Double Blind 双盲关系 #091063
39.Legumes 豆科植物（高度近似，非原文） #091117
Writing Essay
命中率：2 中 2 优先级：高
备战策略
1. 模板 2. 预测
当前趋势
稳定！
本次更新
WRITE-ESSAY - 56题
1.毕业或工作前就结婚 #101001
It is argued that getting married before finishing school or getting a job is foolish. To what extent do you agree
or disagree?
【有人认为，在完成学业或找到工作之前结婚是愚蠢的。你在多大程度上同意或不同意? 】
2.成长环境是否影响个人成就 #101002
Nowadays, people believe that the environment influences their accomplishments. Some people think their
success and accomplishment were influenced by the places where they grew up. Do you think the
environment does or does not affect people’s accomplishment and how it affects?
【现在，人们认为环境影响他们的成就。有些人认为他们的成功和成就是受他们成长的地方的影响。你认为环境
会影响还是不会影响人的成就?环境是如何影响人的成就的?】
3.法律改变人的行为 #101003
Some people think human behaviors can be changed by laws, while others think laws have little effect. What is
your opinion.
【一些人认为法律可以改变人的行为，另一些人认为法律没有什么作用。你的意见是什么?】
4.员工参与决策的利弊 #101004
Some employers involve employees in the decision-making process of products and services. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of such policy?
【有些雇主会让员工参与产品和服务的决策过程。这种政策的优点和缺点是什么?】
5.书面考试是否有效评估学习成果 #101005
The formal written examination can be a valid method to assess students’ learning. To what extent do you
agree or disagree?
【正式的笔试是评估学生学习成绩的有效方法。你在多大程度上同意或不同意?】
6.海外留学有必要吗 #101006
问法一：It is often argued that studying overseas is overrated. There are many scholars who study locally. Is
travel a necessary component of quality education?
【人们常常认为海外留学被高估了。有许多学者在当地学习。旅行（此处结合上下文要理解为“出国学习”的意
思）是素质教育的必
要组成部分吗? 】
问法二：There is no value to travel overseas for study, as you can be a good scholar even without leaving your
home base. It is or isn’t necessary to travel overseas for a better education?
【出国留学是没有价值的，不出家门就可以成为一个优秀的学者。为了更好的教育，是否有必要出国旅行? 你在
多大程度上相信这个说法，并给出你的观点。】
问法三：Is the value of travel an important component for a successful scholar? Some people think scholars
should read books and never need to leave their home base. To which extend do you agree? Explain why.
【旅行（不一定是出国，前往其他城市也可称之为travel）是一个成功的学者的重要组成部分吗？有些人认为学者
只需要读书，根本不需要离开家乡。你同意哪种观点？解释为什么。】
（请注意，只有问法三的“travel”没有指明“overseas出国”的概念，问法一和问法二的措辞中，都有明确提及
“overseas”）
7.欠发达国家的旅游业利弊相当 #101007
The disadvantages of tourism in less developed countries are as great as the advantages. What is your
opinion?
【旅游业在欠发达国家的缺点和优点一样大。你的意见是什么?】
8.极限运动 #101008
问法一：In your opinion, what are the advantages and disadvantages of extreme or adventure sports?
【在你看来，极限或冒险运动的优点和缺点是什么?】
问法二：Nowadays, more and more people engage in dangerous activities, such as skiing, or white-water
rafting. Are you in favor of them? Why? Use examples to support your opinion.
【如今，越来越多的人从事危险的运动，如滑雪、漂流。你赞成他们吗？为什么？用例子来支持你的观点。】
[2023.03.01 更新措辞，无论哪种问法，论证词汇都一样]
9.大众传媒引发的信息革命带来的利弊 #101009
“The information revolution by modern mass communication has both positive and negative consequences
for individuals and for society.” To what extent do you agree? Explain with your own experience.
【“现代大众传播带来的信息革命对个人和社会都有积极和消极的影响。”你在多大程度上同意? 用你自己的经
历来解释。】
10.大众传媒对年轻人的影响 #101011
Mass media, including TV and newspaper, have a great influence on humans, particularly on the younger
generation. It has a pivotal role in shaping people's opinions. Discuss the extent you agree or disagree. Use
your own experience or examples.
【大众传媒，包括电视和报纸，对人类有很大的影响，特别是对年轻一代。它在塑造人们的观点方面起着关键作
用。讨论你同意或不同意的程度。用你自己的经验或例子。】
11.气候变化谁负责 #101012
Climate change is a concerning global issue. Who should take the responsibilities, governments, big
companies or individuals?
【气候变化是一个令人关切的全球问题。谁应该承担责任，政府，大公司还是个人？】
12.100年内最重要的发明 #101014
There are many important inventions in the modern world, including antibiotics, airplanes and computers.
What do you believe is the most important invention of the past hundred years? Why?
【现代世界有许多重要的发明，包括抗生素、飞机和计算机。你认为过去一百年里最重要的发明是什么？为什么
？】
13.日用消费品的营销应该重品牌还是重优惠 #101015
Should marketing in companies producing consumer goods like food and clothing, place emphasis on
reputation of the company or short-term strategies like discount and special offers? Why?
【在生产食品和服装等消费品的公司中，营销应该强调公司的声誉还是短期战略，如折扣和特价？为什么？】
14.研究气候变化的某方面 #101016
You are given climate change as the field of study. Which area would you prefer? Explain why you pick this
particular area of your study and give an example in the area you pick.
【你的研究领域是气候变化。你更想选哪个领域？解释你为什么选择你研究的这个特定领域，并给出一个你选择
的领域的例子。】
15.高中学习百年前戏剧的利弊 #101028
There are both problems and benefits for high school students to study plays and works of theatres written
centuries ago. Discuss and use your own experience.
【对高中生来说，学习几个世纪前写的戏剧和戏剧作品既有问题也有好处。请就这个观念进行讨论，并使用你自
己的经验。】
16.大商场替代小商铺 #101030
Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. What is your opinion on this? Do you think this is a good or
bad change?
【大型购物中心正在取代小商店。你对此有什么看法？你认为这是好事还是坏事?】
17.数码时代的优点缺点 #101032
Some people claim that the digital age has made us lazier, while others claim it has made us more
knowledgeable. Discuss both opinions, use your own experience to support.
【一些人认为数字时代让我们变得更懒，而另一些人则认为数字时代让我们变得更有知识。讨论两种观点，用你
自己的经验来支持。】
18.青少年需不需要上理财课程 #101034
Teenagers should receive lessons on principles of personal finance, such as investing and debt. To what
extent do you agree with this statement?
【青少年应该接受有关个人理财原则的课程，比如投资和债务。你在多大程度上同意这种说法?】
19.无现金社会是否现实？优缺点？ #101038
There are more and more situations where credit cards are used instead of cash. The idea of a cashless
society seems to be becoming more of a reality. How realistic do you think it is? What do you see as the
potential benefits or problems?
【用信用卡代替现金的情况越来越多了。无现金社会的想法似乎越来越成为现实。你觉得它有多现实？你认为潜
在的好处和问题是什么?】
20.医学延长人们寿命是好是坏 #101039
Medical technology is responsible for increasing the average life expectancy. Do you think it is a curse or a
blessing?
【医疗技术提高了人们的平均预期寿命。你觉得这是诅咒还是福祉？】
21.体验式学习在学校有无好处 #101040
Some people point that experiential learning (i.e. learning by doing) can work well in formal education.
However, others think a traditional form of teaching is the best. Do you think experiential learning is beneficial
in high school or college?
有些人指出，体验式学习（即通过“实践”来学习）在正统教育中效果很好。然而，其他人认为传统的教学形式
是最好的。你认为体验式学习在高中或大学是有益的吗?】
22.家长需要为孩子的行为负法律责任吗 #101042
Should parents be held legally responsible for the actions of their children? Do you agree with this opinion?
Support your position with your own study, experience or observations.
【父母应该为孩子的行为承担法律责任吗?你同意这个观点吗？用你自己的研究、经验或观察来支持你的观点。
】
23.学校扣迟交作业学生的分数 #101043
Some universities deduct students’ marks if assignments are given late. What is your opinion and give your
recommendations?
【某些大学会对迟交的作业进行扣分。你的看法是什么？并给出你的建议。】
24.兼顾工作和学习 #101044
In order to study effectively, it requires comfort, peace and time. So it is impossible for a student to combine
learning and employment at the same time, because one distracts the other. Is it realistic to combine them at
the same time in our life today? Support your opinion with examples.
【有效的学习需要舒适平静的状态和充分的时间。因此一个学生不可能同时把学习和工作结合起来，因为两者会
相互干扰。在我们今天的生活中，把它们同时结合起来现实吗?用例子来支持你的观点.】
25.移民海外的优点和缺点 #101049
Many people choose to emigrate to other countries. What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in a
foreign country? Discuss with your own experience.
26.政府面临的最严重的问题是什么 #101055
The world’s governments and organizations are facing a lot of issues. Which do you think is the most
pressing problem for the inhabitants on our planet? And give solutions.
【世界各国政府和组织正面临着许多问题。你认为对地球上的居民来说，哪一个是最紧迫的问题？并给出解决方
案。】
27.建筑设计对工作生活的影响 #101056
How does the design of building affect, either positively or negatively, where people work and live?
【建筑设计如何影响人们工作和生活的地方的，无论是积极的还是消极的？】
28.低生育率和老龄化现象的主因和后果 #101060
In many countries, the birth rate is slow and the ageing problem is serious. What are the causes and the
effects of this phenomenon? And what are the solutions?
【在许多国家，出生率很低，老龄化问题很严重。这种现象的原因和影响是什么?解是什么?】
29.城市生活与乡村生活，你喜欢哪个？ #101062
Living in the countryside or having a city life, which one do you prefer? Please use examples or your personal
experience to support your opinion.
【住在农村还是住在城市，你更喜欢哪一个?请用例子或你的个人经历来支持你的观点。】
30.艺术文化是否该由政府资助 #101066
Some people think that art and culture can improve the quality of life and should be funded by governments.
Other people think funding art and culture should be the responsibility of charities and private investment
institutes. What do you think of this opinion?
【有些人认为艺术和文化可以提高生活质量，应该由政府资助。其他人认为资助艺术和文化应该是慈善机构和私
人投资机构的责任。你怎么看这个观点?】
31.富国帮穷国 #101070
Wealthy nations are required to share their wealth with poorer countries. What is your opinion?
【富裕国家被要求与贫穷国家分享财富。你的意见是什么?】
32.工作学习还是旅游做志愿者 #101073
Some people argue that young people should concentrate on study or work, while some other people think it
is better to put energy into activities designed to broaden their experience, such as international travel and
volunteering. Support with examples or cases.
【一些人认为年轻人应该把精力放在学习或工作上，而另一些人则认为最好把精力放在拓展经验的活动上，比如
国际旅行和志愿服务。用例子或案例来支持。】
33.记者是最艰难的工作 #101074
Being a journalist is one of the most difficult jobs in the world. What do you think?
【记者是世界上最困难的工作之一。你觉得呢?】
34.考试应该被替换 #101084
Exams are commonly used in most schools and universities. Some people think exams should be replaced by
other forms of assessment. Please discuss both sides.
【考试在大多数学校和大学中都很常见。一些人认为考试应该被其他形式的评估所取代。请讨论双方。】
35.城市空间拥挤，有何良策 #101094
As the urban population is growing, city roads are busy and public areas such as parking are packed. People
feel that city space is overcrowding. What solutions can you think of for this problem?
【随着城市人口的增长，城市道路繁忙，停车场等公共区域拥挤不堪。人们觉得城市空间过于拥挤。对于这个问
题，你能想到什么解决办法?】
36.先天因素和后天因素哪个更加影响人们的性格和行为 #101100
Scientists have been debating the impact of nature and nurture on people’s personality and behavior. Which
one do you think has a greater influence on people’s personality and behavior?
【科学家们一直在争论先天和后天对人的性格和行为的影响。你认为哪一个对人的性格和行为有更大的影响?】
37.与书本，正统教育相比，人生经历经验是更好的老师？ #101122
Some people argue that experience is the best teacher. Life experiences can teach more effectively than
books or formal school education. How far do you agree with this idea? Support your opinion with reasons
and/or your personal experience.
【有些人认为经验是最好的老师。生活经验比书本或正规学校教育更有效。你在多大程度上同意这个想法？用理
由和/或你的个人经历来支持你的观点。】
38.大学购买数码媒体取代纸质书的利弊 #101123
With the increase of digital media available online, the role of the library has become obsolete. Universities
should only procure new digital media rather than constantly update textbooks. Discuss both the advantages
and disadvantages of this position and give your own point of view.
【随着在线数字媒体的增加，图书馆的作用已经过时。大学应该只购买数字材料，而不是不断更新教科书。讨论
这个职位的优点和缺点，并给出你自己的观点。】
39.政府应该改善公共交通还是多修路 #101124
As cities are expanding, some people claim governments should look forward to creating better networks of
public transport available for everyone rather than building more roads for vehicle owning population. What’s
your opinion? Give some examples or experience to support.
【随着城市的扩张，一些人声称，政府应该着眼于为每个人创造更好的公共交通网络，而不是为拥有汽车的人口
建造更多的道路。你的意见是什么?给出一些例子或经验来支持。】
40.兼顾工作和私人生活（普遍性与后果） #101126
The time people devote in jobs leaves very little time for personal life. How widespread is the problem? What
problem will this shortage of time cause?
【人们投入工作的时间留给个人生活的时间很少。这个问题有多普遍?时间短缺会导致什么问题？】
41.兼顾工作与私人生活（重要性与成因） #101127
Nowadays, it is increasingly more difficult to maintain the right balance between work and other aspects of
one’s life, such as time with family and leisure needs. How important do you think is this balance? Why do
people find it hard to achieve?
【如今，在工作和生活的其他方面，比如与家人相处的时间和休闲需求之间保持平衡越来越难了。你认为这种平
衡有多重要？为什么人们觉得这个平衡很难实现？】
42.描述一个新发明及其优点或缺点 #101128
In our technological world, the number of new inventions has been evolving on a daily basis. Please describe a
new invention and explain the impact, either beneficial or detrimental, that you feel it has had on society.
【在我们的技术世界里，新发明的数量每天都在变化。请描述一项新发明，并解释你认为它对社会产生了有益或
有害的影响。】
43.电视有多种功能 #101130
Television has many functions to play in everyone's life. For some it's relaxation; for some, it is the companion.
To what extent do you think the statement is true? Please provide your argument and supporting evidence
from your own experience.
【电视在每个人的生活中有许多功能。对有些人来说电视让他们放松，对一些人来说电视是他们的陪伴。你认为
这种说法在多大程度上是正确的？请从你自己的经历中提供你的论点和支持性证据。】
44.女性兼顾家庭与职场的建议 #101131
More and more women are raising a family with a career. Please give your suggestions on a personal level and
national level.
【越来越多的女性一边工作一边养家。请在个人层面和国家层面给出你的建议。】
45.减少工时以缓解失业率 #101132
In modern society, unemployment among young people is a serious problem. One solution is to shorten the
working week and put more people to work. . Give your opinion of the idea, considering the advantages and
disadvantages, whether it can apply to young people or the whole workforce.
【在现代社会，年轻人失业是一个严重的问题。一个解决办法是缩短每个人的每周工作时间，让更多人有工作。
给出你对这个想法的看法，考虑到优点和缺点，它是否适用于年轻人或整个劳动力。】
46.名人是否要放弃隐私 #101134
People who are famous entertainers or sportspeople should give up the right to privacy because this is the
price of fame. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this point of view? Give your opinion with your
experiences.
【那些著名的艺人或运动员应该放弃隐私权，因为这是成名的代价。你在多大程度上同意或不同意这一观点?用
你的经历给出你的观点。】
47.未来人们工时会减少 #101135
“In the future, people will work less hours at their jobs.” To what extent do you agree with it? Please support
your opinion with your own experience.
【“未来，人们的工作时间会更短。”你在多大程度上同意它?请用你自己的经验来支持你的观点。】
48.年龄限制 #101136
Age restrictions can be seen everywhere. It is believed that people should not do things until they reach the
right age, such as marriage, and driving. Select one activity and state the minimum age that you think. Support
with your own experiences.
【年龄限制随处可见。人们认为，在达到合适的年龄之前，不应该做一些事情，比如结婚和开车。选择一件事
，并说明你所认为的这件事的最低年龄。用你自己的经历来支持你的观点。】
49.外语应该成为必修课吗 #101137
Should schools make learning a foreign language compulsory?
【学校应该把外语作为必修课吗?】
50.国家把钱花在建筑修复，而非现代住房 #101138
More and more countries spend large amounts of money on the restoration of buildings instead of on modern
housing. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this analysis? Support your writing with its advantages
or disadvantages.
【越来越多的国家花大量的钱来修复建筑,而不是现代住房。你在多大程度上同意或不同意这种分析?用它的优点
或缺点来支持你的写作。】
51.21世纪的孩子越来越难 #101139
It is getting harder for children to live and grow in the 21st century than in the past. Do you agree or disagree?
【孩子们在21世纪的生活和成长比过去更难了。你同意还是不同意?】
52.要不要限定最高薪资 #101140
"Should there be a maximum wage for high-paying people." To what extent do you agree with this statement?
Please give your reasons and/or arguments.
【“应该为高收入人群设定最高工资标准吗?”你在多大程度上同意这种说法?请给出你的理由和/或论点。】
53.过度竞争对个人和社会的利弊？ #101142
What are the advantages and the disadvantages of being over-competitive to individuals and society?
【过度竞争对个人和社会有什么好处和坏处?】
54.既然有人工智能翻译，还需要学外语吗？ #101143
Advanced technology such as artificial intelligence can translate a foreign language easily. Do you think
learning a foreign language is still necessary? Support with your own experience.
【人工智能等先进技术可以很容易地翻译外语。你认为学习一门外语还是有必要的吗？用你自己的经验来支持你
的观点。】
55.雇主是否应该在工作场所提供健身器材 #101147
Health is important, and so is a healthy workplace. Should bosses provide exercise facilities to their
employees in the workplace? Do you agree or disagree? Please give your advice.
【健康很重要，一个健康的工作场所也很重要。老板应该在工作场所为员工提供健身设施吗？你同意还是不同意
?请给出你的建议。】
56.为学生的成就而付钱给老师 #101148
There is a current trend of paying teachers for students' achievements. Some people agree that it is an
incentive for teachers to link students' achievements to teachers' salary, while others disagree. What is your
opinion?
【现在有一种根据学生的成绩付钱给老师的趋势。一些人同意教师将学生的成就与教师的工资挂钩是一种激励
，而另一些人则不同意。你的意见是什么?】
Re-order Paragraphs
命中率：高优先级：中
共 2-3 题，命中 1-2 题
备战策略
预测押题＞机经总题库
切勿以押题为目的，以理解逻辑+做题思路为目的
当前趋势
持续变动
本次更新
RE-ORDER PARAGRAPHS - 73题
1.Indian IT #061001
(1).Innovation in India is as much due to entrepreneurialism as it is to IT skills, says Arun Maria, chairman of
Boston Consulting Group in India.
(2).Indian businessmen have used IT to create new business models that enable them to provide services in a
more cost-effective way.
(3).This is not something that necessarily requires expensive technical research.
(4).He suggests the country’s computer services industry can simply outsource research to foreign universities
if the capability is not available locally.
(5).“This way, I will have access to the best scientists in the world without having to produce them myself”
says Mr. Maria.
2.Foreign aid #061002
(1).But beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.
(2).Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into curbing their bad practices.
(3).Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously inspected by watchdog groups.
(4).Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent than it was when foreign aid
routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power.
3.Jet Stream #061003
(1).Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights ranging from 7 to 8 mi (11.3–12.9 km)
above the surface of the earth.
(2).They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air masses.
(3).Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike fashion; the waves propagate
eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at speeds considerably slower than the wind speed itself.
(4).Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on whether tail winds or head winds are
encountered
(5).In the Northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound aircraft, in order to gain speed and save
fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.
4.Map #061004
(1).For as long as I can remember, there has been a map in the ticket hall of Piccadilly Circus tube station
supposedly showing night and day across the time zones of the world.
(2).This is somewhat surprising given the London Underground's historic difficultly in grasping the concept of
punctuality.
(3).But this map has always fascinated me, and still does, even though it now seems very primitive.
(4).This is because it chops the world up equally by longitude, without regard the reality of either political
divisions or the changing seasons.
5.Chimpanzees #061005
(1).A simple way to disprove this hypothesis (the Innateness Hypothesis) is to demonstrate that other species
have the capacity to speak but for some reason simply have not developed speech.
(2).A logical candidate for such a species is the chimpanzee, which shares 98.4% of the human genetic code.
(3).Chimpanzees cannot speak because, unlike homo sapiens, their vocal cords are located higher in their
throats and cannot be controlled as delicately as human vocal cords.
(4).It does not follow from their lack of speech, however, that chimpanzees are incapable of language.
(5).Perhaps they can acquire grammar like humans if they could only express it some other way.
6.Immigration Effect #061006
(1).In the early years of the twenty-first century the impact of immigrants on the welfare state and, specifically,
the capacity of the welfare state to absorb large numbers of immigrants has become a staple of discussion
among policy makers and politicians.
(2).It is also a recurrent theme in the press, from the highbrow pages of Prospect to the populism of the Daily
Mail.
(3).Inevitably, these discussions focus on present-day dilemmas.
(4).But the issues themselves are not new and have historical roots that go much deeper than have been
acknowledged
7.Mother of Storm #061007
(1).Unlike Barnes' previous books, Mother of Storms has a fairly large cast of viewpoint characters.
(2).This usually irritates me, but I didn't mind it here, and their interactions are well-handled and informative,
although occasionally in moving them about the author's manipulations are a bit blatant.
(3).They're not all necessarily good guys, either, although with the hurricanes wreaking wholesale destruction
upon the world's coastal areas, ethical categories tend to become irrelevant.
(4).But even the Evil American Corporate Magnate is a pretty likable guy.
8.Charles Lindbergh #061008
(1).After finishing first in his pilot training class, Lindbergh took his first job as the chief pilot of an airmail route
operated by Robertson Aircraft Co. of Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri.
(2).He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield, Illinois, Peoria and Chicago.
(3).During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for delivering the mail under any circumstances.
(4).After a crash, he even salvaged bags of mail from his burning aircraft and immediately phoned Alexander
Varney, Peoria's airport manager, to advise him to send a truck.
9.SEPAHUA #061009
(1).SEPAHUA, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru's Amazon jungle, nestles in a pocket on the map where
a river of the same name flows into the Urubamba.
(2).That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally loggable land sandwiched between four natural reserves, all rich
in mahogany and accessible from the town.
(3).In 2001 the government, egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to regulate logging in the relatively small
part of the Peruvian Amazon where this is allowed.
(4).It abolished the previous system of annual contracts.
(5).Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map, with the right to log 5% of the area
each year. The aim was to encourage strict management plans and sustainable extraction.
10.Piano keys #061010
(1).Piano keys are generally made of spruce or basswood, for lightness.
(2).Spruce is normally used in high-quality pianos.
(3).Traditionally, the black keys were made from ebony and the white keys were covered with strips of ivory.
(4).But since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, plastics are now almost
exclusively used.
(5).Also, ivory tends to chip more easily than plastic.
11.International Date Line #061011
(1).International Date Line, imaginary line on the earth's surface, generally following the 180° meridian of
longitude, where, by international agreement, travelers change dates.
(2).The date line is necessary to avoid a confusion that would otherwise result.
(3).For example, if an airplane were to travel westward with the sun, 24 hr would elapse as it circled the globe,
but it would still be the same day for those in the airplane while it would be one day later for those on the
ground below them.
(4).The same problem would arise if two travelers journeyed in opposite directions to a point on the opposite
side of the earth, 180° of longitude distant.
(5).The apparent paradox is resolved by requiring that the traveler crossing the date line change his date, thus
bringing the travelers into agreement when they meet.
12.Aviation #061012
(1).During the 1920s and 1930s great progress was made in the field of aviation, including the first transatlantic
flight of Alcock and Brown in 1919, Charles Lindbergh's solo transatlantic flight in 1927, and Charles Kingsford
Smith's transpacific flight the following year.
(2).One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3, which became the first airliner to
be profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service.
(3).By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous
qualified pilots available.
(4).The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fueled
rockets.
13.Aviation after World War II #061013
(1).After World War II, especially in North America, there was a boom in general aviation, both private and
commercial, as thousands of pilots were released from military service and many inexpensive war-surplus
transport and training aircraft became available.
(2).Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded production to provide light aircraft for the
new middle-class market.
(3).By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de Havilland Comet, though the first
widely used passenger jet was the Boeing 707, because it was much more economical than other aircraft at
that time.
(4).At the same time, turboprop propulsion began to appear for smaller commuter planes, making it possible to
serve small-volume routes in a much wider range of weather conditions.
14.Actors and characters #061014
(1).In a wonderful set of studies and subsequent book, Elly A. Konijn looked to the question of how much
actors are aware of their performance as they perform it, and how much they let the character “take over”.
(2).She asked Dutch actors to rate their own emotions and the emotions of the characters they were playing
across a range of affective states (from disgust and anxiety to tenderness and pleasure).
(3).She found that positive emotions were often felt by the actors as they played those character’s emotions.
(4).However, the more negative the emotion of the character, the less likely the actor would report feeling that
emotion onstage.
15.Ocean floors #061015
(1).The topography of the ocean floors is none too well known, since in great areas the available soundings are
hundreds or even thousands of miles apart.
(2).However, the floor of the Atlantic is becoming fairly well known as a result of special surveys since 1920.
(3).A broad, well-defined ridge – the Mid-Atlantic ridge – runs north and south between Africa and the two
Americas, and numerous other major irregularities diversify the Atlantic floor.
(4).Closely spaced soundings show that many parts of the oceanic floors in the Atlantic are rugged as
mountainous regions of the continents.
16.Earth-like planets #061018
(1).A team of scientists has discovered two Earth-like planets in the habitable orbit of a Sun-like star.
(2).Using observations gathered by NASA's Kepler Mission, the team found five planets orbiting a Sun-like star
called Kepler-62.
(3).Four of these planets are so-called super-Earths, larger than our own planet, but smaller than even the
smallest ice giant planet in our Solar System.
(4).These new super-Earths have radii of 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.9 times that of Earth.
(5).In addition, one of the five was a roughly Mars-sized planet, half the size of Earth.
17.Carbon Detox #061019
(1).In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are not persuaded by
information.
(2).Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix.
(3).Of the narratives that might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to listen to those that offer us some
reward.
(4).He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalists should show where the rewards might
lie.
(5).We should emphasize the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a crisis, of resourcefulness and
community action.
18.Environmental revolution #061022
(1).The environmental revolution has been almost three decades in the making, and it has changed forever
how companies do business.
(2).In the 1960s and 1970s, corporations were in a state of denial regarding their impact on the environment.
(3).Then a series of highly visible ecological problems created a groundswell of support for strict government
regulation
(4).In the United States, Lake Erie was dead. In Europe, the Rhine was on fire. In Japan, people were dying of
mercury poisoning.
(5).Today many companies have accepted their responsibility to do no harm to the environment.
19.German invasion #061023
(1).German invasion of Poland officially triggered the Second World War.
(2).In the beginning, Britain and France were hopeful that Poland should be able to defend her borders.
(3).But Polish forces could not defend a long border.
(4).They lacked compact defence lines and additionally their supply lines were also poorly protected.
(5).Meanwhile, the world had woken up to the potential of atomic energy and countries were conducting testes
to exploit the same.
20.Wagonways #061025
(1).Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany as early as 1550.
(2).These primitive railed roads consisted of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons or carts moved
with greater ease than over dirt roads. Wagonways were the beginnings of modern railroads.
(3).By 1776, iron had replaced the wood in the rails and wheels on the carts.
(4).In 1789 (After 30 years), Englishman, William Jessup designed the first wagons with flanged wheels.
(5).The flange was a groove that allowed the wheels to better grip the rail, this was an important design that
carried over to later locomotives.
21.Hypothesis #061028
(1).Another common mistake is to ignore or rule out data which do not support the hypothesis.
(2).Ideally, the experimenter is open to the possibility that the hypothesis is correct or incorrect.
(3).Sometimes, however, a scientist may have a strong belief that the hypothesis is true (or false), or feels
internal or external pressure to get a specific result.
(4).In that case, there may be a psychological tendency to find ”something wrong”, such as systematic effects,
with data which do not support the scientist's expectations, while data which do agree with those
expectations may not be checked as carefully.
22.Railway profile #061029
(1).Early rails were used on horse drawn wagon ways originally with wooden rails, but from the 1760s using
strap-iron rails, which consisted of thin strips of cast iron fixed onto wooden rails.
(2).These rails were too fragile to carry heavy loads, but because the initial construction cost was less, this
method was sometimes used to quickly build an inexpensive rail line.
(3).However, the long-term expense involved in frequent maintenance outweighed any savings.
(4).These were superseded by cast iron rails that were flanged (i.e. 'L' shaped) and with the wagon wheels flat.
(5).An early proponent of this design was Benjamin Outram. His partner William Jessop preferred the use of
”edge rails” in 1789 where the wheels were flanged and, over time, it was realised that this combination
worked better.
(6).The first steel rails were made in 1857 by Robert Forester Mushet, who laid them at Derby station in
England. Steel is a much stronger material, which steadily replaced iron for use on railway rail and allowed
much longer lengths of rails to be rolled.
23.Carbon Pricing in Canada #061038
(1).There is a growing consensus that, if serious action is to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions in Canada, a price must be applied to those emissions.
(2).There are, however, challenges associated with the political acceptability of carbon pricing.
(3).If Canada implements a carbon price on its own, there are worries that Canadian factories will relocate to
other countries to avoid the regulation.
(4).Even if other countries act in concert with Canada to price carbon, the effects will be uneven across
sectors, and lobbying efforts by relatively more-affected sectors might threaten the political viability of the
policy.
24.Wal-Mart #061039
(1).Wal-Mart's core shoppers are running out of money much faster than a year ago due to rising gasoline
prices, and the retail giant is worried, CEO Mike Duke said Wednesday.
(2).”We're seeing core consumers under a lot of pressure,” Duke said at an event in New York. ”There's no
doubt that rising fuel prices are having an impact.”
(3).Wal-Mart shoppers, many of whom live paycheck to paycheck, typically shop in bulk at the beginning of the
month when their paychecks come in.
(4).Lately, they're ”running out of money” at a faster clip, he said.
(5).”Purchases are really dropping off by the end of the month even more than last year,” Duke said. ”This end-
of-month [purchases] cycle is growing to be a concern.
25.Color TV（2月1日确认原文） #061040
(1).Several systems of color television have been developed.
(2).In the first color system, a motor-driven disk with segments in three primary colors—red, blue, and
green—rotated behind the camera lens, filtering the light from the subject.
(3).The receiving unit of this system formed monochrome, which is black-and-white images, through the usual
cathode-ray tube.
(4).This method is said to be field-sequential because the monochrome image is painted first in one color, then
another, and finally in the third, in rapid enough succession so that the individual colors are blended by the
retentive capacities of the eye, giving the viewer the impression of a full colored image.
26.Objectivity of Journalists #061041
(1).Although experts like journalists are expected to be unbiased, they inevitably share the system biases of the
disciplines and cultures in which they work.
(2).Journalists try to be fair and objective by presenting all sides of a particular issues.
(3).Practically speaking, however, it is about as easy to present all sides of an issue as it is to invite all
candidates from all political parties to a presidential debate.
(4).Some perspectives ultimately are not included.
27.Competence and Performance #061042
(1).In language learning there is a distinction between competence and performance. Competence is a state of
the speaker’s mind. What he or she knows?
(2).Separate from actual performance – what he or she does while producing or comprehending language. In
other words, competence is put to use through performance.
(3).An analogy can be made to the Highway Code for driving. Drivers know the code and have indeed been
tested on it to obtain a driving license.
(4).In actual driving, however, the driver has to relate the code to a continuous flow of changing circumstances,
and may even break it from time to time.
(5).Knowing the Highway Code is not the same as driving.
28.Animals Exploratory Urge #061043
(1).All animals have a strong exploratory urge, but for some it is more crucial than others.
(2).It depends on how specialized they have become during the course of evolution.
(3).If they have put all their effort into the perfection of one survival trick, they do not bother so much with the
general complexities of the world around them.
(4).So long as the ant eater has its ants and the koala bear has gum leaves, then they are satisfied and the
living is easy.
(5).The non-specialists, however, the opportunists of the animal world, can never afford to relax.
29.Memory and habits #061046
(1).In 1992 a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a rare brain disease that wiped out his memory.
(2).Every day he was asked where the kitchen was in his house, and every day he didn’t have the foggiest idea.
(3).Yet whenever he was hungry he got up and propelled himself straight to the kitchen to get something to
eat.
(4).Studies of this man led scientists to a breakthrough: the part of our brains where habits are stored has
nothing to do with memory or reason.
(5).It offered proof of what the US psychologist William James noticed more than a century ago that humans
“are mere walking bundles of habits
30.Father-Led Literacy Project #061047
(1).A University of Canberra student has launched the nation’s first father-led literacy project, to encourage
fathers to become more involved in their children’s literacy.
(2).Julia Bocking’s Literacy and Dads (LADS) project aims to increase the number of fathers participating as
literacy helpers in K-2 school reading programs at Queanbeyan Primary Schools.
(3).Having worked as a literacy tutor with teenagers, Ms. Bocking saw the need for good attitudes towards
reading to be formed early on – with the help of male role models.
(4).She said, “A male that values reading sets a powerful role model, particularly for young boys, who are
statistically more likely to end up in remedial literacy programs.”
31.Communities of Ants #061057
(1).The communities of ants are sometimes very large, numbering even to 500, individuals
(2).And it is a lesson to us that no one has ever yet seen quarrel between any two ants belonging to the same
community.
(3).However, it must be admitted that they are in hostility not only with most other insects, including ants of
different species, but even with those of the same species if belonging to different communities.
(4).I have over and over again introduced ants from one my nets into another nest of the same species; and
they were invariably attacked, seized by a leg or an antenna, and dragged out.
(5).It is evident, therefore, that the ants of each community all recognize one another, which is very remarkable.
32.Electronic device disposal / E-waste #061059
(1).The invention of electronics has become a challenge.
(2).An Indian university persuaded IT service department to have an Electronic Recycling Collection Day.
(3).During these days, people are encouraged to recycle their e-waste instead of throwing them into the bin.
(4).On certain days throughout the year, many electronic devices are collected and recycled from families and
households.
(5).200,000 electronic products had been recycled in 2010.
33.The formation of the moon 月球的形成 #061063
(1).For more than 30 years, the prevailing view of the formation of our moon has been the ”giant impact
hypothesis”.
(2).The precursors to the current four rock planets – Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars – appear to have been
dozens of smaller bodies known as ”planetary embryos”.
(3).According to the giant impact hypothesis, our moon formed as the result of the last of a series of ”giant
impact” mergers between planetary embryos that eventually formed the Earth.
(4).In this last collision, one embryo was nearly Earth-sized and the other approximately Mars-sized.
34.A $300-House #061069
(1).When Vijay Govindarajan and Christian Sarkar wrote a blog entry on Harvard Business Review in August
2010 mooting the idea of a “$300-house for poor”, they were merely expressing a suggestion.
(2).“Of course, the idea we present here is an experiment,” wrote Prof Govindarajan, a professor of
international business at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth and Mr. Sarkar, a marketing consultant
who works on environmental issues – an almost apologetic disclaimer for having such a “far-out” idea.
(3).Who could create a house for $300 and if it was possible, why hadn’t it been done before?
(4).Nonetheless, they closed their blog with a challenge: “We ask chief executives, governments, NGOs,
foundations: Are there any takers?”
35.Children's Emotions #061071
(1).Most young children are inexperienced in dealing with emotional upheaval.
(2).As a result, they lack the coping strategies that many adults have.
(3).In particular, many young children lack the verbal skills to express their emotions and to effectively
communicate their need for emotional support.
(4).The frustration of not being able to effectively communicate may manifest itself in alternative behaviours.
(5).Strategies that children may employ at this age are commonly referred to as defense mechanisms
36.Sherbet #061073
(1).A reaction that needs some type of energy to make it go is said to be endothermic. It takes in energy.
(2).For example, the sherbet you used for the chapter problem on page 25 is a mixture of baking soda and
citric acid.
(3).When it is mixed with water in your mouth, an endothermic reaction occurs, taking heat energy from your
mouth and making it feel cooler.
(4).Another example of an endothermic reaction is seen with the cold packs used by athletes to treat injuries.
These packs usually consist of a plastic bag containing ammonium nitrate that dissolves in the water.
(5).This process is endothermic-taking heat energy from the surroundings and cooling the injured part of your
body. In this way, the cold pack acts as an ice pack.
37.The Job of a Manager #061079
(1).The job of a manager in the workplace is to get things done through employees.
(2).In order to accomplish this, the manager should be able to motivate employees.
(3).That is, however, easier said than done.
(4).Motivation practice and theory are difficult subjects, encompassing various disciplines.
38.Voice higher than 5khz #061082
(1).Previous studies have shown that humans are unable to recognize melodies whose notes have a
fundamental tone above 5 kilohertz.
(2).It was thought that, at frequencies this high, the rapidly cycling sound wave was too fast for the auditory
nerve to cope with.
(3).To test this theory, Andrew Oxenham and his colleagues at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis
asked a group of six students whether two four-note melodies were identical or not.
(4).As in previous studies, the volunteers could not recognize melodies with fundamental tones above 5 kHz.
39.Superpower [不完整待补充] #061085
(1).The ‘superpower’ has international text, which means having control over resources … political power.
(2).In terms of superpower, it included …
(3).... ‘green superpower’, …
(4).In addition to green energy superpower, company should meet the above global average … emissions …
and …
40.Music record in Brazil #061088
(1).Early in 1938, one Folklore Research Mission dispatched to the north-eastern hinterlands of Brazil on a
similar mission.
(2).The musicologists's intention was to record as much music as possible as quickly as possible, before
encroaching influences like radio and cinema began transforming the region’s distinctive culture.
(3).They recorded whoever and whatever seemed to be interesting: piano carriers, cowboys, beggars, voodoo
priests, quarry workers, fishermen, dance troupes and even children at play.
(4).Regrettably, the Brazilian mission’s collection ended up languishing in vaults here.
41.Earthquake in San Francisco #061094
(1).At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, the people of San Francisco were awakened by an earthquake that would
devastate the city.
(2).The main temblor, having a 7.7–7.9 magnitude, lasted about one minute and was the result of the rupturing
of the northernmost 296 miles of the 800-mile San Andreas fault.
(3).But when calculating destruction, the earthquake took second place to the great fire that followed.
(4).The fire, lasting four days, most likely started with broken gas lines (and, in some cases, was helped along
by people hoping to collect insurance for their property—they were covered for fire, but not earthquake,
damage).
42.Games affect brains #061095
(1).Palaus and his colleagues wanted to see if any trends had emerged from the research to date concerning
how video games affect the structure and activity of our brains.
(2).They collected the results from 116 scientific studies, 22 of which looked at structural changes in the brain
and 100 of which looked at changes in brain functionality and/or behavior.
(3).The studies show that playing video games can change how our brains perform, and even their structure.
(4).For example, playing video games affects our attention, and some studies found that gamers show
improvements in several types of attention, such as sustained attention or selective attention.
43.Fibers for clothing #061098
(1).Fibers suitable for clothing have been made for the first time from the wheat protein gluten.
(2).The fibers are as strong and soft as wool and silk
(3).However, up to 30 times cheaper.
(4).Narendra Reddy and Yiqi Yang, who produced the fibers at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln. He says
that because they are biodegradable, they might be used in biomedical applications such as surgical sutures.
44.Native English Speaker #061099
(1).Anyone wanting to get to the top of international business, medicine or academia (but possibly not sport)
needs to be able to speak English to a pretty high level.
(2).Equally, any native English speaker wanting to deal with these new high achievers needs to know how to
talk without baffling them.
(3).Because so many English-speakers today are monoglots, they have little idea how difficult it is to master
another language.
(4).Many think the best way to make foreigners understand is to be chatty and informal.
(5).This may seem friendly but, as it probably involves using colloquial expressions, it makes comprehension
harder.
45.Validity & Reliability [不完整待补充] #061101
(1).Psychologists measure results in terms of validity and reliability.
(2).Validity is defined as …
(3).For example, when a survey is asking about someone’s personality, it shouldn’t ask him chemistry
questions.
(4).Meanwhile, a survey also values reliability.
46.Hip Hop Culture #061102
(1).Hip Hop culture emerged as a reaction to the gang culture and violence of the South Bronx in the 1970s,
and daily experiences of poverty, racism, exclusion, crime, violence, and neglect.
(2).It necessarily embodies and values resilience, understanding, community and social justice.
(3).Without these, Hip Hop culture would never have been, and it is because these values remain at its core
that Hip Hop is such a powerful agent of positive social change around the world.
(4).Yet, the Hip Hop project is not yet free from these difficult circumstances.
47.EU Fish Problems 欧洲渔业 #061104
(1).The European Union has two big fish problems.
(2).One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage them properly, its own fisheries can no longer meet
European demand.
(3).The other is that its governments won’t confront their fishing lobbies and decommission all the surplus
boats.
(4).The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending its fishermen to West Africa. Since 1979 it has struck
agreements with the government of Senegal, granting our fleets access to its waters.
(5).As a result, Senegal’s marine ecosystem has started to go the same way as ours.
48.New Ventures 企业家计划 #061105
(1).New Ventures is a program that helps entrepreneurs in some of the world’s most dynamic, emerging
economies-- Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia and Mexico.
(2).We have facilitated more than $203 million in investment, and worked with 250 innovative businesses
whose goods and services produce clear, measurable environmental benefits, such as clean energy, efficient
water use, and sustainable agriculture.
(3).Often they also address the challenges experienced by the world’s poor.
(4).For example, one of the companies we work with in China, called Eco-star, refurbishes copy machines from
the United States and re-sells or leases them for 20 percent less than a branded photocopier.
49.Glow Worms #061106
(1).The Newnes railroad was closed in 1932 after 25 years of shipping oil shale.
(2).The rails were pulled out of the 600-meter tunnel, which had been bored through the sandstone in the
Wollemi National Park, and the tunnel was left to its own devices.
(3).For Newnes, that meant becoming home to thousands and thousands of glow worms.
(4).The glow worm is a catch-all name for the bioluminescent larvae of various species, in this case, the
Arachnocampa richardsae, a type of fungus gnat.
(5).Found in massive numbers in caves, the fungus gnat larvae cling to the rocky walls of the abandoned
tunnel and hunt with long, glowing strings of sticky mucus.
50.Australia’s native plants and animals #061113
(1).Australia's native plants and animals adapted to life on an isolated continent over millions of years.
(2).Since European settlement they have had to compete with a range of introduced animals for habitat, food
and shelter.
(3).Some have also had to face new predators.
(4).These new pressures have also caused a major impact on our country's soil and waterways and on its
native plants and animals.
51.Pidgins #061115
(1).In some areas, the standard chosen may be a variety that originally had no native speakers in the country.
(2).For example, in Papua New Guinea, a lot of official business is conducted in Tok Pisin.
(3).This language is now used by over a million people, but it began many years earlier as a kind of ‘contact’
language called a pidgin.
(4).A pidgin is a variety of a language (e.g. English) that developed for some practical purpose, such as trading,
among groups of people who had a lot of contact, but who did not know each other’s languages.
52.Blue Halo #061118
(1).Latest research has found that several common flower species have nanoscale ridges on the surface of
their petals that meddle with light when viewed from certain angles.
(2).These nanostructures scatter light particles in the blue to ultraviolet colour spectrum, generating a subtle
effect that scientists have christened the 'blue halo'.
(3).By manufacturing artificial surfaces that replicated 'blue halos', scientists were able to test the effect on
pollinators, in this case foraging bumblebees.
(4).They found that bees can see the blue halo, and use it as a signal to locate flowers more efficiently.
53.Japanese girl learning English #061119
(1).This paper summarizes some of the major data gathered in a longitudinal, naturalistic study of a Japanese
girl learning English as a second language.
(2).The subject in this study is Uguisu, “nightingale” in Japanese.
(3).Her family came to the United States for a period of two years while her father was a visiting scholar at
Harvard, and they took residence in North Cambridge, a working-class neighbourhood.
(4).The children in that neighborhood were her primary source of language input.
(5).Uguisu also attended public kindergarten of two hours every day, and later elementary school, but with no
tutoring in English syntax. Most of her neighbourhood friends were in her same class at school.
54.Turkey and Mars #061121
(1).If you want to visit Mars, visit Turkey.

(2).That’s where you’ll find lakes so salty that the only bugs able to live there are species that could probably
survive on Mars as well.
(3).For that reason, microbiologists in Turkey have surveyed the array of species that inhabit the Acigol, Salda
and Yarisli lakes.
(4).They’re hopeful that studying some of them will yield useful insights into the kinds of biology that could help
microbes exist on Mars or other potentially habitable planets and moons.
55.Marshmallow test #061130
(1).A four-to-six-year-old child sits alone in a room at a table facing a marshmallow on a plate.
(2).The child is told: If you don't eat this treat for 15 minutes you can have both this one and a second one.
(3).Kids on average wait for five or six minutes before eating the marshmallow.
(4).The longer a child can resist the temptation has been correlated with higher general competency later in
life.
56.British marine energy #061131
(1).By 2100, human-induced climate change threatens to raise temperatures by 2-4℃ and push up tide-lines
by 4-6m.
(2).The government has promised to help counter this global trend by reducing UK carbon emissions by 80
percent from 1990 levels by 2050.
(3).And with the second largest tidal range in the world, British marine energy could play an important role in
this shift.
(4).But harnessing the power of the tides is not without consequence.
(5).In 2013, plans to construct a 34 billion pounds barrage across the Severn estuary were rejected after
concerns were raised about its effect on local ecosystems.
57.DRM #061133
(1).Due to its ability to solve all main problems associated with digital goods, Digital Rights Management is the
favorite option used by companies to tackle privacy.
(2).The aim of this article is to discuss the consequences of DRM for consumers, firms, and society.
(3).The rationales of DRM are discussed and the expected benefits for firms are presented.
(4).In contrast, consumers are shown to be likely to see few benefits in DRM.
(5).The article concludes with some public policy recommendations.
58.Calves and milk #061139
(1).To gauge optimism and pessimism, the researchers set up an experiment involving 22 calves.
(2).Before they started the experiment, they trained the calves to understand which of their choices would lead
to a reward.
(3).In the training, each calf entered a small pen and found a wall with five holes arranged in a horizontal line,
two-and-a-half feet apart.
(4).The hole at one end contained milk from a bottle, while the hole at the opposite end contained only an
empty bottle and delivered a puff of air in calves' faces.
(5).The calves learned quickly which side of the pen held the milk reward.
59.Eating habits #061140
(1).Researchers surveyed more than 2,000 young people about their eating habits in 1999.
(2).When they surveyed the same group five years later, most of the teenagers were eating fewer fruits and
vegetables.
(3).The researchers, led by Nicole I. Larson of the University of Minnesota School of Public Health, found two
dips in the intake of fruits and vegetables during the teenage years.
(4).The first occurred in early adolescence when consumption went down by more than half a serving.
(5).The second came in late adolescence and was about the same size as the first.
60.Staff motivation #061141
(1).Numbers of staff who wish to turn up and do a simple job and go home is relatively happy if they believe
their work is secure.
(2).However, any employee who wants to acquire more varied and responsible duties will not feel satisfied for
long staying with the same and boring job.
(3).People want to keep working hard only if there are opportunities for promotion to a more challenging job.
(4).If this opportunity does not exist, they are most likely to be demotivated.
61.Children's clothes #061145
(1).During the past few years, some of the world's biggest names in high-end fashion have begun to see
children's clothes as a promising sideline with which to extract more value from their main business.
(2).Jean Paul Gaultier, Chloe and John Galliano have all launched children's clothes lines.
(3).But for France's Bonpoint, making kids' clothing is the main business.
(4).Since Bonpoint was founded 40 years ago by clothes store owner Marie-France and Bernard Cohen,
children and babies have been at the centre of the brand's development.
62.History books #061147
(1).History is selective.
(2).What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but what historians have
selected.
(3).They cannot put in everything: choices have to be made.
(4).Choices must similarly be made about which aspects of the past should be formally taught to the next
generation in the shape of school history lessons.
63.Totalitarianism #061150
(1).Totalitarianism is a political and social concept that explains a form of government where the state has all
control over the civilians.
(2).Such government assumes full power, without any limitations.
(3).As put by Juan Linz, a totalitarian scholar, the three main factors of a totalitarianism government are ”a
monistic center of power; an ideology developed, justified and pursued by the leadership; and mass
participation in political and social goals encouraged and even demanded by that same leadership.”
(4).Throughout the 20th century, the manifestation of totalitarianism was an extreme measure of harsh political
occurrences.
64.Restaurant location #061158
(1).The physical location of a restaurant in the competitive landscape of the city has long been known as a
major factor in its likely success or failure.
(2).Once restaurants are established in such environments they can do little about their location.
(3).All they can do is work to improve customer access to their premises.
(4).Restaurateurs often do this by engaging in battles with local authorities about car parking.
65.Poincaré #061172
(1).Poincaré had an especially interesting view of scientific induction.

(2).Laws, he said, are not direct generalizations of experience; they aren’t mere summaries of the points on the
graph.
(3).Rather, the scientist declares the law to be some interpolated curve that is more or less smooth and so will
miss some of those points.
(4).Thus a scientific theory is not directly falsifiable by the data of experience; instead, the falsification process
is more indirect.
66.Women during wars #061176
(1).During wars, women had to go to work.
(2).Women earned less, only a half of what men earned.
(3).This was mainly because women do not have the same physical strength as men have.
(4).But men stress on their own contribution when men come back after wars.
67.HUAWEI certification program #061177
(1).Huawei offers college students a certification program.
(2).This program includes various training courses.
(3).The program exempts students from exam fees.
(4).The fees used to be 200 to 500 dollars each student.
68.Population growth #061180
(1).We’ll likely have two billion more mouths to feed by mid-century – more than nine billion people.
(2).But sheer population growth isn’t the only reason we’ll need more food.
(3).The spread of prosperity across the world, especially in China and India, is driving an increased demand for
meat, eggs, and dairy, boosting pressure to grow more corn and soybeans to feed more cattle, pigs, and
chickens.
(4).If these trends continue, the double whammy of population growth and richer diets will require to roughly
double the amount of crops we grow by 2050.
69.Plato #061181
(1).Although usually remembered today as a philosopher, Plato was also one of ancient Greece’s most
important patrons of mathematics.
(2).Inspired by Pythagoras, he founded his Academy in Athens in 387 BCE, where he stressed mathematics as
a way of understanding more about reality.
(3).In particular, he was convinced that geometry was the key to unlocking the secrets of the universe.
(4).The sign above the Academy entrance read: “Let no-one ignorant of geometry enter here”.
70.Revise your paper #061183
(1).Your first draft is complete, but your paper is far from finished.
(2).The next step is to revise your paper: strengthen the content.
(3).Start this at least a week before your paper is due.
(4).In fact, you don't need to wait until you have a complete first draft to start revising.
(5).You can revise individual paragraphs as you finish them as well.
71.Meerkats #061184
(1).Meerkats, a small group-living mongooses in southern Africa, have been so extensively studied and filmed
that we can follow individuals through their lives like characters in an animal soap opera.
(2).The Kalahari Desert meerkats, Suricata Suricatta, have been followed over generations.
(3).They are so habituated to humans that they will climb on and off weighing scales when a scientist wants to
weigh an animal.
(4).It is remarkable that behavior, which at one time could only be observed by dedicated field workers, is now
readily available for all of us to see.
72.O'Keeffe #061185
(1).O’Keeffe never formally recorded her theories about art.
(2).She did, however, leave a long trail of interviews and letters that reveal how she approached her painting
practice—and the rituals, experiences, and environments that inspired her.
(3).Correspondence with her husband, photographer Alfred Stieglitz, in particular, offers a raw, honest glimpse
into O’Keeffe’s creative mind.
(4).The two exchanged 25,000 pages of letters between 1915 and 1946, during which time she found her voice
as an artist: first, through her flower paintings, and later, through landscapes and surrealistic still lifes inspired
by her mountainous, skull-studded surroundings in New Mexico.
73.Travel speed to Mars #061186
(1).To overcome the pull of gravity and reach another body in space you need to achieve a certain speed.
(2).A journey to Mars from Earth’s surface requires a minimum total speed of nearly 30,000mph.
(3).This requires large rockets, tonnes of fuel, and complex orbital manoeuvring.
(4).Due to the moon’s weaker gravitational field, the same journey from the lunar surface would “only” require a
speed of 6,500mph.
(5).This is roughly one third of that necessary to reach the International Space Station from Earth.
Fill in the Blanks (R&W)
共 5-6 题，命中 1-5 个
备战策略
不要死记硬背，知其所以然更重要
当前趋势
持续变动
本次更新
READING&WRITING: FILL IN THE BLANKS - 186题
1.Pinker #071001
In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works, Pinker has argued the
swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have originated as evolutionary adaptations, well suited
to the lives our ancestors eked out on the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if nothing is immune
from being explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism, our tendency to reward senior
executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the smaller number of women who become mechanical
engineers—all may have their roots in natural selection, Pinker claims. The controversial implications are
obvious: that men and women might differ in their inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or
that parenting may have little influence on personality.
2.Video-Conferencing Technology #071002
Never has the carbon footprint of multi-national corporations been under such intense scrutiny. Inter-city train
journeys and long-haul flights to conduct face-to-face business meetings contribute significantly to
greenhouse gases and the resulting strain on the environment. The Anglo-US company Teliris has introduced
a new video-conferencing technology and partnered with the Carbon Neutral Company, enabling corporate
outfits to become more environmentally responsible. The innovation allows simulated face-to-face meetings to
be held across continents without the time pressure or environmental burden of international travel. Previous
designs have enabled video-conferencing on a point-to-point, dual-location basis. The firm's VirtuaLive
technology, however, can bring people together from up to five separate locations anywhere in the world -
with unrivalled transmission quality.
3.Australia Higher Education Funding #071003
Financing of Australian higher education has undergone dramatic change since the early 1970s. Although the
Australian Government provided regular funding for universities from the late 1950s, in 1974 it assumed full
responsibility for funding higher education – abolishing tuition fees with the intention of making university
accessible to all Australians who had the ability and who wished to participate in higher education.
Since the late 1980s, there has been a move towards greater private contributions, particularly student fees. In
1989, the Australian Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) which
included a loans scheme to help students finance their contributions. This enabled university to remain
accessible to students by delaying their payments until they could afford to pay off their loans. In 2002, the
Australian Government introduced a scheme similar to HECS for postgraduate students - the Postgraduate
Education Loan Scheme (PELS). Funding for higher education comes from various sources. This article
examines the three main sources - Australian Government funding, student fees and charges, and HECS.
While the proportion of total revenue raised through HECS is relatively small, HECS payments are a
significant component of students' university costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several
years after leaving university. This article also focuses on characteristics of university students based on their
HECS liability status, and the level of accumulated HECS debt.
4.Social Isolation #071004
Sound depressing, even apocalyptic? Well, it could be the future. If government forecasts are right, about 20
years from now, two out of five households will be single occupancy. And there is evidence the situation is
already deteriorating. According to a report, Social Isolation in America, published in the American Sociological
Review in 2006, the average American today has only two close friends. Twenty-five per cent of those
surveyed said they do not have anyone to talk with about important things---And yet, while some are declaring
a crisis in our ability to make friends, others are saying exactly the opposite. For example, MSN's Anatomy of
Friendship Report, published last November, suggests that the average Briton has 54 friends - a spectacular
rise of 64 per cent since 2003.
5.Edison #071005
Thomas Alva Edison was both a scientist and an inventor. Born in 1847, Edison would see tremendous change
take place in his lifetime. He was also to be responsible for making many of those changes occur. When
Edison was born, society still thought of electricity as a novelty, a fad. By the time he died, entire cities were lit
by electricity. Much of the credit for that progress goes to Edison. In his lifetime, Edison patented 1,093
inventions, earning him the nickname “The Wizard of Menlo Park.” The most famous of his inventions was the
incandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developed the phonograph and the “kinetoscope,” a
small box for viewing moving films.
Thomas Edison is also the first person in the US to make his own filmstrips. He also improved upon the
original design of the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone. He believed in hard
work, sometimes working twenty hours a day. Edison was quoted as saying, “Genius is one percent inspiration
and 99 percent perspiration.” In tribute to this important American, electric lights in the United States were
dimmed for one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days after his death.
6.Impressionism #071006
Impressionism was a nineteenth century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists
who started publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. Characteristics of Impressionist painting include visible
brush strokes, light colours, open composition, emphasis on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating
the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles. The name of the
movement is derived from Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant). Critic Louis Leroy
inadvertently coined the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari.
Radicals in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began by giving colours,
freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing inspiration from the work of painters such as Eugene Delacroix.
They also took the act of painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, not only still-lives and
portraits, but also landscapes had been painted indoors, but the Impressionists found that they could capture
the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting air (in plain air).
7.Trigger Points #071007
All approaches aim to increase blood flow to areas of tension and to release painful knots of muscle known as
"trigger points". "Trigger points are tense areas of muscle that are almost constantly contracting," says
Kippen. "The contraction causes pain, which in turn causes contraction, so you have a vicious circle. This is
what deep tissue massage aims to break. "The way to do this, as I found out under Ogedengbe's elbow, is to
apply pressure to the point, stopping the blood flow, and then to release, which causes the brain to flood the
affected area with blood, encouraging the muscle to relax. At the same time, says Kippen, you can fool the
tensed muscle into relaxing by applying pressure to a complementary one nearby. "If you cause any muscle to
contract, its opposite will expand. So you try to trick the body into relaxing the muscle that is in spasm."
8.Poverty #071008
Measuring poverty on a global scale requires establishing a uniform poverty level across extremely divergent
economies, which can result in only rough comparisons. The World Bank has defined the international poverty
line as U.S. $1 and $2 per day in 1993 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), which adjusts for differences in the
prices of goods and services between countries. The $1 per day level is generally used for the least developed
countries, primarily African; the $2-per-day level is used for middle-income economies such as those of East
Asia and Latin America.
9.Indian Onion #071009
The most vital ingredient in Indian cooking, the basic element with which all dishes begin and, normally, the
cheapest vegetable available, the pink onion is an essential item in the shopping basket of families of all
classes. A popular saying holds that you will never starve because you can always afford a roti (a piece of
simple, flat bread) and an onion.
But in recent weeks, the onion has started to seem an unaffordable luxury for India's poor. Over the past few
days, another sharp surge in prices has begun to unsettle the influential urban middle classes. The sudden
spike in prices has been caused by large exports to neighboring countries and a shortage of supply. With its
capacity for bringing down governments and scarring political careers, the onion plays an explosive role in
Indian politics. This week reports of rising onion prices have made front-page news and absorbed the attention
of the governing elite.
10.Seatbelt #071010
I am a cyclist and a motorist. I fasten my seatbelt when I drive and wear a helmet on my bike to reduce the risk
of injury. I am convinced that these are prudent safety measures. I have persuaded many friends to wear
helmets on the grounds that transplant surgeons call those without helmets, "donors on wheels”. But a book
on 'Risk’ by my colleague John Adams has made me re-examine my convictions. Adams has completely
undermined my confidence in these apparently sensible precautions. What he has persuasively argued,
particularly in relation to seat belts, is that the evidence that they do what they are supposed to do is very
suspect. This is in spite of numerous claims that seat belts save many thousands of lives every year.
There is remarkable data from the year 1970 to 1978 in which countries with wearing of seat belts compulsory
have had on average about 5 per cent more road accident deaths following the introduction of the law. In the
UK, road deaths have decreased steadily from about 7,000 a year in 1972 to just over 4,000 in 1989. There is
no evidence in the trend for any effect of the seat belt law that was introduced in 1983. Moreover, there is
evidence that the number of cyclists and pedestrians killed actually increased by about 10 per cent.
11.Spanish language #071011
If after years of Spanish classes, some people still find it impossible to understand some native speakers, they
should not worry. This does not necessarily mean the lessons were wasted. Millions of Spanish speakers use
neither standard Latin American Spanish nor Castilian, which predominate in US schools. The confusion is
partly political - the Spanish-speaking world is very diverse. Spanish is the language of 19 separate countries
and Puerto Rico. This means that there is no one standard dialect. The most common Spanish dialect taught
in the US is standard Latin American. It is sometimes called "Highland" Spanish since it is generally spoken in
the mountainous areas of Latin America. While each country retains its own accents and has some unique
vocabulary, residents of countries such as Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia generally speak Latin
American Spanish, especially in urban centers. This dialect is noted for its pronunciation of each letter and its
strong "r" sounds. This Spanish was spoken in Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and was
brought to the Americas by the early colonists. However, the Spanish of Madrid and of northern Spain, called
Castilian, developed characteristics that never reached the New World. These include the pronunciation of "ci"
and "ce" as "th." In Madrid, "gracias" (thank you) becomes "gratheas" (as opposed to "gras-see-as" in Latin
America). Another difference is the use of the word "vosotros" (you all, or you guys) as the informal form of
"ustedes" in Spain. Castilian sounds to Latin Americans much like British English sounds to US residents.
12.Ocean floor #071012
The ocean floor is home to many unique communities of plants and animals. Most of these marine ecosystems
are near the water surface, such as the Great Barrier Reef, a 2,000-km long coral formation off the
northeastern coast of Australia. Coral reefs, like nearly all complex living communities, depend on solar energy
for growth (photosynthesis). The sun's energy, however, penetrates at most only about 300 m below the
surface of the water. The relatively shallow penetration of solar energy and the sinking of cold, subpolar water
combine to make most of the deep ocean floor a frigid environment with few life forms.
In 1977, scientists discovered hot springs at a depth of 2.5 km, on the Galapagos Rift (spreading ridge) off the
coast of Ecuador. This exciting discovery was not really a surprise. Since the early 1970s, scientists had
predicted that hot springs (geothermal vents) should be found at the active spreading centers along the mid-
oceanic ridges, where magma, at temperatures over 1,000 °Presumably was being erupted to form new
oceanic crust. More exciting, because it was totally unexpected, was the discovery of abundant and unusual
sea life - giant tube worms, huge clams, and mussels - that thrived around the hot springs.
13.The black diamonds #071013
An exotic type of diamond may have come to Earth from outer space, scientists say. Called carbonado or
"black" diamonds, the mysterious stones are found in Brazil and the Central African Republic. They are
unusual for being the color of charcoal and full of frothy bubbles.
The diamonds, which can weigh in at more than 3,600 carats, can also have a face that looks like melted
glass. Because of their odd appearance, the diamonds are unsuitable as gemstones. But they do have
industrial applications and were used in the drill bits that helped dig the Panama Canal. Now a team led by
Stephen Haggerty of Florida International University in Miami has presented a new study suggesting that the
odd stones were brought to Earth by an asteroid billions of years ago. The findings were published online in
the journal Astrophysical Journal Letters on December 20. The scientists exposed polished pieces of
carbonado to extremely intense infrared light. The test revealed the presence of many hydrogen-carbon
bonds, indicating that the diamonds probably formed in a hydrogen-rich environment—such as that found in
space.
The diamonds also showed strong similarities to tiny Nano diamonds, which are frequently found in
meteorites. "They're not identical," Haggerty said, "but they're very similar." Astrophysicists, he added, have
developed theories predicting that Nano diamonds form easily in the titanic stellar explosions called
supernovas, which scatter debris through interstellar space.
The deposits in the Central African Republic and Brazil, he said, probably come from the impact of a diamond-
rich asteroid billions of years ago, when South America and Africa were joined.
14.Arabic Student #071014
HERIOT-WATT University in Edinburgh has become the first in Europe to offer an MBA in Arabic. Arab
students will be able to sign up to study at a distance for the business courses in their own language. The
Edinburgh Business School announced the project at a reception in Cairo on Saturday. It is hoped the course
will improve links between the university and the Arab business world. A university spokeswoman said: "The
Arabic MBA will raise the profile of Heriot-Watt University and the Edinburgh Business School among
businesses in the Arabic speaking world and will create a strong network of graduates in the region." The first
intake of students is expected later this year. Professor Keith Lumsden, director of Edinburgh Business
School, said: "Arabic is a major global language and the Arab world is a center for business and industrial
development. We are proud to work with Arab International Education to meet the demands of the region."
15.Richard Morris #071015
Richard Morris, of the school of accounting at the University of NSW, which requires an entrance score in the
top 5 per percent of students, says attendance has been a problem since the late 1990s.
Sometimes in the lecture we’ve only got about one third of students enrolled attending, he said. It definitely is
a problem. If you don’t turn up to class you’re missing out on the whole richness of the experience: you don’t
think a whole lot, you don’t engage in debates with other students or with your teachers.
It is not all gloom, said Professor John Dearn, a Pro Vice-Chancellor at the University of Canberra, who said
the internet was transforming the way students access and use
information.
It is strange that despite all the evidence as to their ineffectiveness, traditional lectures seem to persist in our
universities.
16.Edible insects #071016
Fancy locust for lunch? Probably not, if you live in the west, but elsewhere it’s a different story. Edible insects
– termites, stick insects, dragonflies, grasshoppers and giant water bugs – are on the menu for an estimated
80 percent of the world’s population.
More than 1000 species of insects are served up around the world. For example, “kungu cakes” – made from
midges – are a delicacy in parts of Africa. Mexico is an insect-eating – or entomophagous – hotspot, where
more than 200 insect species are consumed. Demand is so high that 40 species are now under threat,
including white agave worms. These caterpillars of the tequila giant-skipper butterfly fetch around $250 a
kilogram.
Eating insects makes nutritional sense. Some contain more protein than meat or fish. The female gypsy moth,
for instance, is about 80 percent protein. Insects can be a good source of vitamins and minerals too: a type of
caterpillar (Usta Terpsichore) eaten in Angola is rich in iron, zinc and thiamine.
What do they taste like? Ants have a lemon tang, apparently, whereas giant water bugs taste of mint and fire
ant pupae of watermelon. You have probably, inadvertently, already tasted some of these things, as insects
are often accidental tourists in other types of food. The US Food and Drug Administration even issues
guidelines for the number of insect parts allowed in certain foods. For example, it is acceptable for 225 grams
of macaroni to contain up to 225 insect fragments.
17.Foreign students' English standards #071017
Federal Education Minister Julie Bishop says she has seen no evidence that foreign students are graduating
from Australian universities with poor English skills.
Research by Monash University academic Bob Birrell has found a third of foreign students are graduating
without a competent level of English. But Ms Bishop says Australian universities only enrol foreign students
once they have achieved international standards of language proficiency.
"This has been an extraordinary attack by Professor Birrell on our universities," she
said. "International students must meet international benchmarks in English language in order to get a place at
a university in Australia and they can't get into university without reaching that international standard."
University of Canberra vice chancellor Roger Dean also says international students are required to sit an
English test before being admitted to nearly all Australian universities. "There are, of course, intercultural
difficulties as well as language difficulties," he said. "There are, of course, also many Australian students who
don't speak such fantastically good English either. So we're trying to push the standard even higher than
present but it's a very useful one already."
Ms Bishop says Australia's university system has high standards. "I've seen no evidence to suggest that
students are not able to complete their courses because they're failing in English yet they're being passed by
the universities," she said. "I've not seen any evidence to back that up. International education is one of our
largest exports, it's our fourth largest export and it's in the interest of our universities to maintain very high
standards because their international recognition is at stake.”
18.Burger King #071018
Drive down any highwayand you’ll see a proliferation of chain restaurants—most likely, if you travel long and
far enough you’ll see McDonald's golden arches as well as signs for Burger King, Hardee’sand Wendy’s the
“big four” of burgers. Despite its name, though Burger King has fallen short of claiming the burger crown,
unable to surpass market leader McDonald's No. 1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never the bride,
Burger King remains No. 2.
Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic, with its overall
quality rating dropping while ratings for the other three contenders have increased. The decline has been
attributed to inconsistent product quality and poor customer service. Although the chain tends to throw
advertising dollars at the problem, an understanding of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would
suggest that internal management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be rectified before a unified,
long-term strategy can be put in place.
The importance of consistency in brand image and messages, at all levels of communication, has become a
basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who takes the customer’s order must communicate the
same message as Burger King's famous tagline, "Have it your way,” or the customer will just buzz up the
highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent and, therefore, more reliable.
19.Visual art #071019
It is the assertion of this article that students who use visual art as a prewriting stimulus are composing their
ideas both in images and in words. The result of the art creation process allows students the distance to
elaborate, add details, and create more coherent text. The process of writing is more than putting words on a
piece of paper. Effective authors are able to create imagery and to communicate ideas using well-chosen
words, phrases, and text structures. Emergent writers struggle with the mechanics of the writing process, i.e.
fine motor control for printing legibly, recall of spelling patterns, and the use of syntax and grammar rules. As a
result, texts written by young writers be simplistic and formulaic. The artwork facilitates the writing process,
resulting in a text that is richer in sensory detail and more intricate than the more traditional writing-first crayon
drawing-second approach.
20.Kimbell #071020
The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1, Kimbell (Goldsmith College,
London) responds to criticisms of design programs as formalistic and conventional, stating that a focus on
risk-taking rather than hard work in design innovation is equally problematic. His research contains three parts
that include preliminary exploration of design innovation qualities, investigation of resulting classroom
practices, and development of evidence-based assessment. The assessment he describes is presented in the
form of a structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative element and digital photographs, in story
format. Such a device encourages stimulating ideas, but does not recognize students as design innovators.
The assessment sheet includes holistic impressions as well as details about “having, growing, and proving”
ideas. Colloquial judgments are evident in terms such as “wow” and “yawn” and reward the quality and
quantity of ideas with the term, “sparkiness”, which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to design light
bulb packaging. In addition, the assessment focuses on the process of optimizing or complexity control as
well as proving ideas with thoughtful criticism and not just generation of novel ideas. The definitions for
qualities such as “technical” and “aesthetic” pertaining to users, are too narrow and ill-defined. The author
provides examples of the project, its features and structures, students’ notes and judgments, and their
sketches and photographs of finished light bulb packages, in the Appendix.
21.English class at Beijing Language Institute #071021
There were twenty-six freshmen majoring in English at Beijing Language Institute in the class of 1983. I was
assigned to Group Two with another eleven boy and girls who has come from big cities in China. I was told
that language study required smallness so that we would each get more attention from the skillful teachers.
The better the school, the smaller the class. I realized that my classmates were ready all talking in English,
simple sentences tossed out to each other in their red-faced introductions and carefree chatting. Their
intonations were curving and dramatic and their pronunciation refined and accurate. But as I stretched to
catch the drips and drops of their humming dialogue, I couldn’t understand it all, only that it was English.
Those words now flying before me sounded a little familiar. I had read them and tried to speak them, but I had
never heard them spoken back to me in such a speedy, fluent manner. My big plan of beating the city folks
was thawing before my eyes.
22.Jean Piaget #071022
Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, spent much of his professional life listening
to children, watching children and poring over reports of researchers around the world who were doing the
same. He found, to put it most succinctly, that children don't think like grownups. After thousands of
interactions with young people often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to suspect that behind their cute
and seemingly illogical utterances were thought processes that had their own kind of order and their own
special logic. Einstein called it a discovery “so simple that only a genius could have thought of it.” Piaget's
insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the mind. By the end of a wide-ranging and
remarkably prolific research career that spanned nearly 75 years, from his first scientific publication at age 10
to work still in progress when he died at 84, Piaget had developed several new fields of science:
developmental psychology, cognitive theory and what came to be called genetic epistemology Although not
an educational reformerhe fashioned a way of thinking about children that provided the foundation for today’s
education-reform movements. It was a shift comparable to the displacement of stories of "noble savages” and
"cannibals” by modern anthropology. One might say that Piaget was the first to take children's thinking
seriously.
23.Definition of a country #071023
What is a country, and how is a country defined? When people ask how many countries there are in the world,
they expect a simple answer. After all, we've explored the whole planet, we have international travel, satellite
navigation and plenty of global organizations like the United Nations, so we should really know how many
countries there are! However, the answer to the question varies according to whom you ask. Most people say
there are 192 countries, but others point out that there could be more like 260 of them. So why isn't there a
straightforward answer? The problem arises because there isn't a universally agreed definition of 'country' and
because, for political reasons, some countries find it convenient to recognize or not recognize other countries.
24.United Nations #071024
Founded after World War II by 51 "peace-loving states" combined to oppose future aggression, the United
Nations now counts 192 member nations, including its newest members, Nauru, Kiribati, and Tonga in 1999,
Tuvalu and Yugoslavia in 2000, Switzerland and East Timor in 2002, and Montenegro in 2006. United Nations
Day has been observed on October 24 since 1948 and celebrates the objectives and accomplishments of the
organization, which was established on October 24, 1945. The UN engages in peacekeeping and humanitarian
missions across the globe. Though some say its influence has declined in recent decades, the United Nations
still plays a tremendous role in world politics. In 2001 the United Nations and Kofi Annan, then Secretary-
General of the UN, won the Nobel Peace Prize "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world."
Since 1948 there have been 63 UN peacekeeping operations, 16 are currently underway. Thus far, close to
130 nations have contributed personnel at various times; 119 are currently providing peacekeepers. As of
August 31, 2008, there were 16 peacekeeping operations underway with a total of 88,230 personnel. The small
island nation of Fiji has taken part in virtually every UN peacekeeping operation, as has Canada.
25.Market for Vegetarian foods #071025
Mintel Consumer Intelligence estimates the 2002 market for vegetarian foods, those that directly replace meat
or other animal products, to be $1.5 billion. Note that this excludes traditional vegetarian foods such as
produce, pasta, and rice. Mintel forecasts the market to nearly double by 2006 to $2.8 billion, with the highest
growth coming from soymilk, especially refrigerated brands. The Food and Drug Administration's 1999
decision to allow manufacturers to include heart-healthy claims on foods that deliver at least 6.25 grams of soy
protein per serving and are also low in saturated fat and cholesterol has spurred tremendous interest in
soymilk and other soy foods. A representative of manufacturer Food Tech International (Veggie Patch brand)
reported that from 1998 to 1999, the percentage of consumers willing to try soy products jumped from 32% to
67%. Beliefs about soy's effectiveness in reducing the symptoms of menopause also attracted new
consumers. A 2000 survey conducted by the United Soybean Board showed that the number of people eating
soy products once a week or more was up to 27%. Forty-five percent of respondents had tried tofu, 41% had
sampled veggie burgers, and 25% had experience with soymilk (Soy foods USA e-mail newsletter). Mintel
estimates 2001 sales of frozen and refrigerated meat alternatives in food stores at nearly $300 million, with
soymilk sales nearing $250
million.
26.Oxford medical school #071027
When I enrolled in my master's course at Oxford last year, I had come straight from medical school with the
decision to leave clinical science for good. Thinking back, I realize that I didn't put very much weight on this
decision at the time. But today, I more clearly understand the consequences of leaving my original profession.
When I meet old friends who are now physicians and surgeons, I sense how our views on medical problems
have diverged. They scrutinize the effects of disease and try to eliminate or alleviate them; I try to understand
how they come about in the first place. I feel happier working on this side of the problem, although I do
occasionally miss clinical work and seeing patients.
However, when I think about the rate at which my medical skills and knowledge have
dissipated, the years spent reading weighty medical textbooks, the hours spent at the bedside, I sometimes
wonder if these years were partly a waste of time now that I am pursuing a research career.
Nonetheless, I know the value of my medical education. It is easy to forget the importance of the biosciences
when working with model organisms in basic research that seem to have nothing to do with a sick child or a
suffering elderly person. Yet, I still have vivid memories of the cruel kaleidoscope of severe diseases and of
how they can strike a human being. I hope to retain these memories as a guide in my current occupation.
27.Job-hunting #071028
When it comes to job-hunting, first impressions are critical. Remember, you are marketing a product - yourself
- to a potential employer. The first thing the employer sees when greeting you is your attire; thus, you must
make every effort to have the proper dress for the type of job you are seeking. Will dressing properly get you
the job? Of course not, but it will give you a competitive edge and a positive first impression.
Should you be judged by what you wear? Perhaps not, but the reality is, of course, that you are judged.
Throughout the entire job-seeking process employers use short-cuts — heuristics or rules of thumb — to save
time. With cover letters, it’s the opening paragraph and a quick scan of your qualifications. With resumes, it is
a quick scan of your accomplishments. With the job interview, it’s how you’re dressed that sets the tone of the
interview.
How should you dress? Dressing conservatively is always the safest route, but you should also try and do a
little investigation of your prospective employer so that what you wear to the interview makes you look as
though you fit in with the organization. If you overdress (which is rare but can happen) or under dress (the
more likely scenario), the potential employer may feel that you don't care enough about the job.
28.The horned desert viper #071029
The horned desert viper’s ability to hunt at night has always puzzled biologists. Though it lies with its head
buried in the sand, it can strike with great precision as soon as prey appears. Now, Young and physicists Leo
van Hemmen and Paul Friedel at the Technical University of Munich in Germany have developed a computer
model of the snake’s auditory system to explain how the snake “hears” its prey without really having the ears
for it. Although the vipers have internal ears that can hear frequencies between 200 and 1000 hertz, it is not
the sound of the mouse scurrying about that they are detecting. “The snakes don’t have external eardrums,”
says van Hemmen. “So unless the mouse wears boots and starts stamping, the snake won’t hear it.”
29.Space work for an astronaut #071031
The space work for an astronaut can be inside or outside, inside they can monitor machines and the work is
carried out alongside the craft. They also need to make sure the Space Travel. Outside the craft, they can see
how the seeds react in the space. Some seeds company send seeds to them to investigate how seeds change
their biological character. When outside the craft, they can set up experiments or clean up the space rubbish.
30.Roman arena #071032
The Romans glorified the bravery shown in the arena, but trivialized the events and degraded the participants.
Mosaic pictures of executions and combats, graphically violent to our eyes, were displayed in the public
rooms and even dining rooms in the homes of wealthy Romans. How can the viewer today possibly
understand such images? Until fairly recently, modern authors writing about the arena minimized its
significance and represented the institutionalized violence as a sideline to Roman history. The tendency was
also to view the events through our own eyes and to see them as pitiful or horrifying, although to most Romans
empathy with victims of the arena was inconceivable. In the past few decades, however, scholars have started
to analyze the complex motivations for deadly public entertainments and for contradictory views of gladiators
as despised, yet beloved hero-slaves.
31.A Dog #071033
A DOG may be man's best friend. But man is not always a dog's. Over the centuries selective breeding has
pulled at the canine body shape to produce what is often a grotesque distortion of the underlying wolf. Indeed,
some of these distortions are, when found in people, regarded as pathologies. Dog breeding does, though,
offer a chance to those who would like to understand how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree
pooches is well recorded, their generation time is short and their litter size is reasonably large, so there is
plenty of material to work with. Moreover, breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this simplifies genetic analysis.
Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of America's National Human Genome Research Institute, who wish to
identify the genetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus have an ideal experimental animal.
32.Peter Garrett #071036
No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse copyright can confer so it may seem
right that he should announce a royalty for artists, amounting to 5 percent of all sales after the original one,
which can go on giving to their families for as much as 150 years. But that ignores the truth that copyright law
is a scandal, recently exacerbated by the Free Trade Agreement with the US which required extension of
copyright to 70 years after death. Is it scandalous that really valuable copyrights end up in the ownership of
corporations (although Agatha Christie's no-doubt worthy great-grandchildren are still reaping the benefits of
West End success for her whodunnits and members of the Garrick Club enjoy the continuing fruits of A.A.
Milne's Christopher Robin books)? No. The scandal is that ‘bien pensant’ politicians have attempted to appear
cultured by creating private assets which depend on an act of Parliament for their existence and by giving
away much more in value than any public benefit could justify. In doing so they have betrayed our trust.
33.Complementary Therapies #071038
Complementary therapies - such as those practiced by naturopaths, chiropractors and

acupuncturists - have become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades. Interest initially
coincided with enthusiasm for alternative lifestyles, while immigration and increased contact and trade with
China have also had an influence. The status of complementary therapies is being re-visited in a number of
areas: legal regulation; the stances of doctors' associations; their inclusion in medical education; and scientific
research into their efficacy.
34.Mike’s Research #071039
In 2001 he received the SIUC Outstanding Scholar Award. In 2003 he received the Carski Award for
Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching from the American Society for Microbiology. Mike’s research is
focused on bacteria that inhabit extreme environments, and for the past 12 years he has studied the
microbiology of permanently ice-covered lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. In addition to his
research papers, he has edited a major treatise on phototrophic bacteria and served for over a decade as chief
editor of the journal Archives of Microbiology. He currently serves on the editorial board of Environmental
Microbiology. Mike’s non-scientific interests include forestry, reading, and caring for his dogs and horses. He
lives beside a peaceful and quiet lake with his wife, Nancy, five shelter dogs (Gaino, Snuffy, Pepto, Peanut,
and Merry), and four horses (Springer, Feivel, Gwen, and Festus).
35.Meet Customer Demand #071040
It originally referred to the production of goods to meet customer demand exactly in time, quality and quantity,
whether the ‘customer’ is the final purchaser of the product or another process further along the production
line.
36.Egg-Eating Snakes #071041
Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet consists only of eggs. Some eat only small eggs,
which they have to swallow whole, as the snake has no teeth. Instead, some other snakes eat bigger eggs, but
it requires special treatment. These snakes have spines that stick out from the backbone. The spines crack the
egg open as it passes through the throat.
37.Flower Attract Insects #071042
( Only the gist. Not the original text.)
According to a research conducted by Cambridge University, flowers can their own ways to attract insects to
help them pollinate. Flowers will release an irresistible smell. Beverley Glover from the University of Cambridge
and her colleagues did an experiment in which they use fake flowers to attract bees and insects. In their
experiments, they freed many bumblebees from their origins repeatedly, and got the same results.
38.Two farms #071043
Both farms were by far the largest, most prosperous, most technologically advanced farms in their respective
districts. In particular, each was centred around a magnificent state-of-the-art barn for sheltering and milking
cows. Those structures, both neatly divided into oppositefacing rows of cow stalls, dwarfed all other barns in
the district. Both farms let their cows graze outdoors in lush pastures during the summer, produced their own
hay to harvest in the late summer for feeding the cows through the winter, and increased their production of
summer fodder and winter hay by irrigating their fields.
39.Investment #071044
One city will start to attract the majority of public or private investment. This could be due to natural
advantage or political decisions. This in turn will stimulate further investment due to the multiplier effect and
significant rural to urban migration. The investment in this city will be at the expense of other cities.
40.Olympic medalists #071046
In an often-cited study about counterfactuals, Medvec, Madey, and Gilovich (1995) found that bronze
medalists appeared happier than silver medalists in television coverage of the 1992 Summer Olympics.
Medvec et al. argued that bronze medalists compared themselves to 4th place finishers, whereas silver
medalists compared themselves to gold medalists. These counterfactuals were the most salient because they
were either qualitatively different (gold vs. silver) or categorically different (medal vs. no medal) from what
actually occurred. Drawing on archival data and experimental studies, we show that Olympic athletes (among
others) are more likely to make counterfactual comparisons based on their prior expectations, consistent with
decision affect theory. Silver medalists are more likely to be disappointed because their personal expectations
are higher than those of bronze medalists.
41.David Lynch #071047
David Lynch is professor and head of education at Charles Darwin University. Prior to this he was sub dean in
the Faculty of Education and Creative Arts at Central Queensland University and foundation head of the
University’s Noosa campus. David’s career in education began as a primary school teacher in Queensland in
the early 1980’s and progressed to four principal positions before entering higher education. David’s research
interests predominate in teacher education with particular interest in building teacher capability to meet a
changed world.
42.Darkness in the Northern Hemisphere #071049
The increasing darkness in the Northern Hemisphere this time of year "indicates to the plant that autumn is
coming on. So it starts recouping materials from the leaves before they drop off. Evergreens protect their
needle-like foliage from freezing with waxy coatings and natural "antifreezes." But broadleaf plants, like sugar
maples, birches, and sumacs, have no such protections. As a result, they shed their leaves. But before they
do, the plants first try to salvage important nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.
43.A big, bad idea? #071052
The two researchers showed that reintroducing the wolves was correlated with increased growth of willow and
cottonwood in the park. Why? Because grazing animals such as elk were avoiding sites from which they
couldn't easily escape, the scientists claimed. And as the woody plants and trees grew taller and thicker,
beaver colonies expanded.
44.Gas Drilling #071053
Gas drilling on the Indonesian of java has triggered a “mud volcano” that has killed 13 people and may render
four square miles (ten square kilometers) of countryside uninhabitable for years. In a report released on
January 23, a team of British researchers says the deadly upwelling began when an exploratory gas well
punched through a layer of rock 9300 feet (2800 meters) below the surface, allowing hot, high pressure water
to escape. The water carried mud to the surface, where it has spread across a region 2.5 miles (4 kilometers)
in diameter in the eight months since the eruption began. The mud volcano is similar to a gusher or blowout,
which occur in oil drilling when oil or gas squirt to the surface, team says. This upwelling , however, spews out
a volume of mud equivalent to a dozen Olympic swimming pools each day. Although the eruption isn't as
violent as a conventional volcano, more than a dozen people died when a natural gas pipeline ruptured. The
research team, who published their findings in the February issue of GSA Today, also estimate that the
volcano, called Lusi, will leave more than 11,000 people permanently displaced.
45.School-to-work Transitions #071056
School-to-work transition is a historically persistent topic of educational policymaking and reform that impacts
national systems of vocational education and training. The transition process refers to a period between
completion of general education and the beginning of vocational education or the beginning of gainful
employment as well as to training systems, institutions, and programs that prepare young people for careers.
The status passage of youth from school-to-work has changed structurally under late modernism, and young
people are forced to adapt to changing demands of their environment especially when planning for entry into
the labour market. Since the transition to a job is seen as a major success in life, youth who manage this step
successfully are more optimistic about their future; till others are disillusioned and pushed to the margins of
society. While some young people have developed successful strategies to cope with these requirements,
those undereducated and otherwise disadvantaged in society often face serious problems when trying to
prepare for careers. Longer transitions lead to a greater vulnerability and to risky behaviours.
46.Farming #071057
In the last years of the wheat boom, Bennett had become increasingly frustrated at how the government
seemed to be encouraging an exploitative farming binge. He went directly after the Department of Agriculture
for misleading people. Farmers on the Great Plains were working against nature, he thundered in speeches.
47.National Sustainable Development Strategies #071058
The principal recommendation of the world conferences was that countries must take full responsibility for
their own development. National responsibility for national development is the necessary consequence of
sovereignty. The Monterrey Consensus states that ‘Each country has primary responsibility for its own
economic and social development, and the role of national policies and development strategies cannot be
over-emphasized. The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation called for all governments to begin implementing
national sustainable development strategies (NSDS) by 2005 and the 2005 Summit agreed on a target of 2006
for all developing countries to adopt and start implementation of these strategies to achieve the internationally
agreed goals. The automatic corollary of that principle is that each country must be free to determine its own
development strategy. It is essential that all donors and lenders accept the principle of country ownership of
national development strategies. This implies the acceptance of the principle that development strategies
should not only be attuned to country circumstances, but also be prepared and implemented under the
leadership of the governments of the countries themselves. The 2005 World Summit also acknowledged, in
this regard, that all countries must recognize the need for developing countries to strike a balance between
their national policy priorities and their international commitments.
For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure with regards to personal
history. There are just two primary sources for information on the Bard: his works, and various legal and
church documents that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are many gaps in this body of
information, which tells us little about Shakespeare the man.
49.How does outer space affect the human body? #071066
Researchers already know that spending long periods of time in a zero-gravity environment -- such as that
inside the International Space Station (ISS) -- result in loss of bone density and damage to the body’s muscles
. That’s partly why stays aboard the ISS are limited at six months. And now, a number of NASA astronauts are
reporting that their 20/20 vision faded after spending time in space, with many needing glasses once they
returned to Earth.
50.Paraphrasing #071068
Paraphrasing is often defined as putting a passage from an author into your own words. However, what are
your own words? How different must your paraphrase be from the original? The answer is it should be
considerably different. The whole point of paraphrasing is to show you have read and understood another
person's ideas and can summarise them in your own writing style rather than borrowing their phrases. If you
just change a few words or add some bits of your own to an otherwise reproduced passage, you will probably
be penalized for plagiarism. You should aim to condense and simplify a writer's ideas and describe them using
different sentence structures and expressions. It is also important to credit the original writer by referencing.
51.UBC expeditions to the Canadian Arctic #071071
This summer, 41 UBC alumni and friends participated in expeditions to the Canadian Arctic and the legendary
Northwest Passage. Presentations, conversations and learning accompanied their exploration of the great
outdoors aboard the Russian-flagged Akademik Ioffe, designed and built in Finland as a scientific research
vessel in 1989. Her bridge was open to passengers virtually 24 hours a day. Experts on board presented on
topics including climate change, wildlife, Inuit culture and history, and early European explorers. UBC
professor Michael Byers presented on the issue of Arctic sovereignty, a growing cause of debate as ice melts,
new shipping routes open, and natural resources become accessible. Recommended pre-trip reading was late
UBC alumnus Pierre Bertons book, The Arctic Grail.
52.Anesthesia #071072
Before effective anaesthetics, surgery was very crude and very painful. Before 1800, alcohol and opium had
little success in easing pain during operations. Laughing gas was used in 1844 in dentistry in the USA, but
failed to ease all pain and patients remained conscious. Ether (used from 1846) made patients totally
unconscious and lasted a long time. However, it could make patients cough during operations and sick
afterwards. It was highly flammable and was transported in heavy glass bottles. Chloroform (used from 1847)
was very effective with few side effects. However, it was difficult to get the dose right and could kill some
people because of the effect on their heart. An inhaler helped to regulate the dosage.
53.EE & AVG [Version 1] #071073
Currently, there is concern about the increasing amount of time children spend engaged in sedentary
activities, the number of children who fail to achieve minimum daily physical activity guidelines (i.e. 60 min of
moderate-to-vigorous intensity activities every day), and the apparent increase in obesity prevalence as a
result of such sedentary behavior. Screen-based activities, including television, viewing and playing computer
games are among the most frequently observed sedentary activities that children partake3 with children
spending 2.5-4 h per day participating in such activities.
The introduction of “active video games” (AVGs) into the gaming market presents an opportunity to convert
traditional, sedentary screen-time in to active screen-time and thus increase total daily energy expenditure
(EE). Modern AVGs utilize cameras and motion sensors to allow the gamer to physically perform a variety of
actions, dependent on the console, such as swinging a tennis racquet or running. The most demanding AVGs
provided similar responses to walking and, based on international standards, should be classified as low-
intensity activities. Whilst AVGs may provide children with a better alternative to sedentary gaming, they are
not a sufficient replacement for normal physical activity, e.g. sports and outdoor play.
54.Charity #071075
Americans approached a record level of generosity last year. Of the $260.28 billion given to charity in 2005,
76.5% of it came from individual donors. These people gave across the range of non-profit bodies, from
museums to religious organizations, with a heavy emphasis on disaster relief after the Asian tsunami and US
hurricanes. In total, Americans gave away 2.2% of their household income in 2005, slightly above 40-year
average.
55.Disclose Business Emission #071076
There is a need to disclose business emission. The data of emission can be used to test which company
causes climate change …… the government campaigners and environmental invigilators ()
56.Trip to Germany #071077
Last year I went to Germany. It was a trip to Germany not for leisure but for exchange. This was the worst trip
that I have been on. We transferred via Amsterdam. We arrived half an hour ahead of the time that plane was
supposed to take off, but the plane was late, so we took another flight which was flying to a wrong destination.
It landed at another airport, hundreds of miles away from where I supposed to be. All we could do was waiting
for the next connecting flight to take us. So, we waited for another hour and a half. Everyone was exhausted.
No wonder we all hope to go home straight away.
57.Sales Representatives #071078
Sales jobs allow for a great deal of discretionary time and effort on the part of the sales representatives -
especially when compared with managerial, manufacturing, and service jobs. Most sales representatives work
independently and outside the immediate presence of their sales managers. Therefore, some form of goals
needs to be in place to motivate and guide their performance. Sales personnel are not the only professionals
with performance goals or quotas. Health care professionals operating in clinics have daily, weekly, and
monthly goals in terms of patient visits. Service personnel are assigned a number of service calls they must
perform during a set time period. Production workers in manufacturing have output goals. So, why are
achieving sales goals or quotas such a big deal? The answer to this question can be found by examining how
a firm's other departments are affected by how well the company's salespeople achieve their performance
goals. The success of the business hinges on the successful sales of its products and services. Consider all
the planning, the financial, production and marketing efforts that go into producing what the sales force sells.
Everyone depends on the sales force to sell the company's products and services and they eagerly anticipate
knowing things are going.
58.Bizarre Universe #071079
It seems we live in a bizarre Universe. One of the greatest mysteries in the whole of science is the prospect
that 75% of the Universe is made up from a mysterious substance known as ‘Dark Energy’, which causes an
acceleration of the cosmic expansion. Since a further 21% of the Universe is made up from invisible ‘Cold
Dark Matter’ that can only be detected through its gravitational effects, the ordinary atomic matter making up
the rest is apparently only 4% of the total cosmic budget.
These discoveries require a shift in our perception as great as that made after Copernicus’ revelation that the
Earth moves around the Sun. This lecture will start by reviewing the chequered history of Dark Energy, not only
since Einstein’s proposal for a similar entity in 1917, but by tracing the concept back to Newton’s ideas. This
lecture will summarize the current evidence for Dark Energy and future surveys in which UCL is heavily
involved: the “Dark Energy Survey”, the Hubble Space Telescope and the proposed Euclid space mission.
59.Crime #071080
A crime is generally a deliberate act that results in harm, physical or otherwise, toward one or more people, in
a manner prohibited by law. The determination of which acts are to be considered criminal has varied
historically, and continues to do so among cultures and nations. When a crime is committed, a process of
discovery, trial by judge or jury, conviction, and punishment occurs. Just as what is considered criminal varies
between jurisdictions, so does the punishment, but elements of restitution and deterrence are common.
60.Behavior of Liquids #071081
If you see a movie, or a TV advertisement, that involves a fluid behaving in an unusual way, it was probably
made using technology based on the work of a Monash researcher. Professor Joseph Monaghan who
pioneered an influential method for interpreting the behavior of liquids that underlies most special effects
involving water has been honored with election to the Australian Academy of Sciences.
Professor Monaghan, one of only 17 members elected in 2011, was recognized for developing the method of
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) which has applications in the fields of astrophysics, engineering and
physiology, as well as movie special effects. His research started in 1977 when he tried to use computer
simulation to describe the formation of stars and stellar systems. The algorithms available at the time were
incapable of describing the complicated systems that evolve out of chaotic clouds of gas in the galaxy.
Professor Monaghan, and his colleague Bob Gingold, took the novel and effective approach of replacing the
fluid or gas in the simulation with large numbers of particles with properties that mimicked those of the fluid.
SPH has become a central tool in astrophysics, where it is currently used to simulate the evolution of the
universe after the Big Bang, the formation of stars, and the processes of planet building.
61.Push and pull factors #071082
People move to a new region for many different reasons. The motivation for moving can come from a
combination of what researchers sometimes call 'push and pull factors' – those that encourage people to
leave a region, and those that attract people to a region. Some of the factors that motivate people to move
include seeking a better climate, finding more affordable housing, looking for work or retiring from work,
leaving the congestion of city living, wanting a more pleasant environment, and wanting to be near to family
and friends. In reality, many complex factors and personal reasons may interact to motivate a person or family
to move.
62.What’s a herbal? #071083
A herbal is a book of plants, describing their appearance, their properties and how they may be used for
preparing ointments and medicines. The medical use of plants is recorded on fragments of papyrus and clay
tablets from ancient Egypt, Samaria and China that date back 5,000 years but document traditions far older
still. Over 700 herbal remedies were detailed in the Papyrus Ebers, an Egyptian text written in 1500 BC.
Around 65 BC, a Greek physician called Dioscorides wrote a herbal that was translated into Latin and Arabic.
Known as ‘De materia medica’, it became the most influential work on medicinal plants in both Christian and
Islamic worlds until the late 17th century. An illustrated manuscript copy of the text made in Constantinople
(modern-day Istanbul) survives from the sixth century. The first printed herbals date from the dawn of
European printing in the 1480s. They provided valuable information for apothecaries, whose job it was to make
the pills and potions prescribed by physicians. In the next century, landmark herbals were produced in
England by
William Turner, considered to be the father of British botany, and John Gerard, whose
illustrations would inspire the floral fabric, wallpaper and tile designs of William Morris four centuries later.
63.Tomb of Tutankhamun #071084
The last tourists may have been leaving the Valley of the Kings on the West Bank in Luxor but the area in front
of the tomb of Tutankhamun remained far from deserted. Instead of the tranquility that usually descends on
the area in the evening it was a hive of activity. TV crews trailed masses of equipment, journalists milled and
photographers held their cameras at the ready. The reason? For the first time since Howard Carter discovered
the tomb in 1922 the mummy of Tutankhamun was being prepared for public display.
Inside the subterranean burial chamber Egypt's archaeology supremo Zahi Hawass, accompanied by four
Egyptologists, two restorers and three workmen, were slowly lifting the mummy from the golden sarcophagus
where it has been rested -- mostly undisturbed -- for more than 3,000 years. The body was then placed on a
wooden stretcher and transported to its new home, a high- tech, climate-controlled plexi-glass showcase
located in the outer chamber of the tomb where, covered in linen, with only the face and feet exposed, it now
greets visitors.
64.Active Reading #071085
(Only the gist. Not the original text.)
Reading is an active process, not a passive one. We always read within a specific context and this affects
what we notice and what seems to matter. We always have a purpose in reading a text, and this will shape
how we approach it. Our purpose and background knowledge will also determine the strategies we use to
read the text.
65.Legal Deposit #071086
Legal deposit has existed in English law since 1662. It helps to ensure that the nation’s published output (and
thereby its intellectual record and future published heritage) is collected systematically, to preserve the
material for the use of future generations and to make it available for readers within the designated legal
deposit libraries. The legal deposit system also has benefits for authors and publishers:
Deposited publications are made available to users of the deposit libraries on their premises, are preserved for
the benefit of future generations, and become part of the nation’s heritage. Publications are recorded in the
online catalogues, and become an essential research resource for generations to come.
66.Serving on a Jury #071087
Serving on a jury is normally compulsory for individuals who are qualified for jury service. A jury is intended to
be an impartial panel capable of reaching a verdict. There are often procedures and requirements, including a
fluent understanding of the language and the opportunity to test juror’s neutrality or otherwise exclude jurors
who are perceived as likely to be less than neutral or partial to one side.
67.DNA on a Crime Scene #071088
Fingerprints can prove that a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime. As long as a human entered a
crime scene, there will be traces of DNA. DNA can help the police to identify an individual to crack a case. An
institute in London can help reserve DNA and be used to match with the samples taken from the crime scenes.
68.Use Your Time Well #071090
You have about 30 minutes to answer each question. You must take account of how many marks are available
for each part when you answer it. Even if you think you can write more, don't spend 15 minutes answering a
part worth only 5 marks. Leave space at the end of your answer and come back to it if you have time to spare
later.
And if you can't think of an answer to some part, leave a space and move on to the next part. Don't write
about something else if you don't know the correct answer -- this is just a waste of your valuable time (and the
examiner's).
69.Maya descendants #071091
Descendants of the Maya living in Mexico still sometimes refer to themselves as “the corn people.” The phrase
is not intended as metaphor. Rather, it's meant to acknowledge their abiding dependence on this miraculous
grass, the staple of their diet for almost 9,000 years. The supermarket itself-the wallboard and joint compound,
the linoleum and fiberglass and adhesives out of which the building itself has been built-is in no small measure
a manifestation of corn.
70.Primates #071092
With their punk hairstyles and bright colors, marmosets and tamarins are among the most attractive primates
on earth. These fast-moving, lightweight animals live in the rainforests of South America. Their small size
makes it easy for them to dart about the trees, catching insects and small animals such as lizards, frogs, and
snails. Marmosets have another unusual food source - they use their chisel-like incisor teeth to dig into tree
bark and lap up the gummy sap that seeps out, leaving telltale, oval-shaped holes in the branches when they
have finished. But as vast tracts of rainforest are cleared for plantations and cattle ranches marmosets and
tamarins are in serious danger of extinction.
71.Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum #071093
The Edo-Tokyo Tatemono En is an open-air architectural museum but could be better thought of as a park.
Thirty buildings from the 19th and early 20th centuries from all around Tokyo were restored and relocated to
the space, where they can be explored by future generations to come. The buildings are a collection of houses
and businesses, shops, and bathhouses, all of which would have been present on a typical middle-class street
from Edoera to Showa-era Tokyo. The west section is residential, with traditional thatched roof bungalows of
the 19th century. Meiji-era houses are also on view, constructed in a more Western style after Japan opened
its borders in 1868. The Musashino Sabo Café occupies the ground floor of one such house, where visitors
can enjoy a cup of tea. Grand residences like that of Korekiyo Takahashi, an early 20th century politician
assassinated over his controversial policies, demonstrate how the upper class lived during that time period.
The east section is primarily businesses from the 1920s and ’30s, preserved with their wares on display.
Visitors are free to wander through a kitchenware shop, a florist’s, an umbrella store, a bar, a soy sauce shop,
a tailor’s, a cosmetics shop, and an inn complete with an operational noodle shop.
72.Opportunity Cost #071094
Opportunity cost incorporates the notion of scarcity: No matter what we do, there is always a trade-off. We
must trade off one thing for another because resources are limited and can be used in different ways.
By acquiring something, we use up resources that could have been used to acquire something else. The
notion of opportunity cost allows us to measure this trade-off. Most decisions involve several alternatives. For
example, if you spend an hour studying for an economics exam, you have one fewer hour to pursue other
activities. To determine the opportunity cost of an activity, we look at what you consider the best of these
“other” activities. For example, suppose the alternatives to studying economics are studying for a history exam
or working in a job that pays $10 per hour. If you consider studying for history a better use of your time than
working, then the opportunity cost of studying economics is the four extra points you could have received on a
history exam if you studied history instead of economics. Alternatively, if working is the best alternative, the
opportunity cost of studying economics is the $10 you could have earned instead.
73.Gender Equality Campaign #071095
As the development of gender equality campaign and cultural change, the traditional role that men must be the
earner, and women should stay at home, is challenged today.
74.Advances of Military #071096
( Only the gist. Not the original text.)
With the advances of military, the demand of armed force is decreasing... // ... opened more position to
women, including ... in military, provided they work behind the front line of war.
75.Private Schools in UK #071097
Private schools in the UK are redoubling their marketing efforts to foreigners. Almost a third of the 68,000
boarding pupils at such schools already come from overseas. But now, with many UK residents unwilling or
unable to afford the fee - top boarding schools edging towards £30,000 ($49,759) a year - and a cultural shift
away from boarding, many schools are looking abroad to survive.
Overseas students now account for about ...
76.Sydney #071098
Sydney is becoming eﬀective in making the best of its limited available unconstrained land. Sydney is suitable
for integrating suitable business, office, residential, retail and other development in accessible locations so as
to maximise public transport patronage and encourage walking and cycling. Also this city can reduce the
consumption of land for housing and associated urban development on the urban fringe. For the proposed
mixed business, mixed use and business park areas, there was no employment data available for comparable
areas. It is also concluded that lack of housing supply will affect affordability in Sydney.
77.A Bonus of Dendrochronology #071100
A bonus of dendrochronology is that the width and substructure of each ring reflect the amount of rain and the
season at which the rain fell during that particular year. Thus, tree ring studies also allow one to reconstruct
past climate; e.g., a series of wide rings means a wet period, and a series of narrow rings means a drought.
78.Diversity of the Amazon Basin #071101
This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major source of diversity for the Amazon basin, one
of the largest reservoirs of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs counter to the idea that Amazonian
diversity is the result of evolution only within the tropical forest itself. “Basically, the Amazon basin is ‘melting
pot’ for South American frogs,” says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study. “Poison frogs
there have come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many millions of years. We
have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by looking only in the basin. Adjacent regions
have played a major role.”
79.The Bridge to Pop #071103
In the U.S., artists in the mid-1950s began to create a bridge to Pop. Strongly influenced by Dada and its
emphasis on appropriation and everyday objects, artists increasingly worked with collage, consumer products,
and a healthy dose of irony. Jasper Johns reimagined iconic imagery like the American flag; Robert
Rauschenberg employed silk-screen printings and found objects; and Larry Rivers used images of mass-
produced goods. All three are considered American forerunners of Pop.
80.Allergies #071104
Allergies are abnormal immune system reactions to things that are typically harmless to most people. When
you’re allergic to something, your immune system mistakenly believes that this substance is harmful to your
body. Substances that cause allergic reactions — such as certain foods, dust, plant pollen, or medicines —
are known as allergens. In an attempt to protect the body, the immune system produces IgE antibodies to that
allergen. Those antibodies then cause certain cells in the body to release chemicals into the bloodstream, one
of which is histamine. The histamine then acts on a person's eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or gastrointestinal
tract and causes the symptoms of the allergic reaction. Future exposure to that same allergen will trigger this
antibody response again. This means that every time you come into contact with that allergen, you'll have an
allergic reaction.
81.Rudman #071105
Rudman looks at how a poor understanding of Maths has led historians to false conclusions about the
Mathematical sophistication of early societies. Rudman's final observation-that ancient Greece enjoys
unrivalled progress in the subject while failing to teach it at school-leads to a radical punchline; Mathematics
could be better learnt after we leave school.
82.Good customer service #071107
Good customer service relates to the service you and your employees provide before, during and after a
purchase. For example, it’s how you interact with your customers. Improving your customer service skills can
lead to great customer satisfaction and a more enjoyable experience for them.
No matter the size of your business good customer service needs to be at the heart of your business model if
you wish to be successful. it is important to provide good customer service; to all types of customers,
including potential, new and existing customers.
Although it can take extra resources, time and money, good customer service leads to customer satisfaction
which can generate positive word-of-mouth for your business, keep your customers happy and encourage
them to purchase form your business again. Good customer service can help your business grow and prosper.
83.UNEP #071108
Equitable and sustainable management of water resources is a major global challenge. About one third of the
world’s population lives in countries with moderate to high water stress, with disproportionately high impacts
on the poor. With respect to the current projected human population growth, industrial development and the
expansion of irrigated agriculture in the next two decades, water demand is expected to rise to levels that will
make the task of providing water for human sustenance more difficult. Since its establishment, the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has worked to promote sustainable water resources management
practices through collaborative approaches at the national, regional and global levels. After more than 30
years, water resources management continues to be a strong pillar of UNEP’S work.
UNEP is actively participating in addressing water issues together with partner un agencies other organisations
and donors. They facilitate and catalyse water resource assessments in various developing countries;
implement projects that assist countries in developing integrated water resource management plans; create
awareness of innovative alternative technologies and assist the development. implementation and
enforcement of water resource management policies, laws and regulations.
84.Standard English #071109
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the relationship between standard and nonstandard language is,
evidently, still an uncertain one. We are at a transitional point between two eras. We seem to be leaving an era
when the rules of Standard English, as elected and defined by prescriptive grammarians, totally conditioned
our sense of acceptable usage, so that all other usages and varieties were considered to be inferior or corrupt,
and excluded from serious consideration. And we seem to be approaching an era when nonstandard usages
and varieties, previously denigrated or ignored, are achieving a new presence and respectability within society,
reminiscent of that found in Middle English, when dialect variation in literature was widespread and
uncontentious. But we are not there yet. The rise of Standard English has resulted in a confrontation between
the standard and nonstandard dimensions of the language which has lasted for over 200 years, and this has
had traumatic consequences Which will take some years to eliminate. Once people have been given an
inferiority complex about the way they speak or write, they find it difficult to shake off.
85.MBA Programmes #071110
Deciding to go to business school is perhaps the simplest part of what can be a complicated process. With
nearly 600 accredited MBA programmes on offer around the world, the choice of where to study can be
overwhelming. Here we explain how to choose the right school and course for you and unravel the application
and funding process. "Probably the majority of people applying to business school are at a point in their
careers where they know they want to shake things up, but they don't know exactly what they want to do with
their professional lives," says Stacy Blackman, an
MBA admissions consultant based in Los Angeles. "If that's the case with you, look at other criteria: culture,
teaching method, location, and then pick a place that’s a good fit for you with a strong general management
programme. Super-defined career goals don’t have to be a part of this process."
86.Charles Darwin #071111
Charles Darwin knew intuitively that tropical forests were places of tremendous intricacy and energy. He and
his cohort of scientific naturalists were awed by the beauty of the Neotropics, where they collected tens of
thousands of species new to science. But they couldn't have guessed at the complete contents of the
rainforest, and they had no idea of its value to humankind.
87.Forest in climate change #071112
Forest plays a crucial role in migration of climate change

primarily, promoting, increasing, equivalent
88.Copyright's position #071113
The presentation will cover copyright's position as one of the intellectual property rights and how it differs from
other intellectual property rights. It will give an overview of what copyright protects as well as what may be
done with copyright protected works without permission under permitted acts (sometimes or so-called
exceptions). It is by manipulating the restricted acts through licensing arrangements that rights owners
establish and exploit commercial markets. In contrast to commercial markets, the growth of open source and
open content licensing models has challenged established business models. The presentation gives a brief
commentary on two of the more prominent open licensing frameworks: the GNU Creative Commons licences.
89.Sustainable transportation system #071114
A sustainable transportation system is one in which people needs and desires for access to jobs, commerce,
recreation, culture and home are accommodated using a minimum of resources. Applying principles of
sustainability to transportation will reduce pollution generated by gasoline-powered engines, noise, traffic
congestion, land devaluation, urban sprawl, economic segregation, and injury to drivers, pedestrians and
cyclists. In addition, the costs of commuting, shipping, housing and goods will be reduced.
Ultimately in a sustainable San Francisco, almost all trips to and within the City will be on public transit, foot or
bicycle-as will a good part of trips to the larger Bay Region. Walking through streets designed for pedestrians
and bicycles will be more pleasant than walking through those designed for the automobile. Street-front retail
and commercial establishments will prosper from the large volume of foot traffic drawn to an environment
enhanced by trees, appropriately designed “street furniture,” (street lights, bicycle racks, benches, and the
like) and other people. Rents and property costs will be lowered as land for off-street parking is no longer
required or needed.
90.Track down research #071116
Having tracked down research that is relevant to your area of interest the next task is to actually make sense
of that research. This section is intended to show you how to be critical of the research you are reviewing and
how to check that the evidence is credible and represented appropriately. Unfortunately this means discussing
the ways in which research findings may be misrepresented.
91.Good looks win votes #071117
It is tempting to try to prove that good looks win votes, and many academics have tried. The difficulty is that
beauty is in the eye of the beholder, and you cannot behold a politician’s face without a veil of extraneous
prejudice getting in the way. Does George Bush possess a disarming grin, or a facetious smirk? It’s hard to
find anyone who can look at the president without assessing him politically as well as physically.
92.Conservancy #071118
To qualify as a conservancy, a committee must define the conservancy’s boundary elect a representative
conservancy committee, negotiate a legal constitution, prove the committee’s ability to manage funds, and
produce an acceptable plan for equitable distribution of wildlife-related benefits. Once approved, registered
conservancies acquire the rights to a sustainable wildlife quota, set by the ministry.
93.Two sentiments #071123
Over the last ten thousand years there seem to have been two separate and conflicting building sentiments
throughout the history of towns and cities. One is the desire to start again, for a variety of reasons: an
earthquake or a tidal wave may have demolished the settlement, or fire destroyed it, or the new city marks a
new political beginning. The other can be likened to the effect of a magnet: established settlements attract
people, who tend to come whether or not there is any planning for their arrival. The clash between these two
sentiments is evident in every established city unless its development has been almost completely accidental
or is lost in history. Incidentally, many settlements have been planned from the beginning but, for a variety of
reasons, no settlement followed the plan. A good example is Currowan, on the Clyde River in New South
Wales, which was surveyed in the second half of the 19th century, in expectation that people would come to
establish agriculture and a small port. But no one came. Most country towns in New South Wales started with
an original survey whose grid lines are still there today in the pattern of the original streets.
94.Paris is very old #071124
Paris is very old—there has been a settlement there for at least 6000 years and its shape has been determined
in part by the River Seine, and in part by the edicts of France’s rulers. But the great boulevards we admire
today are relatively new, and were constructed to prevent any more barricades being created by the rebellious
population; that work was carried out in the middle 19th century. The earlier Paris had been in part a maze of
narrow streets and alleyways. But You can imagine that the work was not only highly expensive, but caused
great distress among the half a million or so residents whose houses were simply razed, and whose
neighbourhoods disappeared. What is done cannot usually be undone, especially when buildings are torn
down.
95.Significance of instinct #071125
What is the significance of instinct in business? Does a reliable gut feeling separate winners from losers? And
is it the most valuable emotional tool any entrepreneur can possess? My observations of successful company
owners lead me to believe that a highly analytical attitude can be a drawback. At critical junctures in
commercial life, risk-taking is more an act of faith than a carefully balanced choice. Frequently, such moments
require decisiveness and absolute conviction above all else. There is simply no time to wait for all the facts, or
room for doubt. A computer program cannot tell you how to invent and launch a new product. That journey
involves too many unknowns, too much luck - and too much sheer intuition, rather than the infallible logic that
machines deliver so well. As Chekhov said: “An artist’s flair is sometimes worth a scientist’s brains” -
entrepreneurs need right-brain thinking. When I have been considering whether to buy a company and what
price to offer, I have been blinded too often by reams of due diligence from the accountants and lawyers.
Usually it pays to stand back from such mountains of grey data and weigh up the really important issues-and
decide how you feel about the opportunity.
96.The Origin of Species #071126
In The Origin of Species, Darwin provided abundant evidence that life on Earth has evolved over time, and he
proposed natural selection as the primary mechanism for that change. He observed that individuals differ in
their inherited traits and that selection acts on such differences, leading to evolutionary change. Although
Darwin realised that variation in heritable traits is a prerequisite for evolution, he did not know precisely how
organisms pass heritable traits to their offspring. Just a few years after Darwin published The Origin of
Species, Gregor Mendel wrote a ground breaking paper on inheritance in pea plants in that paper, Mendel
proposed a model of inheritance in which organisms transmit discrete heritable units (now called genes) to
their offspring. Although Darwin did not know about genes, Mendel’s paper set the stage for understanding
the genetic differences on which evolution is based.
97.Global Textile Industry #071127
The environmental impact of the global textile industry is hard to overstate. One-third of the water used
worldwide is spent fashioning fabrics. For every ton of cloth produced, 200 tons of water is polluted with
chemicals and heavy metals. An estimated 1 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity powers the factories that card
and comb, spin and weave, and cut and stitch materials into everything from T-shirts to towels, leaving behind
mountains of solid waste and a massive carbon footprint.
“Where the industry is today is not really sustainable for the long term,” says Shreyaskar Chaudhary, chief
executive of Pratibha Syntex, a textile manufacturer based outside Indore, India.
With something of an “if you build it, they will come” attitude, Mr.Chaudhary has steered Pratibha toward the
leading edge of eco-friendly textile production. Under his direction, Pratibha began making clothes with
organic cotton in 1999. Initially, the company couldn't find enough organic farms growing cotton in central
India to supply its factories. To meet production demands, Chaudhary's team had to convince conventional
cotton farmers to change their growing methods. Pratibha provided seeds, cultivation instruction, and a
guarantee of fair- trade prices for their crops. Today, Pratibha has a network of 28,000 organic cotton growers
across the central states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Orissa.
98.Modify cultural ideas #071128
People modify cultural ideas in their minds, and sometimes they pass on the modified versions. Inevitably,
there are unintentional modifications as well, partly because of straightforward error, and partly because
inexplicit ideas are hard to convey accurately: there is no way to download them directly from one brain to
another like computer programs. Even native speakers of a language will not give identical definitions of every
word. So it can be only rarely, if ever, that two people hold precisely the same cultural idea in their minds. That
is why, when the founder of a philosophical movement or a religion dies, or even before, schisms typically
happen. The movement's most devoted followers are often shocked to discover that they disagree about what
its doctrines—really are.
99.DNA sequence #071135
The recipe for making any creature is written in its DNA. So last November when geneticists published the
near-complete DNA sequence of the long-extinct woolly mammoth, there was much speculation about
whether we could bring this behemoth back to life. Creating a living, breathing creature from a genome
sequence that exists only in a computer's memory is not possible right now. But someone someday is sure to
try it, predicts Stephan Schuster, a molecular biologist at Pennsylvania State University, University Park, and a
driving force behind the mammoth genome project.
100.Music in ancient Egypt #071140
Music was as important to the ancient Egyptians as it is in our modern society Although it is thought that
music played a role throughout the history of Egypt, those that study the Egyptian writings have discovered
that music seemed to become more important in what is called the ‘pharaonic’ period of their history. This was
the time when the Egyptian dynasties of the pharaohs were established (around 3100 BCE) and music was
found in many parts of every day Egyptian life.
101.Women’s participation in labour force #071141
With the increase in women 's participation in the labour force, many mothers have less time available to
undertake domestic activities. At the same time, there has been increasing recognition that the father 's role
and relationship with a child is important. A father can have many roles in the family, ranging from income
provider to teacher, carer, playmate and role model. Therefore, balancing paid work and family responsibilities
can be an important issue for both fathers and mothers in families.
102.Paris Opera #071142
Most important of all is the fact that for each new ballet-pantomime created at the Paris Opera during the July
Monarchy, a new score was produced. The reason for this is simple: these ballet -pantomimes told stories -
elaborate ones -and music was considered an indispensable tool in getting them across to the audience.
Therefore, music had to be newly created to fit each story Music tailor-made for each new ballet-pantomime,
however, was only one weapon in the Opera's explanatory arsenal. Another was the ballet-pantomime libretto,
a printed booklet of fifteen to forty pages in length, which was sold in the Operas lobby(like the opera libretto),
and which laid out the plot in painstaking detail, scene by scene. Critics also took it upon themselves to
recount the plots (of both ballet-pantomimes and operas) in their reviews of premieres. So did the publishers
of souvenir albums, which also featured pictures of famous performers and of scenes from favorite ballet-
pantomimes and operas.
103.Wind moving #071145
Wind is air moving around. Some winds can move as fast as a racing car, over 100 miles an hour Winds can
travel around the world. Wind can make you feel cold because you lose heat from your body faster when it is
windy Weather forecasters need to know the speed and direction of the wind. the strength of wind is
measured using the Beaufort scale from wind force when there is no wind, to wind force 12 which can damage
houses and buildings and is called hurricane force.
104.Two types of genes #071147
Recently, research into embryonic development has given us an even better insight into how major structural
changes might occur in a given population of organisms. We now understand that there are two major types of
genes: developmental and “housekeeping” genes. Developmental genes are those that are expressed during
embryonic development, and their proteins control the symmetry, skeletal development, organ placement, and
overall form of the developing animal. In contrast , “housekeeping” genes are expressed during the animal's
daily life to generate proteins which keep the cells, tissues, and organs in the body functioning properly. as
you might suspect, mutations in developmental genes can have radical consequences for body form and
function, whereas mutations in “housekeeping” genes tend to affect the health and reproductive success of
the post-embryonic animal.
105.Seminars #071148
Seminars are not designed to be mini-lectures. Their educational role is to provide an opportunity for you to
discuss interesting and/or difficult aspects of the course. This is founded on the assumption that it is only by
actively trying to use the knowledge that you have acquired from lectures and texts that you can achieve an
adequate understanding of the subject. If you do not understand a point it is highly unlikely that you will be the
only person in the group in that position; you will invariably be undertaking a service for the entire group if you
come to the seminar equipped with questions on matters which you feel you did not fully understand. The
seminar is to provoke discussion .
106.Studying Law #071149
It is important to emphasize the need for hard work as an essential part of studying law, because far too many
students are tempted to think that they can succeed by relying on what they imagine to be their natural ability,
without bothering to add the expenditure of effort. To take an analogy some people prefer the more or less
instant gratification which comes from watching television adaptation of a classic novel to the rather more
laborious process of reading the novel itself. Those who prefer watching television to reading the book are less
likely to study law successfully, unless they rapidly acquire a taste for text-based materials.
107.Leadership #071150
Leadership is all about being granted permission by others to lead their thinking. It is a bestowed moral
authority that gives the right to organise and direct the efforts of others. But moral authority does not come
from simply managing people effectively or communicating better or being able to motivate. It comes from
many sources, including being authentic and genuine, having integrity, and showing a real and deep
understanding of the business in question. All these factors build confidence.
Leaders lose moral authority for three reasons: they behave unethically; they become plagued by self-doubt
and lose their conviction; or they are blinded by power lose self-awareness and thus lose connection with
those they lead as the context around them changes. Having said all this, it has to be assumed that if
someone becomes a leader, at some point they understood the difference between right and wrong it is up to
them to abide by a moral code and up to us to ensure that the moment we suspect they do not, we fire them
or vote them out.
108.Retirement #071151
For a start, we need to change our concept of 'retirement', and we need to change mind-sets arising from
earlier government policy which, in the face of high unemployment levels, encouraged mature workers to take
early retirement. Today, government encourages them to delay their retirement.
We now need to think of retirement as a phased process, where mature age workers gradually reduce their
hours, and where they have considerable flexibility in how they combine their work and non work time.
We also need to recognise the broader change that is occurring in how people work, learn, and live.
Increasingly we are moving away from a linear relationship between education, training, work, and retirement,
as people move in and out of jobs, careers, caregiving, study, and leisure. Employers of choice remove the
barriers between the different segments of people's lives, by creating flexible conditions of work and a range
of leave entitlements. They take an individualised approach to workforce planning and development so that the
needs of employers and employees can be met simultaneously. This approach supports the different
transitions that occur across the life course - for example, school to work, becoming a parent, becoming
responsible for the care of older relatives, and moving from work to retirement.
109.When to revise? #071153
Timing is important for revision. Have you noticed that during the school day you get times when you just don't
care any longer? I don't mean the lessons you don't like, but the ones you find usually find OK, but on some
occasions, you just can't be bothered with it. You may have other things on your mind, be tired, restless or
looking forward to what comes next. Whatever the reason, that particular lesson doesn't get 100 percent effort
from you. The same is true of revision. Your mental and physical attitude is important. If you try to revise when
you are tired or totally occupied with something else, your revision will be inefficient and just about worthless.
If you approach it feeling fresh, alert and happy, it will be so much easier, and you will learn more, faster.
However, if you make no plans and just slip in a little bit of revision when you feel like it, you probably won’t do
much revision!
You need a revision timetable, so you don't keep putting it off.
110.Distance learning #071154
Distance learning can be highly beneficial to a large variety of people from young students wanting to expand
their horizons to adults looking for more job security. with programs that allow learners of all ages to take
courses for fun, personal advancement and degrees, distance learning can meet the needs of a diverse
population.
Perhaps one of the most notable and often talked about advantages of distance learning is the flexibility the
majority of programs allow students to learn when and where it's convenient for them. For those who are
struggling to balance their distance learning goals with working a fulltime job and taking care of a family this
kind of flexibility can allow many people to pursue education who would not otherwise be able to do so. Since
there are no on-campus courses to attend, students can learn from their own homes, at work on their lunch
breaks and from virtually anywhere with internet access. For some it can even be a big source of savings on
the fuel costs and time required to commute to classes.
111.Computational thinking #071155
Developing computational thinking helps students to better understand the world around them. many of us
happily drive a car without understanding what goes on under the bonnet. So is it necessary for children to
learn how to program computers? After all, some experts say coding is one of the human skills that will
become obsolete as artificial intelligence grows. Nevertheless, governments believe coding is an essential skill.
Since 2014, the principles of computer programming have featured on England's curriculum for children from
the age of five or six, when they start primary school. While not all children will become programmers, Mark
Martin, a computing teacher at Sydenham High School, London, argues that they should learn to understand
what makes computers work and try to solve problems as a computer might.
112.Petrified Forest #071157
The Petrified Forest is home to some of the most impressive fossils ever found and more are being discovered
each year as continuing erosion is exposing new evidence. Fossils found here show the Forest was once a
tropical region, filled with towering trees and extraordinary creatures. More than 150 different species of
fossilized plants have been discovered by paleontologists and evidence indicating ancient native people who
inhabited this region about 10,000 years ago have been confirmed by archeologists.
113.The speech of alchemy #071158
To learn the speech of alchemy, an early form of chemistry in which people attempted to turn metals into gold,
it helps to think back to a time when there was no science: no atomic number or weight, no periodic chart no
list of elements. to the alchemists the universe was not made of leptons, bosons, gluons, and quarks. Instead
it was made of substances, and one substance-say, walnut oil-could be just as pure as another-say, silver-
even though modern scientists would say one is heterogeneous and the other homogeneous. Without
knowledge of atomic structures, how would it be possible to tell elements from compounds?
114.Interior design #071159
Interior design is a professionally conducted, practice-based process of planning and realization of interior
spaces and the elements within. Interior design is concerned with the function and operation of the aesthetics
and its sustainability. The work of an interior designer draws upon many other disciplines, such as
environmental psychology, architecture, product design and, aesthetics, in relation to a wide range of building
spaces including hotels corporate and public spaces, schools, hospitals, private residences, shopping malls,
restaurants, theaters and airport terminals.
115.Australia’s dwelling #071160
The stock of Australia's dwellings is evolving, with current homes having more bedrooms on average than
homes ten years ago. At the same time, households are getting smaller on average with decreasing
proportions of couple families with children and increasing couple only and lone person households. This
article examines the changes in household size and number of bedrooms from 1994-95 to 2003-04.
116.The narrative of law #071161
The narrative of law and order is located fundamentally at the level of individual guilt and responsibility.
Criminal acts are seen as individual issues of personal responsibility and culpability, to which the state
responds by way of policing, prosecution, adjudication and punishment.
This is but one level at which crime and criminal justice can be analysed. The problem is that so often analysis
ends there, at the level of individual action, characterised in terms of responsibility, guilt, evil.
In few other areas of social life does individualism have this hold. To take but one instance, it would be absurd
to restrict analysis of obesity, to individual greed. It should similarly be widely seen as absurd to restrict
analysis of criminal justice issues to the culpability of individuals.
117.Interdisciplinary Centre #071162
A new interdisciplinary centre for the study of the frontiers of the universe, from the tiniest subatomic particle
to the largest chain of galaxies, has been formed at The University of Texas at Austin. The Texas Cosmology
Centre will be a way for the university's departments of Astronomy and Physics to collaborate on research that
concerns them both “This centre will bring the two departments together in an area where they overlap--in the
physics of the very early universe,” said Dr. Neal Evans, Astronomy Department chair. Astronomical
observations have revealed the presence of dark matter and dark energy, discoveries that challenge our
knowledge of fundamental physics. And today's leading theories in physics involve energies so high that no
Earth-bound particle accelerator can test them. They need the universe as their laboratory Steven Weinberg,
Nobel laureate and professor of physics at the university, called the Centre's advent”(movement)a very
exciting development “for that department.
118.Foreign policy #071163
The foreign policy of a state, it is often argued, begins and ends with the border. No doubt an exaggeration,
this aphorism nevertheless has an element of truth. A state's relation with its neighbours, at least in the
formative years, are greatly influenced by its frontier policy, especially when there are no settled borders.
Empire builders in the past sought to extend imperial frontiers for a variety of reasons; subjugation of kings
and princes to gain their allegiance (as well as handsome tributes or the coffers of the state), and, security of
the 'core' of the empire from external attacks by establishing a string of buffer states in areas adjoining the
frontiers. The history of British empire in India was no different. It is important to note in this connection that
the concept of international boundaries (between two sovereign states), demarcated and delineated, was yet
to emerge in India under Mughal rule.
119.Film #071164
Film is where art meets commerce. As Orson Welles said “A painter just needs a brush and the writer just
needs a pen, but the producer needs an army.” And an army needs money; a producer is just like an
entrepreneur, we raise money to make films. First we need to find an original idea or a book or a play and
purchase the rights, then we need money to develop that idea, often a reasonably small sum. Besides, to
commission a writer for the screenplay isn't something you would want to gamble your own money on, so you
find a partner. We are lucky here in the UK, as we have Film4, BBC Films and the UK Film Council, all of which
are good places to develop an idea. Producing in Britain is very different to producing in America or even
Europe because the economic dynamic is different.
120.Life expectancy at birth #071165
Life expectancy at birth is one of the most widely used and internationally recognised indicators of population
health. It focuses on the length of life rather than its quality, and provides a useful summary of the general
health of the population. While an indicator describing how long Australians live that simultaneously takes into
account quality of life would be a desirable summary measure of progress in the area, currently no such
measure exists, and this is why life expectancy at birth is used as the Main Progress Indicator here. During the
decade 1999 to 2009, life expectancy at birth improved for both sexes.
A girl born in 2009 could expect to reach 83.9 years of age, while a boy could expect to live to 79.3 years.
Over the decade, boys 'life expectancy increased slightly more than girls'(3.1 compared with 2.1 years). This
saw the gap between the sexes' life expectancy decrease by one year to 4.6 years
In the longer term, increases in life expectancy also occurred over most of the 20th century. Unfortunately, life
expectancy isn't shared across the whole population though, being lower in Tasmania and the northern
Territory, and for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
121.Intelligence of animals #071168
Comparing the intelligence of animals of different species is difficult, how do you compare a dolphin and a
horse? Psychologists have a technique for looking at intelligence that does not require the cooperation of the
animal involved. The relative size of an individual's brain is a reasonable indication of intelligence. Comparing
across species is not as simple as generally expected. An elephant will have a larger brain than a human
simply because it is a large beast. Instead, we use the Cephalization index, which compare the size of an
animal's brain to the size of its body.
Based on the Cephalization index, the brightest animals on the planet are humans, followed by great apes,
porpoises and elephants. As a general rule, animals that hunt for a living (like canines) are smarter than strict
vegetarians (you don't need much intelligence to outsmart a leaf of lettuce). Animals that live in social groups
are always smarter and have large EQ's than solitary animals.
122.Hairstyles #071169
With their punk hairstyles and bright colors, marmosets and tamarins are among the most attractive primates
on earth. These fast-moving, lightweight animals live in the rainforests of South America. Their small size
makes it easy for them to dart about the trees, catching insects and small animals such as lizards, frogs, and
snails. Marmosets have another unusual food source- they use their chisel-like incisor teeth to dig into tree
bark and lap up the gummy sap that seeps out, leaving telltale, oval-shaped holes in the branches when they
have finished. But as vast tracts of rainforest are cleared for plantations and cattle ranches marmosets and
tamarins are in serious danger of extinction.
123.Integrate sales activities #071170
Organisations need to integrate their sales activities more both internally and with customers' needs according
to a new book co-authored by an academic at the University of East Anglia. The book addresses how sales
can help organisations to become more customer oriented and considers how they are responding to
challenges such as increasing competition, more demanding customers and a more complex selling
environment.
Many organisations are facing escalating costs and a growth in customer power, which makes it necessary to
allocate resources more strategically. The sales function can provide critical customer and market knowledge
to help inform both innovation and marketing. However, the authors say that within the industry there is still
uncertainty about the shape a future sales team should take, how it should be managed, and how it fits into
their organisations business model.
124.Northern spotted owls #071171
Our analysis of the genetic structure of northern spotted owls across most of the range of the subspecies
allowed us to test for genetic discontinuities and identify landscape features that influence the subspecies’
genetic structure. Although no distinct genetic breaks were found in northern spotted owls, several landscape
features were important in structuring genetic variation. Dry, low elevation valleys and the high elevation
Cascade and Olympic Mountains restricted gene flow, while the lower Oregon Coast Range facilitated gene
flow, acting as a “genetic corridor.” The Columbia River did not act as a barrier, suggesting owls readily fly
over this large river. Thus, even in taxa such as northern spotted owls with potential for long-distance
dispersal, landscape features can have an important impact on gene flow and genetic structure.
125.New Zealand #071172
Twelve hundred miles east of Australia lay the islands of New Zealand. Long before they were discovered by
Europeans, a Polynesian race of warriors, the Maoris, had sailed across the Pacific from the northeast and
established a civilization notable for the brilliance of its art and the strength of its military system. When
Captain Cook visited these islands towards the end of the 18th century, he estimated that the population
numbered about a hundred thousand.
126.Medical examination #071173
The most common reason for carrying out a detailed medical examination of a dead person – a post-mortem
or autopsy – is when it is necessary to establish the cause of death. In some circumstances, a doctor may be
allowed to perform a post-mortem in pursuit of medical knowledge. The examination is usually performed by a
pathologist and involves dissection of the body, and tests were done on blood, tissues and internal organs,
but sometimes it is performed by a doctor.
127.Mayan Civilisation #071177
The Classic era of Mayan civilization came to an end around 900 AD. Why this happened is unclear; the cities
were probably over-farming the land, so that a period of drought led to famine. Recent geological research
supports this, as there appears to have been a 200-year drought around this time.
128.Snails #071178
Snails are not traditionally known for quick thinking, but new research shows they can make complex
decisions using just two brain cells in findings that could help engineers design more efficient robots.
Scientists at the University of Sussex attached electrodes to the heads of freshwater snails as they searched
for lettuce. They found that just one cell was used by the mollusc to tell if it was hungry or not, while another
let it know when food was present. Foodsearching is an example of goal-directed behaviour, during which an
animal must integrate information about both its external environment and internal state while using as little
energy as possible. Lead researcher Professor George Kemenes, sai “This will eventually help us design the”
brain “of robots based on the principle of using the fewest possible components necessary to perform
complex tasks.”What goes on in our brains when we make complex behavioural decisions and carry them out
is poorly understood.”Our study reveals for the first time how just two neurons can create a mechanism in an
animal's brain which drives and optimises complex decision-making tasks.
129.Chemistry #071180
Chemistry is an extremely important topic in physiology. Most physiological processes occur as the result of
chemical changes that occur within the body. These changes include the influx/efflux of ions across a neuron’s
membrane, causing a signal to pass from one end to the other. Other examples include the storage of oxygen
in the blood by a protein as it passes through the lungs for usage throughout the body.
130.SpaceX Dragon Capsule #071182
SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on Friday at 1845 GMT (1445 EDT), reaching
orbit 9 minutes later.
The rocket lofted an uncrewed mockup of SpaceX’s Dragon capsule, which is designed to one-day carry both
crew and cargo to orbit. “This has been a good day for SpaceX and a promising development for the US
human space flight programme,” said Robyn Ringuette of SpaceX in a webcast of the launch.
In a teleconference with the media on Thursday, SpaceX’s CEO, Paypal co-founder Elon Musk, said he would
consider the flight 100 percent successful if it reached orbit. “Even if we prove out just that the first stage
functions correctly, I’d still say that’s a good day for a test,” he said. “It’s a great day if both stages work
correctly.”
SpaceX hopes to win a NASA contract to launch astronauts to the International Space Station using the
Falcon 9. US government space shuttles, which currently make these trips, are scheduled to retire for safety
reasons at the end of 2010.
131.Plants research #071184
Plants serve as the conduit of energy into the biosphere, provide food and materials used by humans, and
they shape our environment. According to Ehrhardt and Frommer, the three major challenges facing humanity
in our time are food, energy, and environmental degradation. All three are plant related. All of our food is
produced by plants, either directly or indirectly via animals that eat them. Plants are a source of energy
production. And they are intimately involved in climate change and a major factor in a variety of environmental
concerns, including agricultural expansion and its impact on habitat destruction and waterway pollution.
What's more, none of these issues is independent of each other. Climate change places additional stresses on
the food supply and on various habitats. So, plant research is instrumental in addressing all of these problems
and moving into the future. For plant research to move significantly forward, Ehrhardt and Former say
technological
development is critical, both to test existing hypotheses and to gain new information and generate fresh
hypotheses. If we are to make headway in understanding how these essential organisms function and build
the foundation for a sustainable future, then we need to apply the most advanced technologies available to the
study of plant life, they
say.
132.Conflict #071186
Most of us are scared of open conflict and avoid it if we can. And there is a risk to expressing and working
through conflict. If the working involves harsh words and name-calling people fell deeply hurt and relationships
can be damaged. Some group members may be afraid that if they really express their anger, they may go out
of control and become violent, or they may do this. These fears can be very real and based on experience.
133.Brain Action #071187
Researchers in Europe and the US wanted to find out exactly what happens to our brain when we find
ourselves stunned with fright in the hope of better understanding how fear interplays with human anxiety
disorders. For the first time, they traced and linked three parts of the brain responsible for freezing behaviours:
the amygdala, ventrolateral periaqueductal grey region and magnocellular nucleus. Mice are excellent lab
animals where it comes to anxiety and fear experiments. When a mouse is scared, its defensive behaviours
range from freezing, attacking, risk assessment or fleeing the scene. How a mouse acts depends on variables
such as access to escape routes or the level of threat faced. So Andreas Lüthi at the Friedrich Miescher
Institute for Biomedical Research in Switzerland and colleagues from Europe and the US observed brain
activity in mice placed in frightening situations to trace the brain circuits responsible for freezing behaviours. In
particular, the researchers wanted to learn more about a part of the brain called the ventrolateral
periaqueductal grey region, which was believed to play some part in a mouse’s instinct to freeze or flee.
134.Effective Leader #071188
In search of lessons to apply in our own careers, we often try to emulate what effective leaders do. Roger
Martin says this focus is misplaced, because moves that work in one context may make little sense in another.
A more productive, though more difficult, approach is to look at how such leaders think. After extensive
interviews with more than 50 of them, the author discovered that most are integrative thinkers -that is, they
can hold in their heads two opposing ideas at once and then come up with a new idea that contains elements
of each but is superior to both.
135.History Books #071189
History is selective. What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but what
historians have selected. They cannot put in everything: choices have to be made. Choices must similarly be
made about which aspects of the past should be formally taught to the next generation in the shape of school
history lessons. So, for example, when a national school curriculum for England and Wales was first discussed
at the end of the 1980s, the history curriculum was the subject of considerable public and media interest.
Politicians argued about it; people wrote letters to the press about it; the Prime Minister of the time, Margaret
Thatcher, intervened in the debate. Let us think first about the question of content. There were two main
camps on this issue – those who thought the history of Britain should take pride of place, and those who
favored what was referred to as 'world history'.
136.DNA Barcoding #071193
DNA barcoding was invented by Paul Hebert of the University of Guelph, in Ontario, Canada, in 2003. His idea
was to generate a unique identification tag for each species based on a short stretch of DNA. Separating
species would then be a simple task of sequencing this tiny bit of DNA. Dr Hebert proposed part of a gene
called cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) as suitable to the task. All animals have it. It seems to vary enough, but
not too much, to act as a reliable marker. And it is easily extracted, because it is one of a handful of genes
found outside the cell nucleus, in structures called mitochondria. Barcoding has taken off rapidly since Dr
Hebert invented it. When the idea was proposed, it was expected to be a boon to taxonomists trying to name
the world's millions of species. It has, however, proved to have a far wider range of uses than the merely
academic—most promisingly in the realm of public health.
One health-related project is the Mosquito Barcoding Initiative being run by Yvonne-Marie Linton of the
Natural History Museum in London. This aims to barcode 80% of the world's mosquitoes within the next two
years, to help control mosquito-borne diseases. Mosquitoes are responsible for half a billion malarial infections
and 1m deaths every year. They also transmit devastating diseases such as yellow fever, West Nile fever and
dengue. However, efforts to control them are consistently undermined by the difficulty and expense of
identifying mosquitoes—of which there are at least 3,500 species, many of them hard to tell apart.
137.Children sleep patterns #071198
Children have sound sleep patterns. They can successfully sleep for 8-9 hours and get up at a fixed time. But
teenagers don’t. Their need of early start to schools or other schedules can influence their sleep patterns.
Despite these factors, they actually need longer sleep time.
138.Job of Doctor #071200
In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more and more like the job of a chief
executive. The people who run hospitals and physicians' practices don't just need to know medicine. They
must also be able to balance budgets, motivate a large and diverse staff and make difficult marketing and legal
decisions.
139.The Origin of Music #071201
Music is an important part of our lives. We connect and interact with it daily and use it as a way of projecting
our self-identities to the people around us. The music we enjoy – whether it’s country or classical, rock n’ roll
or rap – reflects who we are.
But where did music, at its core, first come from? It’s a puzzling question that may not have a definitive
answer. One leading researcher, however, has proposed that the key to understanding the origin of music is
nestled snugly in the loving bond between mother and child.
In a lecture at the University of Melbourne, Richard Parncutt, an Australian-born professor of systematic
musicology, endorsed the idea that music originally spawned from ‘motherese’ – the playful voices mothers
adopt when speaking to infants and toddlers.
As the theory goes, increased human brain sizes caused by evolutionary changes occurring between one and
2,000,000 years ago resulted in earlier births, more fragile infants and a critical need for stronger relationships
between mothers and their newborn babies.
According to Parncutt, who is based at the University of Graz in Austria, ‘motherese’ arose as a way to
strengthen this maternal bond and to help ensure an infant’s survival.
140.Delegation #071203
The process of delegation comprises the decision to delegate, the briefing, and the follow-up. At each of these
points, anticipate the potential problems. When you delegate, you are delegating the right to perform an action
, you are delegating the right to make decisions. It is important to be neutral, as the person to whom you
delegate may have a better and faster way of completing a job than you. Despite all these, you retain the
overall responsibility. It is helpful to others if you can provide constructive feedback on their performance.
141.Australian women novelist #071206
In the literary world, it was an accepted assumption that the 1970s was a time of unprecedented growth in
homegrown Australian fiction. And everybody was reading and talking about books by young Australian
women.
But it was not until recently that a researcher was able to measure just how many novels were published in
that decade, and she found that there had been a decline in novels by Australian writers overall, but confirmed
an increase in women’s novels. It is this sort of research - testing ideas about literary history - that is becoming
possible with the spread of ‘Digital Humanities.’ The intersection of Humanities and digital technologies is
opening up opportunities in the fields of literature, linguistics, history and language that were not possible
without computational methods and digitized resources to bring information together in an accessible way.
Transcription software is being developed for turning scans of books and documents into text, as the field of
digital humanities really takes off.
142.Teens Writing #071208
Teens write for a variety of reasons—as part of a school assignment, to get a good grade, to stay in touch with
friends, to share their artistic creations with others or simply to put their thoughts to paper (whether virtual or
otherwise). In our focus groups, teens said they are motivated to write when they can select topics that are
relevant to their lives and interests, and report greater enjoyment of school writing when they have the
opportunity to write creatively. Having teachers or other adults who challenge them, present them with
interesting curricula and give them detailed feedback also serves as a motivator for teens. Teens also report
writing for an audience motivates them to write and write well.
143.DNA is a Molecule #071211
DNA is a molecule that does two things. First, it acts as the hereditary material, which is passed down from
generation to generation. Second, it directs, to a considerable extent, the construction of our bodies, telling
our cells what kinds of molecules to make and guiding our development from a single-celled zygote to a fully
formed adult. These two things are of course connected. The DNA sequences that construct the best bodies
are more likely to get passed down to the next generation because well-constructed bodies are more likely to
survive and thus to reproduce. This is Darwin’s theory of natural selection stated in the language of DNA.
144.Bones and joints #071213
Bones are extremely strong. One of their main functions is to protect organs. For example, the skull protects
the brain and forms the shape of the face. The spinal cord, a pathway for messages between the brain and the
body, is protected by the backbone, or spinal column. The ribs form a cage that shelters the heart and lungs,
and the pelvis helps protect the bladder, part of the intestines, and in women, the reproductive organs.
Joints make the skeleton flexible — without them, movement would be impossible. Three kinds of freely
movable joints play a big part in voluntary movement: Hinge joints allow movement in one direction, as seen in
the knees and elbows. Pivot joints allow a rotating or twisting motion, like that of the head moving from side to
side. Ball-and-socket joints allow the greatest freedom of movement. The hips and shoulders have this type of
joint, in which the round end of a long bone fits into the hollow of another bone.
145.Daniel Harris #071215
Daniel Harris, a scholar of consumption and style, has observed that until photography finally supplanted
illustration as the “primary means of advertising clothing” in the 1950s, glamour inhered less in the face of the
drawing, which was by necessity schematic and generalized, than in the sketch’s attitude, posture, and
gestures, especially in the strangely dainty positions of the hands. Glamour once resided so emphatically in
the stance of the model that the faces in the illustrations cannot really be said to have expressions at all, but
angles or tilts. The chin raised upwards in a haughty look; the eyes lowered in an attitude of introspection; the
head cocked at an inquisitive or coquettish angle: or the profile presented in sharp outline, emanating power
the severity like an emperor’s bust embossed on a Roman coin.
146.Emerald #071216
Emerald is defined by its green color. To be an emerald, a specimen must have a distinctly green color that
falls in the range from bluish green to green to slightly yellowish green. To be an emerald, the specimen must
also have a rich color. Stones with weak saturation or light tone should be called “green beryl.” If the beryl‘s
color is greenish blue then it is an “aquamarine.” If it is greenish yellow it is “heliodor”.
This color definition is a source of confusion. Which hue, tone, and saturation combinations are the dividing
lines between "green beryl" and "emerald"? Professionals in the gem and jewellery trade can disagree on
where the lines should be drawn. Some believe that the name "emerald" should be used when chromium is
the cause of the green color, and that stones colored by vanadium should be called "green beryl."
Calling a gem an "emerald" instead of a "green beryl" can have a significant impact upon its price and
marketability. This "color confusion" exists within the United States. In some other countries, any beryl with a
green color - no matter how faint - is called an "emerald."
147.Natural Capital #071217
Capital has often been thought of narrowly as physical capital – the machines, tools, and equipment used in
the production of other goods, but our wealth and wellbeing also relies on natural capital. If we forget this, we
risk degrading the services that natural ecosystems provide, which support our economies and sustain our
lives. These services include purifying our water, regulating our climate, reducing flood risk, and pollinating our
crops. The Natural Capital Project works to provide decision makers with reliable ways to assess the true
value of the services that ecosystems provide. An essential element of the Natural Capital Project is
developing tools that help decision makers protect biodiversity and ecosystem services.
148.A Bad Title #071218
A good story may be given a bad title by its author, and so started toward failure. Novices are peculiarly liable
to this fault, usually through allowing themselves to be too easily satisfied. They go to infinite pains to make
the story itself fresh and individual, and then cap it with a commonplace phrase that is worse than no title at
all. A good title is apt, specific, attractive, new, and short.
A title is apt if it is an outgrowth of the plot—a text, as I have said. It stands definitely for that particular story,
and gives a suggestion of what is to come—but only a suggestion, lest it should anticipate the denouement
and so satisfy the curiosity of the reader too soon.
149.Fresh Water #071220
Everybody needs fresh water. Without water people, animals and plants cannot live. Although a few plants and
animals can make do with saltwater, all humans need a constant supply of fresh water if they are to stay fit
and healthy. Of the total supply of water on the Earth, only about 3 percent of it is fresh, and most of that is
stored as ice and snow at the poles, or is so deep under the surface of the Earth that we cannot get to it.
Despite so much of the water being out of reach, we still have a million cubic miles of it that we can use. That's
about 4,300,000 cubic kilometers of fresh water to share out between most of the plants, animals and people
on the planet.
150.Mini Helicopter #071221
A mini helicopter modelled on flying tree seeds could soon be flying overhead. Evan Ulrich and colleagues at
the University of Maryland in College Park turned to the biological world for inspiration to build a scaled-down
helicopter that could mimic the properties of full-size aircraft.
The complex design of full-size helicopters gets less efficient when shrunk, meaning that standard mini
helicopters expend most of their power simply fighting to stay stable in the air. The researchers realised that a
simpler aircraft designed to stay stable passively would use much less power and reduce manufacturing costs
to boot.
It turns out that nature had beaten them to it. The seeds of trees such as the maple have a single-blade
structure that allows them to fly far away and drift safely to the ground. These seeds, known as samaras, need
no engine to spin through the air, thanks to a process called autorotation. By analysing the behaviour of the
samara with high-speed cameras, Ulrich and his team were able to copy its design.
151.Taylor's Restaurant #071223
The rest of Taylor’s restaurant is student-run. Students in quantity food production and service management
classes make the articulate and detailed dishes. "We teach students to understand where a product comes
from and to respect that product," Garmy said.
Skeptics might doubt the quality of a student-run restaurant, but one visit to Taylor's will immediately change
their outlook. Dishes such as orecchiette and butternut squash, pappardelle with duck and bistro chicken will
please any appetite while imparting the need to return for a second taste.
Students are taught to use ratios and proportions rather than recipes when creating dishes.
"Understanding ratios and proportions when creating dishes instead of recipes makes students think and
actually teaches them how to cook, rather than just reading a recipe and not learning from it," Garmy said.
Garmy said he believes in using all aspects of a product, which Taylor's menu reflects.
152.Granular Materials #071225
Part of the fun of experimenting with granular materials, says Stephen W. Morris, is the showmanship. In one
stunt that he has demonstrated in settings ranging from high school classrooms to television studios, the
University of Toronto physicist loads clear plastic tubes with white table salt and black sand and starts them
rotating. What transpires in the tubes usually knocks the socks off of any unsuspecting bystander. Instead of
mixing into a drab gray sameness, the sand particles slowly separate into crisp black bands cutting across a
long, narrow field of salt. As the spinning continues, some bands disappear and new ones arise. "It's a parlor
trick," Morris says. Not to deny its entertainment value, this demonstration of how strangely granular materials
can behave is also an authentic experiment in a field both rich in fundamental physics and major practical
consequences. Yet granular mixing today remains more of an art than a science, says chemical engineer
Fernando J.
153.The Ironbridge Gorge #071226
The Ironbridge Gorge World Heritage property covers an area of 5.5 km2 (550ha) and is located in Telford,
Shropshire, approximately 50km north-west of Birmingham. The Industrial Revolution had its 18th century
roots in the Ironbridge Gorge before spreading across the world, bringing with it some of the most far-reaching
changes in human history. The site incorporates a 5km length of the steep-sided, mineral-rich Severn Valley
from a point immediately west of Ironbridge downstream to Coalport, together with two smaller river valleys
extending northwards to Coalbrookdale and Madeley. The Ironbridge Gorge offers a powerful insight into the
origins of the Industrial Revolution and also contains extensive evidence and remains of that period when the
area was the focus of international attention from artists, engineers, and writers. The site contains substantial
remains of mines, foundries, factories, workshops, warehouses, iron masters' and workers' housing, public
buildings, infrastructure, and transport systems, together with traditional landscape and forests of the Severn
Gorge. In addition, there also remain extensive collections of artifacts and archives relating to the individuals,
processes, and products that made the area so important. 2020.11.13
154.Zika Virus #071228
Zika is more pernicious than public health officials anticipated. At present, it is circulating in more than 50
countries. And as of mid-May, seven countries or territories have reported cases of microcephaly or other
serious birth defects linked to the virus, which is transmitted by mosquito bite, blood transfusion or sexual
contact with an infected human. It can also be passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy.
Despite Zika’s vast range over almost 70 years, there is little genetic difference among the various strains,
according to an analysis by researchers at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. For example,
the strain currently in the Americas and another previously detected in French Polynesia are practically
indistinguishable from each other (group in white box). If the virus has changed so little over time, why is it
rearing its ugly head now? Scientists are not sure yet, but new experimental work in mosquitoes suggests that
the virus was capable of causing detrimental health effects and outbreaks all along. Therefore, it is unlikely
mutations enabled new abilities. Instead public health officials probably did not understand Zika’s potential
because the virus circulated mostly in remote locations until recently.
155.Trinity Sport and Fitness #071231
Whether you want to exercise and stay healthy, train professionally with like-minded people, or indulge your
competitive streak, Trinity Sport and Fitness has it covered.
We've got a dedicated support development team on campus to support every student in taking part in sports.
You might want to participate in sports competitions volunteer with a local sports class or simply play for fun
with our social sport program.
Trinity fitness members of our public-facing sports facility will also entitle you to discounts when you are
booking a sports facility and fitness class. You will also get an opportunity to benefit from tailored personal
training, free activities events, and lots more.
156.Renewable energy #071234
Recently, due to concerns over pollution and the possibility that some sources of fuel might eventually run out
or become uneconomic to obtain, there has been much greater support for renewable sources of power, such
as wind or solar energy.
Renewable energy sources provide 25 percent of the electricity we use. unlike fossil fuels, they tend not to
produce any waste or significantly add to global warming by producing gases.
157.A Music Student #071235
A music student at the University of Salford who wrote a song in two weeks is celebrating after being featured
on a compilation album produced by Metropolis Studios.
Pop mega-stars including Adele, Michael Jackson and Sir Elton John have all recorded music at the world
famous Metropolis Studios.
Last year, the recording studios set about compiling an album called ‘Lost Songs’, which features songs from
relatively unknown musicians.
First year student Zak Taylor Fray decided to submit his song demo to be included in Volume Two of the Lost
Songs album which was released this year, after he saw how successful Volume One had been.
Zak 24, said: “I found this competition when simply searching the internet for songwriting competitions one
day, and was lucky that there was still time to enter. It amazes me that people who have worked with huge
pop stars thought my song was good and worth something."
158.Experience the museum #071236
The best way to experience the museum is from the top floor down. One emerges from the elevators into a
spacious hallway. At some hours, museum staff members are giving small hands-on demonstrations of
techniques such as quillwork. These activities take place near wall cases filled with objects. These small
surveys of the museum’s vast holdings are called “Windows on the Collection”. Appearing on every floor in the
halls that overlook the rotunda, these display cases serve as a kind of visible storage, presenting a panoply of
objects and materials. Their arrangements are artistic, and their contents perhaps intentionally designed to jar
the visitor. For example, the largest case on the fourth floor displays animal imagery of all sorts. Older
sculptures of birds, mammals and sea creatures appear alongside witty contemporary works such as Larry
Beck’s version of a Yup’ik mask made of rubber tire treads and metal tools, and Jim Schoppert’s “Walrus
Loves Baby Clams” mask. Recently-made ivory carvings challenge the common distinction between so-called
“authentic fine art” and commodity (a distinction which may be passe in the academic world, but which still
holds strong among much of the general public).
159.Mechanical engineering #071239
Mechanical engineering was at the heart of Taylor’s theorizing, providing the context for its development, the
world view by which it was sustained and, finally, the justification for its widespread application. Scientific
management aimed to analyse and control the activities of people in the same way that engineers analysed
and controlled machines. Central to Taylor’s system was the desire to rationalize and standardize production
techniques in the interests of economy, efficiency and mutual prosperity. His primary point of interest was the
individual worker pursuing individual goals and motivated by incentive payments. Undoubtedly Taylor’s view of
human motivation was somewhat simplistic and his apprehension of the significance of groups was limited
and generally negative.
160.Globalization’s impact on education #071241
Forces of globalization have acted on education internationally, creating greater standardization in norms of
teaching and learning. There has always been considerable similarity between schools across context: the
curriculum, for example has been shown to be divided between language, mathematics, science and the arts
in a comparable way in schools around the world. Likewise, school buildings in terms of their architecture
share remarkable similarities internationally, as a result of shared patterns of teaching and learning (although
facilities and resources differ significantly.)
In recent years, globalization has created increased opportunities for the ‘borrowing’ of education policy and
practice, and generated further uniformity across national contexts. Nowhere has the internationalization of
education been more apparent than in the higher education sector. The move to the internationalization of
higher-education policy and practice was initially driven by increased student mobility, and the desire of

universities to attract students from overseas.
161.Fossil fuels #071242
But look beyond fossil fuels for the most intriguing trends. One is that the energy intensity of the world
economy - the amount of energy it takes to produce one dollar’s worth of income - keeps falling, at a rate of
about 2 percent. What this means is that even without any change in the relative shares of fossil-based and
fossil-free sources in the world’s energy mix, we could have 2 percent annual economic growth without
increasing carbon emissions from energy use. Of course that is not enough to address climate change and we
need more economic growth than that. It is nonetheless a stunning number, which refutes the claim by some
environmentalists that permanent economic growth is fundamentally incompatible with finite physical
resources.
162.Color preferences #071244
Many tests have shown that, in a very broad way, people in most parts of the world have similar color
preferences. Blue is the most preferred and popular hue, followed in order by red, green, purple, yellow, and
orange. Overlaying this basic order of color preference, however, are the responses of individuals, which of
course vary widely and may also be very powerful. Children are likely to have strong preferences for some
colors and aversions to others, but sometimes will not admit to them, since outside factors may be influential
in determining both color preferences and the way that they are expressed or suppressed. Current fashions in
clothes and accessories, gender-stereotyping, and peer-group pressure may all play a significant part. Boys,
in particular, may be reluctant to admit to any strong preferences for colors other than those of favorite football
teams, because color awareness may be regarded by their peer group as feminine.
163.The return of chemistry #071246
Moreover, for Professor David Phoenix, the dean of the faculty of science and technology, the return of single-
honors chemistry is a matter of credibility and pride. "If you say you're a science faculty, you have to have all
the core sciences, and this course will mean we attract a new supply of potential Masters and Ph.D. students
in chemistry." Phoenix is adamant that the new course will teach solid chemistry, but he thinks that an
attraction for students will be a teaching approach that differs significantly from his days as an undergraduate.
This takes real-life issues as the starting point of lectures and modules, such as how drugs are made or the
science behind green issues. Out of this study, he says, students will be exposed to the same core chemistry
unchanged over decades, but they will be doing it in a way that is more engaging and more likely to lead to
more fundamental learning. It is an approach that symbolizes chemistry's recent success story: moving with
the times while holding fast to the subject's essential role as a building block of science and technological
advance.
164.Linda Finch #071252
Sixty years after Amelia Earhart vanished mysteriously in the Pacific during her attempt to become the first
person to circumnavigate the world along the equator, Linda Finch, a San Antonio businesswoman,
accomplished pilot, and aviation historian, recreated and completed her idol's last flight as a tribute to the
aviation pioneer's spirit and vision.
On March 17, 1997, Ms. Finch and a navigator took off from Oakland International Airport, California, in a
restored Lockheed Electra 10E, the same make and model aircraft that Earhart used on her last journey. The
mission to fulfill Amelia Earhart's dream was called “World Flight 1997.” Although Ms. Finch was not the first to
attempt Earhart's around-the-world journey, she was the first to do it in a historic airplane. Linda Finch closely
followed the same route that Earhart flew, stopping in 18 countries before finishing the trip two and a half
months later when she landed back at the Oakland Airport on May 28.

Over a million school children and others were able to follow the flight daily through an interactive website as
part of a free multimedia educational program called “You Can Soar,” provided by the project's sponsor.
165.Men and women's retirement savings #071254
Men and women are making different choices about their retirement savings, which could lead to very different
investment outcomes, according to Dr Claire Matthews, Director of Financial Planning at Massey University's
Centre for Banking Studies. Speaking at the 2012 New Zealand Finance Colloquium, held at Massey
University's Albany campus last week, Dr Matthews said demographic characteristics had a substantial impact
on the choices people made about KiwiSaver funds and retirement savings more generally. When it comes to
fund selection, she found there were significant differences based on gender. Men are more likely to invest in
aggressive and growth funds, while women are more likely to choose conservative funds. "Males are risk
takers, whether it's in their choice of car or their investment fund," she says. "But when it comes to long-term
savings, risk taking can actually be an advantage." Dr Matthews also found that men are more likely than
women to have prior savings when joining KiwiSaver. Just over half of male respondents said they had savings
already, while only 38% of women did. "These figures reflect and confirm, quite disappointingly, the difference
between males and females and the level of interest they take in financial planning," Dr Matthews says. "It's
important for all New Zealanders to be better educated about their personal finances, but this is particularly so
for women." Other demographic factors, including age, ethnicity, education, and income, can also influence
the choices being made about retirement savings. Dr Matthews found that those with bachelor and higher
degrees, and those in households with a pre-tax income of $100,000 or more, were more likely to choose
aggressive and growth funds. On the other hand, both the youngest and oldest age groups were more likely to
be invested in conservative funds. While this might be appropriate for the life-cycle stage of older investors, it
might not be so appropriate for younger, longer-term investors.
166.Cells #071255
A cell is the smallest unit of structure and function. Thus, cells are the basic building blocks of all organisms.
Cells vary in size. With few exceptions, individual cells are so small that cannot be seen unaided. In 1665, a
British scientist named Robert Hooke observed cells for the first time using a microscope. A microscope is an
instrument that magnifies an object. Most images of cells are taken with a microscope and are called
micrographs.
167.APS #071256
The APS supports the development of an Australian curriculum for psychological science. The APS Division of
Psychological Research, Education and Training, in consultation with teachers and curriculum representatives
from every State and Territory in Australia, has developed a proposed framework for senior secondary school
studies in psychological science. This framework is modelled on the current senior science curricula that were
developed and published by the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. The APS hopes
that this framework will facilitate a dialogue between educators and their local curriculum authority, with the
aim of working towards a more consistent approach to the teaching of psychological science at the secondary
school level and optimizing the preparation for students going on to undergraduate psychology studies at
university, as well as the effective use of psychological principles in everyday life.
168.Golden Gate Bridge #071257
San Francisco’s Golden Gate Bridge, a stunning technological and artistic achievement, opens to the public
after five years of construction. On opening day - “Pedestrian Day” - some 200,000 bridge walkers marveled at
the 4,200-foot-long suspension bridge, which spans the Golden Gate Strait at the entrance to San Francisco
Bay and connects San Francisco and Marin County. On May 28, the Golden Gate Bridge opened to vehicular

traffic. On May 27, 1937, the Golden Gate Bridge was opened to great acclaim, a symbol of progress in the
Bay Area during a time of economic crisis. At 4,200 feet, it was the longest bridge in the world until the
completion of New York City’s Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in 1964. Today, the Golden Gate Bridge remains
one of the world’s most recognizable architectural structures.
169.Decline in marriage rates #071258
The decline in marriage rates and increase in divorce rates has led to a decrease in the proportion of the
population that is formally married. In 1986, 60% of the population aged 15 years and over were married; by
2001 this proportion had decreased to 55%. Conversely, the proportion of the population aged 15 years and
over who were never married increased from 29% in 1986 to 32% in 2001. At the same time, the proportion of
the population who were divorced increased, from 5% in 1986 to 7% in 2001, while the proportion of the
population who were widowed remained at around 6%.
170.How fish travel #071263
Small lakes with a surface area of less than 100 square meters represent the majority of global freshwater
ecosystems. Many of these lakes are found in remote, often mountainous areas with no inflow and outflow.
Yet in most of these lakes, there are fish. So how do fish reach lakes and ponds that are not connected to
other bodies of water?
This question was already addressed by some of the leading natural scientists of the 19th century such as
Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Lyell, who all came to the same conclusion—water birds
must be responsible for fish dispersal.
And they had a plausible explanation for this: fish eggs of some species are sticky and can survive for some
time out of water. The theory is thus that the fish eggs stick to water birds' feathers or feet; the birds then fly
from one body of water to the next, where the fish hatch from their eggs.
171.Supply and demand #071264
The supply of a thing, in the phrase "supply and demand," is the amount that will be offered for sale at each of
a series of prices; the demand is the amount that will be bought at each of a series of prices. The principle that
value depends on supply and demand means that in the case of nearly every commodity, more will be bought
if the price is lowered, less will be bought if the price is raised. Therefore sellers, if they wish to induce buyers
to take more of a commodity than they are already doing, must reduce its price; if they raise its price, they will
sell less. If there is a general falling off if in demand-- due, say, to trade depression -- sellers will either have to
reduce prices or put less on the market; they will not be able to sell the same amount at the same price.
172.Desert ant #071266
There comes a time in a desert ant’s life when a piece of food is too large to ignore, but too heavy to lift, and
the only way to get it home is to adopt a new style of walking.
The long-legged and speedy Cataglyphis fortis normally covers ground with a three-legged stride that moves
two legs forwards on one side, and one on the other. For the next step, the insect mirrors the move with its
other three legs.
But recordings of ants in the Tunisian desert reveal that when faced with oversized lumps of food 10 times
their own weight, the forward “tripod” walking style is abandoned. Unable to lift the morsels in their mandibles,
the ants drag the food backwards instead, moving all six legs independently. “This is the first time we have
seen this in any ants,” said lead author Sarah Pfeffer at the University of Ulm in Germany.
The ants’ long legs already help keep their bodies away from the scorching desert floor and enable them to
speed around at up to 60cm per second.
“Think of Usain Bolt, who has very long legs compared to body size. The desert floor is also very hot, so the
further away their bodies are from the surface, the better,” said co-author Matthias Wittlinger. The ants have

also evolved to function at body temperatures of 50C in a desert where temperatures can soar to 70C.
“They’re basically just trying to get out of the heat,” he added.
173.Roman army #071270
Over many centuries and across many territories the Romans were able to win an astonishing number of
military victories and their success was due to several important factors. Italy was a peninsula not easily
attacked. There was a huge pool of fighting men to draw upon, a disciplined and innovative army, a centralized
command and line of supply, expert engineers, effective diplomacy through a network of allies, and an
inclusive approach to conquer people, which allowed for strengthening and broadening of the Roman power
and logistical bases. Further, her allies not only supplied, equipped and paid for additional men but they also
supplied vital materials such as grain and ships. On top of all this Rome was more or less in a continuous state
of war or readiness for it and believed absolutely in the necessity of defending and imposing on others what
she firmly believed was her cultural superiority.
174.Neuroscientists #071277
We now know through the work of neuroscientists that the human brain is wired to mimic other people, and
this mimicry involves actual involuntary physiological experience in the observer. Human beings tend to imitate
actions that they see. Physiologically, our brains include mirror neurons, which react to actions that are seen
as if we are doing the action ourselves. It is largely an unconscious and automatic experience. When we hear
people speak, observe their vocal nuances, watch their posture, gestures, and facial expressions, etc, neural
networks in our brains are stimulated by the “shared representations” generating feelings within us that reflect
the experience of those we are observing.
175.Plants and animals #071279
From the earliest civilisations, plants and animals have been portrayed as a means of understanding and
recording the potential uses, such as their economic and healing properties. From the first illustrated catalogue
of medicinal plants, De Materia Medica by Dioscorides, in the first century through to the late fourteenth
century the illustration of plants and animals changed very little. Woodcuts in instructional manuals and
herbals were often repeatedly copied over the centuries, resulting in a loss of definition and accuracy so that
they became little more than stylized decoration. With the growing popularity of copperplate engravings, the
traditional use of woodcuts declined and the representation of plants and animals became more accurate.
Then, with the emergence of artists such as Albrecht Durer and Leonardo Da Vinci, naturalists such as Otto
Brunfels, Leonhard Fuchs in botany and Conrad Gesner and Ulisse Aldrovandi in zoology, nature began to be
depicted in a more realistic style. Individual living plants or animals were observed directly and their likeness
rendered onto paper or vellum.
176.Sigmund Freud #071281
That Sigmund Freud became a major intellectual presence in twentieth-century culture is not in doubt. Nor is
there any doubt that at all times there was both fervent enthusiasm over and bitter hostility to his ideas and
influence. But the exact means by which Freud became, despite this hostility, a master of intellectual life, on a
par, already in the 1920s, with Karl Marx, Albert Einstein, Marie Curie and Bertrand Russell, has not been
sufficiently explored. Strikingly, Freud emerged as a twentieth-century icon without the endorsement and
support of an institution or a profession (in contrast to Einstein, Curie and Russell). Where are we to look for
the details of this story of an emergent - and new - figure of immense cultural authority? One of the principal
aims of this book is to show how this happened in one local, parochial yet privileged, site - Cambridge, then as
now a university town stranded in the English Fens with a relatively small fluctuating population.
177.The Iron Age #071282
People in parts of western Africa and southwestern Asia were the first to realize that the dark-silvery rocks

poking out of the earth could be worked into tools and weapons, sometime around 1500 B.C., evidence
shows. The metal was probably discovered there by accident when some ore was dropped into a fire and
cooled into wrought iron, historians think. The eureka moment didn't reach Europe for another 500 years,
traveling slowly north and west through Greece, Italy, central Europe and finally to the British Isles with the
spread of the famous Celtic tribes. The Celts diffused iron technology over much of the continent through
warfare, where their victory was assured due to the strength of iron weapons. Perhaps not the most peaceful
of cultural exchanges, but where the technology did travel, it caught on fast. Iron made life a lot easier in those
days, when just living to the age of 45 was a feat. By that time, much of Europe had settled into small village
life, toiling the soil with bronze and stone tools.
178.Cultural studies #071284
Cultural studies is a new way of engaging in the study of culture. In the past many academic subjects –
including anthropology, history, literary studies, human geography and sociology – have brought their own
disciplinary concerns to the study of culture. However, in recent decades there has been a renewed interest in
the study of culture that has crossed disciplinary boundaries. The resulting activity, cultural studies, has
emerged as an intriguing and exciting area of intellectual inquiry that has already shed important new light on
the character of human cultures and that promises to continue so to do. While there is little doubt that cultural
studies is coming to be widely recognised as an important and distinctive field of study, it does seem to
encompass a potentially enormous area. This is because the term ‘culture’ has a complex history and range of
usages, which have provided a legitimate focus of inquiry for several academic disciplines.
179.Marshmallows #071285
In the original test, which was administered at the Bing Nursery School, at Stanford, in the nineteen-sixties,
Mischel’s team would present a child with a treat (marshmallows were just one option) and tell her that she
could either eat the one treat immediately or wait alone in the room for several minutes until the researcher
returned, at which point she could have two treats. The promised treats were always visible and the child knew
that all she had to do to stop the agonizing wait was ring a bell to call the experimenter back—although in that
case, she wouldn’t get the second treat. The longer a child delayed gratification, Mischel found—that is, the
longer she was able to wait—the better she would fare later in life at numerous measures of what we now call
executive function. She would perform better academically, earn more money, and be healthier and happier.
She would also be more likely to avoid a number of negative outcomes, including jail time, obesity, and drug
use.
180.Valuable shrimp farms #071286
Over the past two decades, around a third of the world's mangrove swamps have been converted for human
use, with many turned into valuable shrimp farms. In 2007 an economic study of such shrimp farms in Thailand
showed that the commercial profits per hectare were $9,632. If that were the only factor, conversion would
seem an excellent idea.
However, proper accounting shows that for each hectare government subsidies formed $8,412 of this figure
and there were costs, too: $1,000 for pollution and $12,392 for losses to ecosystem services. These
comprised damage to the supply of foods and medicines that people had taken from the forest, the loss of
habitats for fish, and less buffering against storms. And because a given shrimp farm only stays productive for
three or four years, there was the additional cost of restoring them afterwards.
181.Computer viruses #071287
Computer viruses have been a fact of life at least since the 1980s, if not before. They can cause companies to
lose hours of working time and they can also spread panic among computer users everywhere. There are,
however, several distinct types of computer infection – all loosely referred to as viruses – and they each work

in a slightly different way. A particularly nasty one is the worm, which is a program designed to sneak its way
into an entire computer network, and reproduce itself over and over again. Then there is the Trojan, which
strictly speaking isn’t a virus, but a piece of software that appears to do one thing, but actually does
something malicious instead. When the unsuspecting operator introduces it into the computer, the alien
program will take over the machine. With Trojans you have to be particularly careful because they can often be
introduced by way of a message advertising an anti-virus product. So what motivates someone to introduce a
virus into the computer systems of innocent victims? Perhaps it’s simply the desire to prove that it can be
done. Or because it gives the kind of pleasure you get from solving a difficult problem – nowadays people
protect their computers with all sorts of security software, so it takes considerable skill to break through all the
defences and introduce a virus.
182.Digitalisation and smart automation #071288
As digitalisation and smart automation progress, many will see their jobs altered. Advances in automation
technologies will mean that people will increasingly work side by side with robots, smart automation and
artificial intelligence. Businesses will look for employees who are good at the tasks that smart automation
struggles to do and that add value to the use of smart automation.
In the past, technological progress has had a positive impact on our society, increasing labour productivity,
wages and prosperity. Right now, a new technological wave of digitalisation and smart automation –
combinations of artificial intelligence, robotics and other technologies - is fundamentally transforming the way
we work, at an unprecedented pace. For example, data analytics, the Internet of Things and drones are
already used in many industries to make production processes better, faster, and cheaper. We already see
shifts in the structure of employment: in industries, tasks, educational levels and skills.
183.Climate change #071289

First, the scientific community that studies climate change is quietly panic-stricken, because things are moving
much faster than they expected. Greenhouse gas emissions are going up faster than predicted both from
industrialising countries in Asia and from melting permafrost in Siberia and Canada. The Arctic Sea ice is
melting so fast that the whole ocean may be ice-free in late summer in five years' time. Most climate scientists
now see last year's report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, whose forecasts are used by
most governments for planning purposes, as a purely historical document.
Second, the biggest early impact of global warming will be on the food supply, both locally and globally. When
the global average temperature hits one and a half degrees hotter - and it will, the carbon dioxide already in
the atmosphere commits us to that much warming - some countries will no longer be able to feed their people.
Others, further from the equator, will still have enough food for themselves, but none to spare.
184.Copyright in digital media #071291
Digital media and the internet have made the sharing of texts, music and images easier than ever, and the
enforcement of copyright restriction harder. This situation has encouraged the growth of IP law, and prompted
increased industrial concentration on extending and 'policing' IP protection, while also leading to the growth of
an 'open access', or 'creative commons' movement which challenges such control of knowledge and creativity
.
185.Marriage and Divorce in Australia #071292
In 2005, 109,000 new marriages were registered in Australia. This was equivalent to 5.4 marriages for every
1,000 people in the population. This rate has been in overall decline since 1986 when there were 7.2 marriages

per 1,000 people.
Over the same period, the crude divorce rate has remained relatively unchanged with 2.6 divorces for every
1,000 people in 2005 and 2.5 divorces per 1,000 people in 1986. The greatest annual number of divorces
occurred in 2001 when there were 55,300 divorces recorded. This peak has been followed by recent declines,
with 52,400 divorces in 2005.
As well as marrying less, Australians are tending to marry later than in the past. In 1986, the median age at first
marriage for men was 25.6 years, increasing to 30.0 years in 2005. For women, the median age at first
marriage increased from 23.5 years in 1986 to 28.0 years in 2005.
186.Quiet or noisy study space #071293
Some students say that they need complete quiet to read and study. Others study best in a crowded, noisy
room because the noise actually helps them concentrate. Some students like quiet music playing; others do
not. The point is, you should know the level of noise that is optimal for your own studying. However, one
general rule for all students is that the television seems to be more of a distraction than music or other
background noise, so leave the TV off when you are reading or studying. Also, don’t let yourself become
distracted by computer games, email, or Internet surfing.

Fill in the Blanks (R)
共 4-5 题，命中 1-4 题
备战策略
不要死记硬背，知其所以然更重要
当前趋势
持续变动
本次更新
READING: FILL IN THE BLANKS - 91题
1.Teenage daughter #081001

Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, and volunteers at a shelter for
homeless people. But while driving the family car, she text-messages her best friend and rear-ends another
vehicle.
How can teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible-and reckless at the same time? Easily, according
to two physicians at Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School (HMS) who have been exploring
the unique structure and chemistry of the adolescent brain. "The teenage brain is not just an adult brain with
fewer miles on it," says Frances E. Jensen, a professor of neurology. "It's a paradoxical time of development.
These are people with very sharp brains, but they're not quite sure what to do with them."
2.Plainness #081002
Now that doesn't mean that plainness is the only good style, or that you should become a slave to spare,
unadorned writing. Formality and ornateness have their place, and in competent hands complexity can carry
us on a dizzying, breathtaking journey. But most students, most of the time, should striveto be sensibly simple,
and to develop a baseline style of short words, active verbs, and relatively simple sentences conveying clear
actions or identities. It's faster, it makes arguments easier to follow, it increases the chances a busy reader will
bother to pay attention, and it lets you focus more attention on your moments of rhetorical flourish, which I do
not advise abandoning altogether.
3.University Science #081003
University science is now in real crisis - particularly the non-telegenic, non-ology bits of it such as chemistry.
Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped offering chemistry degrees, according to the Royal Society of
Chemistry.
The society predicts that as few as six departments (those at Durham, Cambridge, Imperial, UCL, Bristol and
Oxford) could remain open by 2014. Most recentlyExeter University closed down its chemistry department,
blaming it on "market forces", and Bristol took in some of the refugees
The closures have been blamed on a fall in student applications, but money is a factor: chemistry degrees are
expensive to provide - compared with English, for example - and some scientists say that the way the
government concentrates research funding on a small number of top departments, such as Bristol,
exacerbates the problem.
4.Sportswomen #081004
Sportswomen's records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records don't exist, we need
to get out and start interviewing people, not to put too fine a point on it, while we still have a chance. After all,
if the records aren't kept in some form or another, then the stories are lost too.
5.Advertisement #081005
Almost all public spaces nowadays have advertisements in sight, and all forms of media, from newspapers to
the cinema to the Internet, are filled with adverts. This all-pervasive presence reflects the value of advertising
to us. Without it, businesses of all types and sizes would struggle to inform potential customers about the
products or services they provide, and consumers would be unable to make informed assessments when
looking for products to buy and services to use. Without advertising, the promotion of products and practices
that contribute to our physical and psychological well-being-medicines to treat minor ailments, insurance
schemes to protect us, clothes and cosmetics to make us look and feel better- would be infinitely more
problematic than it is. And without advertisements and the aspirations represented in them, the world would
be a far duller place.

6.Reality #081006
Surely, the reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our experiences. To one extent or another,
this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only implicitly. I certainly find myself thinking this way in day-to-
day life; it's easy to be seduced by the face nature reveals directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades since the
first encountering Camus' Text, I've learned that modern science tells a very different story.
7.Ikebana #081007
More than simply putting flowers in a container, ikebana is a disciplined art form in which nature and humanity
are brought together. Contrary to the idea of a particolored or multicolored arrangement of blossoms, ikebana
often emphasizes other areas of the plant, such as its stems and leaves, and puts emphasis on shape, line,
and form.
Though ikebana is an expression of creativity, certain rules govern its form. The artist's intention behind each
arrangement is shown through a piece's color combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines, and the implied
meaning of the arrangement.
8.Kashmiri #081008
Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the prospect of the annual
influx of tourists. From May to October, the hyacinth-choked waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted
Shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travelers and wide-eyed Japanese. Carpet-sellers
honed their skills, as did purveyors of anything remotely embroidered while the house boats initiated by the
British Raj provided unusual accommodation. Then, in 1989, separatists and Islamist militancy attacked and
everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed
in a decade, the lake stagnated, and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked their lives,
proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were kidnapped and murdered.
9.Orchestra #081009
Away from the rumble of Shanghai's highways and the cacophony of the shopping districts, stroll down side
streets filled with rows of tall brick houses. In the early evening or on a weekend morning, you'll hear the sound
of classical music drifting from a piano, played by a 10-year old or a grandmother in her seventies. Wander
down another alley toward concrete skyscrapers and you'll hear Beethoven or Mozart flowing from a violin, or
perhaps a cello, accordion or flute. In China, classical music is booming as mightily as the 1812 Overture.
10.Planes #081010
By 2025, government experts' say, America's skies will swarm with three times as many planes, and not just
the kind of traffic flying today. There will be thousands of tiny jets, seating six or fewer, at airliner altitudes,
competing for space with remotely operated drones that need help avoiding mid air collisions, and with
commercially operated rockets carrying satellites and tourists into space.
11.Ice Storm #081016
An ice storm is a type of weather when icy rainfall comes down into the cold air and the water turned into ice.
Once there was a serious ice storm when more than 16,000 households had a blackout during the ice storm
as the ice storm would smash the cables.
12.Kathryn Mewes #081018
Kathryn Mewes does not meet bohemian, hippy parents in her line of work. Typically one, or both, of the
parents she sees work in the City of London. "Professionals seek professionals," she says. Originally a nanny,
Mewes is now a parenting consultant, advising couples privately on changing their child's behaviour, as well
as doing corporate seminars for working parents. Her clients find they are unprepared for the chaos and

unpredictability that having a child can entail. "Parents are getting older, they have been in control their whole
lives and been successful. Suddenly a baby turns up and life turns on its head." Nicknamed the "Three-Day
Nanny" because of her pledge to fix behavioural problems in children under the age of 12 within three days,
she is filming a new Channel 4 television series demonstrating her techniques. The role of the parenting
consultant - distinct from that of a nanny - has developed, she says, as people are used to buying in expertise,
such as personal trainers or, in her case, parenting advice.
13.Kids Distinguish Commercial Ads #081019
From a child's point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is advertising on TV done to give actors
the opportunity to take a rest or practice their lines? Or is it done to make people buy things? Furthermore, is
the main difference between programs and commercials that commercials are for real, whereas programs are
not, or that programs are for kids and commercials for adults? As has been shown several times in the
literature (e.g. Butter et al. 1981 Donohue, Henke, and Donohue 1980 Macklin 1983 and 1987 Robertson and
Rossiter 1974 Stephens and Stutts 1982), some children are able to distinguish between programs and
commercials and are aware of the intent of TV advertising, whereas others are not.
14.Genius #081020
Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity-doing something truly creative, we're
inclined to think, requires the freshness and exuberance and energy of youth. Orson Welles made his
masterpiece, "Citizen Kane," at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a book a year through his late twenties,
culminating, at age thirty-two, with "Moby-Dick." Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto No. 9 in E-
Flat-Major at the age of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like lyric poetry, the importance of precocity has
hardened into an iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" ("I
grow old . . . I grow old")? Twenty-three. "Poets peak young," the creativity researcher James Kaufman
maintains. Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the author of "Flow," agrees: "The most creative lyric verse is believed to
be that written by the young." According to the Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading authority on
creativity, "Lyric poetry is a domain where talent is discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an
early age."
15.Sustainable Job Growth #081021
"Sustainable Job Growth" is a motto for many governments, especially in the aftermath of a recession. The
problem of 'job quality' is less often addressed and may be seen as hindering job growth. The sentiment 'any
job is better than no job' may resonate with governments as well as people, especially in the context of high
unemployment. However, if the balance between improving the quality of existing jobs and creating new jobs
becomes greatly imbalanced towards the latter, this could increase work stress among current and future
workers, which in turn has health, economic and social costs. A recent British Academy Policy Centre Report
on Stress at Work highlights these concerns, and describes the context, determinants and consequences of
work-related stress in Britain.
16.Sea turtle hatch light pollution #081023
The widespread use of artificial light in modern societies means that light pollution is an increasingly common
feature of the environments humans inhabit. This type of pollution is exceptionally high in coastal regions of
tropic and temperate zones, as these are areas of high rates of human population growth and settlement. Light
pollution is a threat for many species that inhabit these locations, particularly those whose ecology or
behaviour depends, in some way, on natural cycles of light and dark. Artificial light is known to have
detrimental effects on the ecology of sea turtles, particularly at the hatchling stage when they emerge from
nests on natal beaches and head towards the sea. Under natural conditions, turtles hatch predominantly
at night (although some early morning and late afternoon emergences occur) and show an innate and well-

directed orientation to the water, relying mostly on light cues that attract them toward the brighter horizon
above the sea surface. Artificial lighting on beaches is strongly attractive to hatchlings and can cause them to
move away from the sea and interfere with their ability to orient in a constant direction. Ultimately, this
disorientation due to light pollution can lead to death of hatchlings from exhaustion, dehydration and
predation.
17.Shark bite #081025
Shark bite numbers grew steadily over the last century as humans reproduced exponentially and spent more
time at the seashore. But the numbers have stabilized over the past five years as overfishing thinned the shark
population near shore and swimmers learned about the risks of wading into certain areas, Burgess said.
18.Cuteness #081027
Cuteness in offspring is a potent protective mechanism that ensures survival for otherwise completely
dependent infants. Previous research has linked cuteness to early ethological ideas of a "kindchenschema"
(infant schema) where infant facial features serve as "innate releasing mechanisms" for instinctual caregiving
behaviours. We propose extending the concept of cuteness beyond visual features to include positive infant
sounds and smells. Evidence from behavioural and neuroimaging studies links this extended concept of
cuteness to simple "instinctual" behaviours and to caregiving, protection and complex emotions. We review
how cuteness supports key parental capacities by igniting fast privileged neural activity followed by slower
processing in large brain networks also involved in play, empathy, and perhaps even higher-order moral
emotions.
19.Allure of book #081030
The allure of the book has always been negative and positive, for the texts and pictures between the covers
have helped many young readers to discover and grasp the world around them in a pleasurable and
meaningful way. But the allure has also enabled authors and publishers to prey upon young readers'
dispositions and desires and to sell them a menu that turns out to be junk food.
20.Wind #081033
gentle or fierce, wind always starts in the same way. Wind is formed by the circulation of air. The sun heats up
some parts of the sea and the land. The air among the hot spot warms up and rises. The cold air drops
because it is heavy. Some wind circulates within a small area. Others blow in the entire globe.
21.Surface Water #081034
Chemicals used to control weeds in crops such as corn and soybeans may sometimes run off farmland and
enter surface water bodies such as lakes and streams. If a surface water body that is used as a drinking water
supply receives excess amounts of these herbicides, then the municipal water treatment plant must filter them
out in order for the water to be safe to drink. This added filtration process can be expensive. Farmers can help
control excess herbicides in runoff by choosing chemicals that bind with soil more readily, are less toxic, or
degrade more quickly. Additionally, selecting the best tillage practice can help minimize herbicide pollution.
22.Australia and New Zealand #081035
Australia and New Zealand have many common links. Both countries were recently settled by Europeans, are
predominantly English speaking and in that sense, share a common cultural heritage. Although in close
proximity to one another, both countries are geographically isolated and have small populations by world
standards. They have similar histories and enjoy close relations on many fronts .
In terms of population characteristics, Australia and New Zealand have much in common. Both countries have
minority indigenous populations, and during the latter half of the 20th century have seen a steady stream of
migrants from a variety of regions throughout the world. Both countries have experienced similar declines in
fertility since the high levels recorded during the baby boom, and alongside this have enjoyed the benefits of

continually improving life expectancy. One consequence of these trends is that both countries are faced with
an ageing population, and the associated challenge of providing appropriate care and support for this growing
group within the community
23.Volcanoes #081036
Volcanoes blast more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year but the gas is
usually harmless. When a volcano erupts, carbon dioxide spreads out into the atmosphere and isn't
concentrated in one spot. But sometimes the gas gets trapped underground under enormous pressure. If it
escapes to the surface in a dense cloud, it can push out oxygen-rich air and become deadly
24.The sun and the moon #081038
In these distant times the sun was seen to make its daily journey across the sky. At night the moon appeared.
Every new night the moon waxed or waned a little and on a few nights it did not appear at all. At night the
great dome of the heavens was dotted with tiny specks of light. They became known as the stars. It was
thought that every star in the heavens had its own purpose and that the secrets of the universe could be
discovered by making a study of them. It was well known that there were wandering stars, they appeared in
different nightly positions against their neighbours and they became known as planets. It took centuries, in fact
it took millennia, for man to determine the true nature of these wandering stars and to evolve a model of the
world to accommodate them and to predict their positions in the sky.
25.Environmentalists #081041
Although environmentalists have been warning about this situation for decades, many other people are finally
beginning to realise that if we don't act soon it will be too late. The good news is that more and more
businesses and governments are beginning to understand that without a healthy environment the global
economy and everything that depends on it will be seriously endangered. And they are beginning to take
positive action.
26.Steven Pinker #081046
Steven Pinker, a cognitive psychologist best known for his book "The Language Instinct", has called music
"auditory cheesecake, an exquisite confection crafted to tickle the sensitive spots of at least six of our mental
faculties." If it vanished from our species, he said, "the rest of our lifestyle would be virtually unchanged."
Others have argued that, on the contrary, music, along with art and literature, is part of what makes people
human; its absence would have a brutalising effect. Philip Ball, a British science writer and an avid music
enthusiast, comes down somewhere in the middle. He says that music is ingrained in our auditory, cognitive
and motor functions. We have a music instinct as much as a language instinct, and could not rid ourselves of it
if we tried.
27.Higher Education Qualifications #081047
Higher education qualifications provide a substantial advantage in the labour market. Higher education
graduates are less likely to be unemployed and tend to have higher incomes than those without such
qualifications. Having a highly educated workforce can also lead to increased productivity and innovation and
make Australia more competitive in the global market
28.Children who skip school #081053
Children who skip school are increasingly on family holidays, government figures revealed today. fewer
children played truant this spring term compared with the spring term last year. Children missed 3m
unauthorised days of school last term, compared with 3.7m days of school in the same period last year.
But a hardcore group of truants - 6% of the school population - who account for more than three-quarters of
all those on unauthorised absence, are more likely to be on a family holiday than they were in the same period
last year.

Some 1.2% of all absence was for family holidays not agreed by their school last term, compared with 0.9%
for the same term last year. More than 60% of all absences were for illness, the same figure as last year.
29.Disadvantage in Early Childhood #081054
Disadvantage in early childhood poses multiple risks to children's development. Factors such as low
socioeconomic status, long-term unemployment of parents, and social isolation may have lasting impacts on a
child's chance of reaching their full potential. Whilst not eliminating disadvantage, preschool education can
help to lessen the effects of these risk factors and can provide children with a better start to school. However,
some of these factors may also be barriers to preschool attendance for groups that would benefit most from
preschool education. In Australia, the early years of children's education is the responsibility of man
government and non-government agencies and it occurs in a range of settings. Preschool is aimed at children
around four years of age to prepare them for compulsory schooling from the age of six years. In most states
and territories, children can start full-time schooling at five years of age, when they enrol in a kindergarten or
preparatory year. In 2001, just over half of five-year olds (57%) were at school with about a third (34%)
attending preschool. While in some states and territories children can commence preschool before they turn
four, participation rates for three-year olds are much lower than four-year olds (24% compared with 56% for
four-year olds in 2001). The preschool participation rate of four-year olds in 2001 (56%) was similar to the rate
in 1991 (58%).
30.Lake Turkana #081056
Lake Turkana is a large lake in Kenya, East Africa. This part of Africa was home to some of the first humans.
Here, archaeologists have found piles of bones (both human and animal) and collections of stones that
humans used as tools. By carefully uncovering and examining these remains, scientists have started to put
together the story of our earliest ancestors. In 2001, a 4 million year-old skeleton was uncovered in the area.
Although a link between it and modern-day humans has not been established, the skeleton shows the species
was walking upright.
31.Radioactivity #081058
So why is it a concern? It is because radioactivity is invisible and unsensed, and for that reason is perceived as
scary. Nevertheless, we understand quite well the radiation levels to which people can be exposed without
harm, and those levels are orders of magnitude above the typical background levels.
32.Selling Price #081059
Once an organization has its product to sell, it must then determine the appropriate price to sell it at. The price
is set by balancing many factors including supply-and-demand, cost, desired profit competition, perceived
value, and market behavior. Ultimately, the final price is determined by what the market is willing to exchange
for the product. Pricing theory can be quite complex because so many factors influence what the purchaser
decides is a fair value.
33.Bhutan #081060
Bhutan is the last standing Buddhist Kingdom in the World and, until recently, has preserved much of their
culture since the 17th century by avoiding globalization and staying isolated from the world Internet, television,
and western dress were banned from the country up until ten years ago. But over the past ten years
globalization has begun to change in Bhutan, but things remain perfectly balanced.
Bhutan is the only country in the world that has a 'GNH.' You may think GNH is just another statistically based
term with no real-life application, but it refers to "Gross National Happiness." The process of measuring GNH
began when Bhutan opened to globalization. It measures people's quality of life, and makes sure that "material
and spiritual development happen together." Bhutan has done an amazing Job of finding this balance. Bhutan
has continually been (ranked) as the happiest country in all of Asia, and the eighth Happiest Country in the

world according to Business Week. In 2007 Bhutan had the second fastest growing GDP in the world, at the
same time as maintaining their environment and cultural identity.
Bhutan is the only Buddhist Kingdom in the world; Mahayana Buddhism is the official religion of Bhutan. Over
two thirds of the people are Buddhist, and Buddhism is supported by the government both politically and
economically. The government gives subsidies to Buddhist monasteries, shrines, monks and other Buddhist
programs.
34.Impressionist Painters #081061
Early impressionist painters were considered radical in their time because they broke many of the rules of the
picture-making that had been set by earlier generations. They found many of their subjects in life around them
rather than in history, which was then the accepted source of subject matter for paintings.
35.Concept of Culture #081065
Many people today think of culture in the way that it was thought of in Europe during the 18th and early 19th
centuries. This concept of culture reflected inequalities within European societies and their colonies around the
world. This understanding of culture equates culture with civilization and contrasts both with nature or non-
civilization. According to this understanding of culture, some countries are more civilized than others, and
some people are more cultured than others. Anything that doesn’t fit into this category is labeled as chaos or
anarchy. From this perspective, culture is closely tied to cultivation, which is the progressive refinement of
human behavior.
In practice, culture referred to elite goods and activities such as haute cuisine, high fashion or haute couture,
museum-caliber art and classical music. The word cultured referred to people who knew about and took part
in these activities. For example, someone who used culture in this sense might argue that classical music is
more refined than music by working-class people, such as jazz or the indigenous music traditions of aboriginal
peoples.
36.The wholeness of thought #081066
The writer-or, for that matter, the speaker conceives his thought whole, as a unity, but must express it in a line
of words; the reader- or listener-must take this line of symbols and from it reconstruct the original wholeness
of thought. There is little difficulty in conversation, because the listener receives innumerable cues from the
physical expressions of the speaker; there is a dialogue, and the listener can cut in at any time. The advantage
of group discussion is that people can overcome linear sequence of words by converging on ideas from
different directions; which makes for wholeness of thought. But the reader is confronted by line upon line of
printed symbols, without benefits of physical tone and emphasis or the possibility of dialogue or discussion.
37.Life changes #081067
Research has suggested that major stresses in our lives are life changes, for example, moving house, marriage
or relationship breakdown. Work-related factors, including unemployment and boredom, are also common
causes of stress. Differences in personality may also play a part.
38.People’s savings #081068
Friedman showed that, while people do save more when they earn more, it is only to spend later. Those in
work save against a time of sickness, unemployment or old age - but because the sick, unemployed and
elderly spend their savings, overall consumption does not fall as people get richer.
39.Milky Way System #081069
Stars and the material between them are almost always found in gigantic stellar systems called galaxies. Our
own galaxy, the Milky Way System, happens to be one of the two largest systems in the Local Group of two
dozen or so galaxies. The other is the Andromeda galaxy; it stretches more than one hundred thousand light-
years from one end to the other, and it is located about two million light-years distance from us.

40.The United Nations Library #081070
The Dag Hammarskjold Library at United Nations Headquarters in New York is a library designated to facilitate
the work of the United Nations and focuses mainly on the needs of the UN Secretariat and diplomatic
missions. Anyone with a valid United Nations Headquarters grounds pass, including specialized agencies,
accredited media and NGO staff, is able to visit the library. Due to security constraints in place at the United
Nations Headquarters complex, the library is not open to the general public.
41.Crime prevention #081073
Crime prevention has a long history in Australia, and in other parts of the world. In all societies, people have
tried to protect themselves and those close to them from assaults and other abuses. Every time someone
locks the door to their house or their car, they practise a form of prevention. Most parents want their children
to learn to be law abiding and not Spend extended periods of their lives in prison. In this country, at east, most
succeed. Only a small minority of young people become recidivist offenders. In a functioning society, crime
prevention is part of everyday life. While prevention can be all- pervasive at the grassroots, it is oddly
neglected in mass media and political discourses .When politicians, talkback radio hosts and newspaper
editorialists pontificate about crime and possible remedies, it is comparatively rare for them to mention
prevention. Overwhelmingly, emphasis is on policing, sentencing and other ‘law and order ’responses.
42.Plagiarism #081075
How is plagiarism detected? It is usually easy for lecturers to identify plagiarism within students work. The
University also actively investigates plagiarism in students’ assessed work through electronic detection
software called Turnitin. This software compares students work against text on the Internet, in journal articles
and within previously submitted work(from LSBU and other institutions)and highlights any matches it finds..
43.Gun violence #081084
Exposure to gun violence makes adolescents twice as likely to perpetrate serious violence in the next two
years, according to a University of Michigan study. Researchers found there is a substantial cause and effect
relationship between exposure and perpetration of violence. Jeffrey B. Bingenheimer, a doctoral student in
health behaviour and health education, analysed five years of data from adolescents living in 78
neighbourhoods in Chicago. Bingenheimer is lead author on a paper in this week's journal Science.
44.Tokyo’s Skytree #081085
Team Lab's digital mural at the entrance to Tokyo’s Skytree, one of the world’s monster skyscrapers, is 40
metres long and immensely detailed. But however massive this form of digital art becomes -and it's a form
subject to rampant inflation--Inoko's theories about seeing are based on more modest and often pre-digital
sources. An early devotee of comic books and cartoons (no surprises there), then computer games, he
recognised when he started to look at traditional Japanese art that all those forms had something in common:
something about the way they captured space. In his discipline of physics, Inoko had been taught that
photographic lenses, along with the conventions of western art, were the logical way of transforming three
dimensions into two, conveying the real world onto a flat surface. But Japanese traditions employed “a
different spatial logic”,as he said in an interview last year with j-collabo.org, that is “uniquely Japanese”.
45.Jupiter’s moon Europa #081088
Scientists preparing for NASA's proposed Jupiter icy Moons Orbiter believe that Jupiter's moons Europa may
be a corrosive mixture of acid and peroxide. Thus, it may not be the ideal place for life to exist as was thought
possibly to be the case. Virtually, all the information we have about Europa comes from the spacecraft Galileo,
which completed its mission to study. Although the general perception of Europa is of a frozen crust of water
ice harbouring a salty subterranean ocean kilometre below, researchers studying the most recent
measurements say light reflected from the moons icy surface bears the spectral fingerprints of hydrogen

peroxide and strong acids. However, they accept that it could just be a thin surface dusting and might not
come from the ocean below.
46.The gray wolf #081089
After an absence of more than 50 years, the gray wolf (Canis lupus) once again runs beneath the night skies of
Yellowstone National Park. At 3: 45 pm on March 21st 1995, the first of three groups of gray wolves (also
known as the timber wolf) were released from fenced acclimation pens at Crystal Creek within Yellowstone
National Park The wolf release plan, involved in an environmental impact statement(EIS)in 1992-1994, is to
restore wolves to Yellowstone and central Idaho by establishing experimental populations of gray wolves in
both areas. The goal for Yellowstone is to establish 10 packs wolves reproducing in the area for three
consecutive years by the year 2002. Restoring wolves to Yellowstone is in keeping with national park goals to
perpetuate all native species and their natural interactions with their environment. As with other park wildlife
programs, management emphasizes minimizing human impact on natural animal population dynamics.
Yellowstone National Park is a wilderness and wildlife refuge in the United States.
47.Fresh water #081090
Everybody needs fresh water. Without water people, animals & plants cannot live. Although a few plants and
animals can make do with saltwater, all humans need a constant supply of fresh water to stay fit & healthy. Of
the total supply of water on the Earth, only about 3% of it is fresh, most of that is stored as ice snow at the
poles, or is so deep under the surface of the Earth that we cannot get to it. Despite so much of the water being
out of reach, we still have a million cubic miles of it that we can use. That's about 4, 300,000 cubic kilometers
of freshwater to share out between most of the plants, animals people on the planet.
48.National Gallery of Canada #081093
An exhibit that brings together for the first-time landscapes painted by French impressionist Pierre-Auguste
Renoir comes to the National Gallery of Canada this June. The gallery in Ottawa worked with the National
Gallery of London and the Philadelphia Museum of Art to pull together the collection of 60 Renoir paintings
from 45 public and private collections.
49.Japan and China #081094
At times, a board stream of knowledge flowed from China to Japan. At other times, this transfer was halted on
one side or the other, and Japan developed on its own. But whether in isolation or not, Japan was always
itself. Everything that arrived from China was adapted to suit Japanese tastes and needs.
50.National Portrait Gallery #081098
The National Portrait Gallery's Conservation Department performs one of the Gallery's core functions, the
long-term preservation of all Collection items, to make them accessible now and in future. The Collection
dates from the 8th century to the present day, and consists of portraits in a variety of media, so the gallery
employs Conservators with expertise in a range of disciplines, including Framing, Painting, Paper, Sculpture
and Photography.
51.What's music? #081100
What is music? In one sense, this is an easy question. Even the least musical among us can recognize pieces
of music when we hear them and name a few canonical examples. We know there are different kinds of music
and, even if our knowledge of music is restricted, we know which kinds we like and which kinds we do not.
52.Walt Disney World #081101
Walt Disney World has become a pilgrimage site partly because of the luminosity of its cross- cultural and
marketing and partly because its utopian aspects appeal powerfully to real needs in the capitalist society.
Disney’s marketing is unique because it captured the symbolic essence of childhood but the company has

gained access to all public communication media. Movies, television shows, comic books, dolls, apparels, and
educational film strips all point to the parks and to each other.
53.Folklore #081104
Folklore - A modern term for the body of traditional customs, superstitions, stories, dances, and songs that
have been adopted and maintained within a given community by processes of repetition not reliant on the
written word. Along with folk songs and folktales, this broad category of cultural forms embraces all kinds of
legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs, games, charms, omens, spells, and rituals, especially those of pre-literate
societies or social classes. Those forms of verbal expression that are handed on from one generation or
locality to the next by word of mouth are said to constitute an oral tradition.
54.First-year students #081105
For many first-year students, the University may be their first experience living away from home for an
extended period of time. It is a definite break from home. The individual's usual sources of support are no
longer present to facilitate adjustment to the unfamiliar environment.
55.Clones #081110
Clones of an Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) in the Bronx and other city spots grew to double the
biomass of clones planted outside small towns upstate or on Long Island, says Jillian Gregg, now of the
Environmental Protection Agency's western-ecology division in Corvallis, Ore. The growth gap comes from
ozone damage, she and her New York colleagues report.
Ozone chemists have known that concentrations may spike skyscraper high in city air, but during a full 24
hours, rural trees actually get a higher cumulative ozone exposure from urban pollution that blows in and
lingers. A series of new experiments now show that this hang-around ozone is the overwhelming factor in tree
growth, the researchers say in the July 10 Nature. "This study has profound importance in showing us most
vividly that rural areas pay the price for urban pollution," says Stephen P. Long of the University of Illinois at
Urbana- Champaign. "This work should be a wake-up call," he adds.
56.Coastal fish farms #081113
Coastal fish farms seem to do less harm to nearby plants and animals than previously believed, a new study
reveals. And marine ecosystems can recover from this damage surprisingly fast. But the analysis of a single
trout farm in a Faroe Islands fjord over nearly a year also shows that these facilities need to be placed
carefully, and that there’s a limit to how many can operate in a particular area before its biodiversity suffers
lasting harm. In coastal farms, fish live in large cages hanging from pontoons on the surface. Fish feces and
uneaten food sink to the seabed, affecting its ecosystem. Badly-managed farms can also have serious effects
on the surrounding water column.
57.Shrimp Farm #081115
However, proper accounting shows that for each hectare government subsidies formed $8,412 of this figure
and there were costs, too: $1,000 for pollution and $12,392 for losses to ecosystem services. These
comprised damage to the supply of foods and medicines that people had taken from the forest, the loss of
habitats for fish, and less buffering against storms. And because a given shrimp farm only stays productive for
three or four years, there was the additional cost of restoring them afterwards.
58.Wrinkle Cure #081116
Barrie Finning's, a professor at Monash University’s college of pharmacy in Melbourne, and PhD student Anita
Schneider, recently tested a new wrinkle cure. Twice daily, 20 male and female volunteers applied a liquid
containing Myoxinol, a patented extract of okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seed, to one side of their faces. On the
other side they applied a similar liquid without Myoxinol. Every week for a month their wrinkles were tested by
self-assessment, photography and the size of depressions made in silicon moulds. The results were

impressive. After a month the depth and number of wrinkles on the Myoxinol-treated side were reduced by
approximately 27 per cent. But Finnin’s research, commissioned by a cosmetics company, is unlikely to be
published in a scientific publication. It’s hard to even find studies that show the active ingredients in cosmetics
penetrate the skin, let alone more comprehensive research on their effects. Even when rigorous studies are
commissioned, companies usually control whether the work is published in the traditional scientific literature.
59.Chaucer’s Tales #081117
Chaucer’s Tales quickly spread throughout England in the early fifteenth century. Scholars feel The Canterbury
Tales reached their instant and continued success because of their accurate and oftentimes vivid portrayal of
human nature, unchanged through 600 years since Chaucer’s time. George Macy, founder of The Limited
Editions Club wrote on The Canterbury Tales.
60.Fingerprint #081119
Fingerprints, referred to as “fingermarks” in forensics, are formed when residue from the ridged skin of the
fingers or palms is transferred onto a surface, leaving behind an impression. Fingermarks are often made of
sweat and colorless contaminatingmaterials such as soap, moisturizer and grease. These fingermarks are
described as “latent” as they are generally invisible to the naked eye, which means that locating them at a
crime scene can be challenging.
61.Can dogs tell our emotions? #081122
Can dogs tell when we are happy, sad or angry? As a dog owner, I feel confident not only that I can tell what
kind of emotional state my pets are in, but also that they respond to my emotions. Yet as a hard-headed
scientist, I try to take a more rational and pragmatic view. These personal observations seem more likely to
result from my desire for a good relationship with my dogs.
62.Ponzi Scheme #081125
Ponzi is infamous. His original scheme was based on the legitimate arbitrage of international reply coupons for
postage stamps, but he soon began diverting new investors' money to make payments to earlier investors as
interest.
63.Smartphone Apps and Hotels #081126
the hotel experience

your smartphone becomes your wallet
64.Pupil Charity #081130
My school in the city of London held a charity competition. In the community, I was voted as the chairman. We
raised £48,000 and I won the first place in the end. During this period, I learnt a lot and realised the importance
of tenacity and how to rouse other pupils' awareness.
65.Exponential growth of the Internet #081132
The exponential growth of the internet was heralded, in the 1990s, as revolutionizing the production and
dissemination of information. Some people saw the internet as a means of democratizing access to
knowledge. For people concerned about African development, it seemed to offer the possibility of leapfrogging
over the technology gap separating Africa from advanced industrialized countries.
66.Australia’s Dwelling #081134
The stock of Australia's dwellings is evolving, with current homes having more bedrooms on average than
homes ten years ago. At the same time, households are getting smaller on average with decreasing
proportions of couple families with children and increasing couple only and lone person households. This

article examines the changes in household size and number of bedrooms from 1994–95 to 2003–04. It also
looks at the types of households with spare bedrooms and the size of recently purchased new homes
compared with existing stock.
67.Shakespeare’s Works #081135
Shakespeare produced most of his known works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly
comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the sixteenth
century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, and Macbeth,
considered some of the finest examples in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies,
also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights.
68.Teacher's Response #081137
The casual observer does not necessarily recognise the skill in how a teacher, for instance, responds to a
thoughtful question from a normally quiet student and how that may be very different from the 'standard
response' to a commonly inquisitive or talkative student. Expert teachers are aware of what they are doing;
they monitor and adjust their teaching behaviors to bring out the best in their students.
69.Coral Reefs #081139
Coral reefs support more marine life than any other ocean ecosystem and are, not surprisingly, a favorite
pursuit for many divers. But as well as being physically and biologically spectacular, coral reefs also support
the livelihoods of over half a billion people.
What is more, this number is expected to double in coming decades while the area of high-quality reef is
expected to halve. In combination with the very real threat of climate change, which could lead to increased
seawater temperatures and ocean acidification, we start to arrive at some quite frightening scenarios.
70.Moths and Light #081142
Why are moths fatally attracted to the light? One solution is the old glib explanation that the moths are trying
to use the flame to navigate. This explanation does not tell us, however, why it is that in many species only
males are thus attracted, and in a few, only females. What's more, if moths need to navigate, they must be
from a migrating species. Yet most of the time such moths are not migrating. Indeed, most species do not
migrate at all and thus have no need of navigation.
71.Lithium #081144
The lightest of any solid element, lithium has, until now, played a modest role in industry. Silvery in color, and
softer than lead, it has been used mainly as an alloy of aluminum, a base for automobile grease, and in the
production of glass and ceramics. It is so unstable that it is never found in its pure form in nature. Lithium
floats on water—or, rather, it skitters wildly about, trailing a vapor cloud of hydrogen, until it dissolves.
72.Environmental Policy #081145
Thus, the environmental policy does not contribute to profitability in any real sense at all. In practice, it is
companies that are well organized and efficient, or that are already comfortably profitable, that have time to
establish environmental policies. This is confusing the cause with effect. It is not that environmental best
practice causes profitability, but that being profitable allows for concern for the environment.
73.Physical Activity #081146
Participating regularly in physical activity has been shown to benefit an individual's health and wellbeing.
Regular physical activity is important in reducing the risk of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and
stroke, obesity, diabetes and some forms of cancer. The National Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults
recommend at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, preferably every day of the week, to
obtain health benefits.

74.Suez Canal #081149
Britain became the largest shareholder in the canal in 1875, purchasing its interest from the Egyptian khedive.
The Convention of Constantinople signed by the major European powers in 1888 keeps it open for free
passage to all nations in time of peace or war. Britain became the guarantor of the canal’s neutrality and
management was left to the Paris-based Suez Canal Co.
75.Class Attendance #081151
Because instructional methods, expected class participation, and the nature of the courses vary, no fixed
number of absences is applicable to all situations. Each instructor is responsible for making clear to the class
at the beginning of the semester about his or her policies and procedures in regard to class attendance and
the reasons for them.
76.Critical thinking #081156
Critical thinking involves looking at something you may have seen many times and examining it from many
different angles and perspectives. It involves going beyond the obvious or beyond “easy” to seek new
understanding and rare solutions. It involves looking at common issues with uncommon eyes, known
problems with new skepticism, everyday conflicts with probing curiosity, and daily challenges with greater
attention to detail.
77.Portrait Gallery #081157
London's National Portrait Gallery is currently celebrating the fifty-year career of photographer Sandra
Lousada. The twenty one portraits on display depict key figures in literature, film and fashion from the early
1960s. Subsequent to the acquisition of forty portraits by Lousada, the display at the National Portrait Gallery
highlights shots taken between 1960 and 1964, many of which feature in Lousada's book Public Faces Private
Places(2008). Formal commissioned portraits are shown alongside behind-the-scenes photographs taken on
film sets and unguarded portraits of sitters captured at home.
78.Predictions of weather #081160
All kinds of predictions may be about to get even more difficult thanks to climate change. Though no one is
sure exactly what its effects will be, it seems that extreme weather conditions such as storms and hurricanes
are likely to become more common. Such events have far-reaching effects on distant weather systems,
making general forecasting much harder.
79.Modern human nature #081163
Modern developments in areas such as neuroscience, artificial intelligence and evolutionary psychology have
resulted in new ways of thinking about human nature. Can we explain the mind and consciousness in terms of
brain function? Can we understand modern human behavior as our evolutionary heritage? Is science even the
right place to start if we want to understand human nature? Come along to the Great Debate, hear the
arguments and have your say.
80.Electric eels #081166
Electric eels are born to shock. Thanks to cells called electrocytes which, stacked like batteries, make up 80%
of their bodies, these cunning South American hunters can deliver debilitating blows of up to 600 volts to their
prey. But they’ve harnessed their electricity to pack even bigger punches. Last year, Vanderbilt University
biologist Kenneth Catania revealed electric eels bring their positively charged head and negatively charged tail
closer together to generate a more powerful current.
81.The American People #081170
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society examines U.S. history as revealed through the
experiences of all Americans, both ordinary and extraordinary. With a thought-provoking and rich presentation,

the authors explore the complex lives of Americans of all national origins and cultural backgrounds, at all levels
of society, and in all regions of the country.
82.Paris #081172
In the preceding hundred years, Paris had been center stage for political and social movements that had
deeply affected all of Europe. The many ways in which tradition had already been challenged and shaken
during those years helped make it easier for those to achieve a break with traditional art.
83.Dance #081173
Dance has played an important role in many musicals. In some cases, dance numbers are included as an
excuse to add to the color and spectacle of the show, but dance is more effective when it forms an integral
part of the plot. An early example is Richard Rodgers On Your Toes (1936) in which the story about classical
ballet meeting the world of jazz enabled dance to be introduced in a way that enhances, rather than interrupts
the drama.
84.International Shakespeare Association #081175
Over 800 Shakespeare scholars from almost fifty countries will gather at King’s College London next week as
the university co-hosts the 10th World Shakespeare Congress to explore and honour the Bard’s life and work.
Organised by the International Shakespeare Association (ISA), the World Congress is held every five years and
2016 is the first time it will be co-hosted in two locations that were integral to both the personal and working
life of William Shakespeare. Delegates will arrive in London on Thursday following the start of the Congress on
Sunday in Stratford-upon-Avon. With an overarching theme of ‘Creating and Recreating Shakespeare’, the
Congress will look at the continuing global relevance of Shakespeare’s work through a varied programme of
plenaries, panels, seminars and workshops.
85. South Fremantle Power Station #081177
The ruins of the South Fremantle Power Station have stood empty since 1985, home only to urban explorers
and street artists. Opened in 1951, the power station was once a pillar of progress for the expanding energy
demands of Perth. Here it stood proud and strong for 34 years, supplying energy to its surrounding metropolis
until 1985 when it was deemed to no longer be worth the money. The doors were shuttered, and the plant’s
four tall chimney stacks were demolished, leaving the rest of the plant to rot by the sea.
86.Green spaces #081178
Green spaces contribute significantly to a reduction of soil and aerial temperatures during spells of hot
weather, so contributing to human wellbeing. In the garden context, there is, however, little information as to
what extent various types of plants differ in their cooling potential and how certain planting combinations may
maximize cooling under a scenario of low rainfall and minimal water inputs.
87.Duel of honour #081179
A “duel of honour” was a way of settling disputes between gentlemen over some injury or insult. The fight had
to be arranged privately because duelling was never legal , but it became common in the 17th century. A
social code governed the duel of honour and, as long as the rules were kept to, the survivor could usually
escape without being punished by the law. Duels were fought with either pistols or swords, but pistols became
the more usual weapon after swords went out of fashion at the end of the 18th century.
88.Active learning classrooms #081180
Our active learning classrooms contain an array of circular tables. Each table seats up to nine students with
wireless laptop computers to encourage student engagement. The tables are equipped with microphones and
a lamp to signal when someone needs help or wishes to speak to the entire room.
89.Performance appraisals #081181

Performance appraisals have traditionally been considered the best way to evaluate employee performance,
but increasingly organizations are finding them of little value. Employees find them stressful and unhelpful.
Importantly, they also take up a lot of time. When Deloitte analyzed their own process, they found managers
and employees spent around 2 million hours a year on performance reviews. A growing number of companies
have decided to abolish performance reviews altogether, instead introducing more regular catch ups.
90.Traffic jams #081182
For the first time Japanese researchers have conducted a real-life experiment that shows how some traffic
jams appear for no apparent reason they placed 22 vehicles on a single track and asked the drivers to cruise
around at a constant speed of 30 kilometers an hour at first traffic moves smoothly but soon the distance
between cars started to vary and vehicles clumped together at one point on the track but the jams spread
backwards around the track like a shock wave at a rate of about 20 kilometers an hour real-life jams move
backwards at about the same speed.
91.Basic organisms #081183
Some of the most basic organisms are smarter than we thought. Rather than moving about randomly,
amoebas and plankton employ sophisticated strategies to look for food and might travel in a way that
optimises their foraging.
Biophysicists have long tried to explain how creatures of all sizes search for food. However, single-celled
organisms such as bacteria seem to move in no particular direction in their search.
To investigate, Liang Li and Edward Cox at Princeton University studied the movements of amoebas
(Dictyostelium) in a Petri dish, recording the paths travelled by 12 amoebas, including every turn and
movement straight ahead, for 8 to 10 hours per amoeba.
Immediately after an amoeba turned right, it was twice as likely to turn left as right again, and vice versa, they
told a meeting of the American Physical Society meeting in Denver, Colorado, last week. This suggests that
the cells have a rudimentary memory, being able to remember the last direction they had just turned in, says
Robert Austin, a biophysicist at Princeton who was not involved in the study.

Summarize Spoken Text
命中率：优先级：高
2 中 1，或者 1 中 1
备战策略
中文梳理 + 三分钟课堂 + 逻辑梳理图（网站+App）
当前趋势
还有未完善的新题，有待更多回忆贡献
本次更新
SUMMARIZE SPOKEN TEXT - 74题
1.Sound Receptors 声音接收器 #111001

Sound receptors are small devices that are floppy and spiky in the ears. These
receptors can translate vibrational energy that hits your eardrum into a vibration of
the fluid in your ears. Then the physical motion of these receptors will be translated
into electrical signals that go into your ear. MIT students are invited to learn more
about sound receptors, who would find sound receptors remarkable.
简易答案：
Sound receptors are small devices in the ears. These receptors can translate
vibrational energy into the fluid. The energy will hit your eardrum. In the following
step, the physical motion of the receptors will be translated into electrical signals.
Therefore, the speaker invites MIT students to learn more about sound receptors, and
they will find them remarkable.
中文逻辑梳理（概念类）：
【定义】
声音接收器(sound receptors)是一种耳朵中蓬松又多刺(floppy and spiky)的小装置(small
devices)。
【解释 - 工作原理】
声音接收器的工作原理：
· 首先，它先将来自外耳(coming from your ear)，打在鼓膜上(hitting your
eardrum)的振动能(vibrational energy)转换成为内耳中淋巴液的振动，即液波(a
vibration into the fluid in your ear)。
· 接下来，液波将会被转换成物理运动(physical motion)，而这些物理运动又会被进一
步转换为电信号(electrical signals)。
【引申】
麻省理工学院的学生(MIT students)被邀请学习更多关于声音接收器的知识，他们会发现这些
声音接受器的卓越(remarkable)之处。
2.A Mother’s Student Loan 学生贷款 #111006
完美答案：
A 43-year-old woman is still paying her student loan fifteen years after she graduated
from college, where she got her college degree and without which she would not
have her current job. Due to her financial burden, her children cannot rely on her for a
college education. And she advised students to choose the college they can afford
and take a realistic look at their anticipated income.
简易答案：
A 43-year-old woman is still paying her student loan. She keeps doing this for fifteen
years after graduatingfrom college. And she would not have her current job without
her college degree. However, due to her financial burden, her children cannot rely on
her for a college education. And she advised students to choose the college they can
afford and take a realistic look at their anticipated income.
中文逻辑梳理（叙事类）：
一位43岁的女性(a 43-year-old woman)讲述了她自己的故事。
· 【时间点1】5年前
因为要读大学所以借了助学贷款(student loan)。有了这笔钱，她成功地进入了大学
，毕了业(graduated from college)，获得了学位(college degree)，并成功地得到了
工作机会，现在也一直在做着这份工作(current job)。
· 【时间点2】至今

她都还在为还清她的贷款而努力。也因为她没有办法还清她的债务，每月她都入不敷出
(financial burden)，她的孩子未来上大学的时候，她也没有办法为孩子支付学费
(children cannot rely on her)，所以最后她的孩子可能也要走上她的老路，通过借助
学贷款来上大学。
因为她的经历，她给学生们提供了两个建议。
1) 建议1
选择一个自己的经济实力能负担的大学(choose the college they can afford)
2) 建议2
对自己未来的收入状况有一个现实的认知(take a realistic look at their anticipated
income)，不要过分高估自己的挣钱能力。
3.Development Of Genes 基因五千年变化 #111012
完美答案：
The pace at which human minds have evolved has been rapid and the evolution of
cognitive function and perception can only occur in a small number of genes.
Therefore, it is suspected that the genetic differences of cognitive functions between
our ancestors and us are not as large, which means a small number of genes may be
responsible for the powerful minds that humans now possess.
简易答案：
Human minds have evolved at a rapid pace. The evolution of cognitive function and
perception happens in a small number of genes. Therefore, the genetic differences of
cognitive functions between our ancestors and usare not as large. This means a small
number of genes may be responsible for the powerful minds that humans now have.
中文逻辑梳理（现象类）：
【现象】
人类思想(human minds)进化(evolved)的速度(pace)非常快，而认知功能和知觉(cognitive
function and perception)的进化(evolution)其实只发生于少数基因(genes)中。
【推测】
因此，我们推测：
1. 祖先和我们(our ancestors and us)的认知功能基因差异(genetic differences of
cognitive functions)很小
2. 少数基因(a small number of genes)决定了(be responsible for)人类现在拥有的强大

头脑(powerful mind)
4.Unfair trade 不公平贸易 #111017

【本题音频是并非真实音频，仅供参考；请以答案内容为准！】
完美答案：
Now more people have realized that the global economic and financial crisis also
concerns common ethical values and standards. The speaker is concerned that the
global economy has become unethical and unfair as the emergence of global
capitalism has brought new risks. Core ethical values and standards are universal
although they are culture-bound. The speaker believes that the global market
economy must be socially acceptable before being accepted in different regions.
简易答案：
Now people think that the global economic and financial crisis is also related to
common ethical values and standards. The speaker thinks that the global economy
has become unethical and unfair. The emergence of global capitalism has brought
new risks. The speaker believes that the core ethical values and standards are
universal although they are culture-bound. He suggests that the global market
economy must be socially accepted in different regions.
【现象描述】
概述
全球经济&金融危机(global economic and financial crisis) 和道德价值观和标准(ethical
values and standards，简称EVS) 有关。
具体表现
国际经济(global economy)是不道德的(unethical)、不公平的(unfair)。
【原因分析】
全球资本主义的出现(the emergence of global capitalism)
【解决办法】
理论支撑
尽管道德价值标准是因文化而异的(culture-bound)，但总有一些核心价值观(core ethical
values and standards，简称EVS) 是全球通用的(universal).
实际行动
国际市场经济在进入任何地区之前，必须要先被当地的社会和文化所接受(socially accepted)
才行。
5.Artificial intelligence 人工智能 #111031
完美答案：
Humans used to tell a computer what to do and how to do it. When given the
meaning of certain words, computers can operate as programmed and develop
systems and symbols. In other words, computers turn messages into bytes.
Computers function similarly to human brains since they are both symbol processors.
Therefore, computers may have the potential to bring artificial intelligence.
简易答案：
Humans used to tell a computer what to do and how to do it. When a human gives a
computer a message, the computer will develop systems and symbols, as
programmed. In this case, we can say that computers have similar functions to
human brains because they are both symbol processors. Therefore, it is possible that
computers may be able to bring artificial intelligence in the future.
【定义】
人们(Human)告诉电脑(computer)要做什么并且如何去做
【解释 - 具体指令】
· 人给电脑下达具体的文字指令(the meaning of certain words)
· 电脑就会按照程序去完成这个指令(operate as programmed )
· 最终产生出来一些系统(systems)和符号(symbols)。
· 换句话说：电脑会把人给出的指令信息转换为字节( messages to bytes)
【总结评价】
· 这个过程跟人脑的功能是相似的(function similarly to human brains)，因为人脑和电
脑都是一种符号处理器(symbol processors)。

· 所以，电脑是可以实现人工智能的(have the potential to bring artificial
intelligence)。
6.The Definition of Risk 定义风险 #111043

完美答案：
The lecture on risk analysis focuses on the definition of risk and safety. There are two
literal definitions of ‘risk’ in dictionaries. One means the possibility of loss or injury
while the other means the consequences of some kinds of danger. Moreover, the
definition of ‘safe’ or ‘safety’ means being free from harm, which is a simple
notion of being either safe or not safe.
简易答案：
Risk analysis includes the definition of risk and safety. Risk has two literal definitions
in dictionaries. One means the possibility of loss or injury, and the other means the
consequences of some kinds of danger. Moreover, the definition of ‘safe’ or ‘
safety’ means being free from harm. It is a simple notion about safe or not safe.
这是一场关于风险分析(risk analysis主要)的讲座，介绍了风险(risk)和安全(safety)的定义。
【定义】
字典上面关于风险的书面定义(literal definition)有两个：
1) 造成损失或者伤害的可能性(the possibility of loss or injury)
2) 某种伤害带来的结果(the consequences of some kinds of danger)
【引申】
而安全的定义是指：
· 某事是安全的，或者听起来具有安全性。
实际上，安全和安全性(safe and safety)的定义和风险是一个循环论证(非此即彼)即是免于伤
害和风险(free from harm or risks)。
7.Wildlife as food and income 野生动物 #111046

完美答案：
Wildlife has an important role in livelihood, especially in most east and west Africa.
All humans rely on wildlife as the source of food and income. Fish is the primary
source of animal protein for billions of people in poverty. Therefore, the management
of the fish resource is incredibly important to livelihoods and health. Besides, wildlife
tourism can be the top source of income in many countries.
简易答案：
Wildlife has an important role in livelihood in Africa. All humans rely on wildlife as the
source of food and income. Fish is the primary source of animal protein for poor
people. Therefore, the management of fish resources is important to livelihoods and
health. Besides, wildlife tourism is the top source of income in many countries.
【现象】
野生动物(wildlife)对于全人类的生活和生命(livelihoods)是至关重要的，尤其是针对于非洲来

说(east and west Africa)。
【原因】
野生动物的重要性主要来自于两方面。
1) 方面1 - 食物
野生动物是人类的食物来源(source of food)。尤其是对于穷人(people in poverty)来
说，鱼肉(fish)是他们主要摄取动物蛋白质(animal protein)的来源。因此，更好的鱼类
养殖业的管理(the management of fish resources)会让食用鱼的质量更好，让人们能
摄取更好的营养，从而变得更健康(health)。
2) 方面2 – 经济
野生动物为人类带来了更好的经济收入(income)。特别是在非洲和南美洲，野生动物旅
游业项目(wildlife tourism)能够吸引更多的外国人到这些地方去旅游，从而刺激当地的
经济(economy)，为那些地方的人们带来更多的收入。
8.Big Bang Theory 宇宙大爆炸 #111047

完美答案：
In cosmology, scientists previously believed the Big Bang happened about 10 to 20
billion years ago. Now, we know the universe started in a Big Bang over 13.8 billion
years ago. The laws of physics can explain how the stars work. It fits well as the
universe is older than the oldest star. We know how the universe began, but we don't
know what will happen in the future.
简易答案：
In cosmology, scientists used to think the Big Bang happened about 10 to 20 billion
years ago. However, the universe started in a Big Bang over 13.8 billion years ago. The
laws of physics can explain how the stars work.It fits well because the universe is older
than the oldest star. We know how the universe began, but we don't know what will
happen in the future.
【时间点1 - 过去】
在宇宙学中(cosmology)，科学家过去认为“大爆炸”( the Big Bang)发生在大约100亿至
200亿年前(10 to 20 billion years ago)。
【时间点2 - 现在】
· 我们了解到宇宙起源于138亿年前( 13.8 billion years ago )的“大爆炸”
· 我们了解到宇宙(the universe)比最古老的恒星(oldest star)更古老。物理学定律(laws
of physics)解释了恒星(stars)是如何运作的，而这也与宇宙比最古老的恒星更老是一致
的。
· 我们了解到宇宙是如何起源的，但是我们不知道未来会发生什么。
9.Obese Women 女性体脂实验 #111049

完美答案：
Thirty-one obese women volunteered in a Canadian experiment to test their body fat
changes. They followed strict daily diet requirements and did exercise as instructed

every day. After six months, some of them lost weight, while others stayed the same,
and some even gained weight. There are two explanations: some of them may have
been cheating on the diet, or they did less exercise consciously or unconsciously due
to psychological reasons.
（注：故事框架和老师录音基本一致，但具体细节以考试听到录音为准）
简易答案：
Thirty-one obese women volunteered in a Canadian experiment. They wanted to test
on body fat changes. They followed strict daily diet requirements and did the exercise
every day. After six months, some of them lost weight, while others stayed the same,
and some even gained weight. There are two explanations: maybe some of them have
eaten more, or they did less exercise due to psychological reasons.
中文逻辑梳理（实验类）：
31位肥胖女性(thirty-one obese women)自愿参加了一个加拿大实验(a Canadian
experiment)。
【目的】
测试每位女性的体脂改变(body fat changes)。
【方法】
管住嘴：每位实验者都被要求，要按照严格的食谱要求(followed strict daily diet
requirements)来进食；
迈开腿：每位实验者都需要按照规定来进行锻炼(did the exercise as instructed)。
【结果】
6个月(six months)后，三种情况都有：
1) 有的人减重了(lost weight)
2) 有的人不变(stayed the same)
3) 甚至有的人还增重(gained weight)了
【两种解释(two explanations)】
没管住嘴：有些人没忍住偷吃了(cheated on the diet)；
没迈开腿：有些人有意识(consciously)地偷懒了，而有些人可能因为身体机能不够，而导致无
意识地(unconsciously)没有达到锻炼的要求(did less exercise)。
10.Smart Consumers and Brand 品牌与顾客需求 #111053

完美答案：
A brand is essential to smart consumers because they make decisions based on
brands and would pay morefor a better brand. However, the Second Moment of Truth
is also important, which means after they went home with products bought, the
product must be of great quality. However, there are fundamental engineering
contradictions as consumers want products that are both strong and soft, or both
light and strong.
简易答案：
A brand is essential to smart consumers. People make decisions based on brands.
Consumers would pay more for a better brand, but the product must have great
quality. If consumers went home with the products, the Second Moment of Truth is
important. However, there are fundamental engineering contradictions for the

products to be both strong and soft, or both light and strong.
【第一步】
顾客购买商品时，第一眼，看重品牌(brands)，顾客愿意为了一个名牌而花更多的钱(pay
more for a better brand)。
【第二步】
但是，第二眼(SMOT)也很重要，花重金买名牌回家后，就要看商品质量好不好了。
【例外】
但是总是存在“鱼与熊掌不可兼得”(engineering contradictions)的情况，比如顾客希望卫
生纸又柔软又有韧性，希望飞机零件可以又轻又耐用。
11.Australian housing price 澳洲房价 #111056
完美答案：
Australia has been through a long period of uninterrupted economic growth over the
past 15 years when the mortgage rate was halved. Everyone could afford to borrow
money from banks. Secondly, the increasing immigration and the falling size of the
average household led to a higher demand for accommodation with increased
purchasing power. With the additional purchasing power and the stable housing
supply, the housing price has been pushed up.
简易答案：
Australia has experienced economic growth over the past 15 years. At that time, the
mortgage rate was halved, and everyone could afford to borrow money. Therefore,
people had a higher demand for accommodation. The reasons included the
increasing immigration and the falling size of an average household. In conclusion,
with the additional purchasing power and the stable housing supply, the housing
price has been pushed up.
【现象】
澳洲房价上涨。
【原因】
1) 经济原因
澳大利亚在过去15年经历了持续不间断的经济增长(uninterrupted economic
growth), 抵押贷款利率(mortgage rate)减半，每个人都能够从银行贷款。
2) 人口原因
增加的移民(increasing immigration)和平均家庭规模的减小(decreasing size of the
average household), 伴随着增长的购买力( with increased purchasing power), 导
致对住房的需求(demand for accommodation)增加。
由于买家的购买力不断增长，而供给一直没怎么变，所以澳大利亚住房价格已大幅上涨。
12.HTML 互联网内容 #111057
完美答案：
During the 1990s, thanks to Tim Berners Lee, normal people could get online. There
was extraordinarycreativity during the 90s. People created all sorts of content on the

internet, such as webpages, social experiments, and lessons. They did it without a
profit motive, religious factors, advertising, fears, or motivational schemes. People did
it because they simply enjoyed it and it was a good idea.
简易答案：
Thanks to Tim Berners Lee, normal people could get online. During the 1990s, there
was extraordinary creativity. People created enormous content on the Internet,
including webpages, social experiments and lessons. They did it without profitable
motives, religious factors or advertising. People did it because they simply enjoyed it
and it was a good idea.
【现象】
1990年代(the 1990s)，极具创意(creativity)的人们开始在互联网上制作多样的线上内容
(online content)，例如：
· 学习资源(lessons)
· 网站网页(webpages)
【否定原因】
那个时候的网上内容制作者和现在不一样，做这些事情没有任何利益的驱使，例如：
· 不是为了广告收入(no advertisings)
· 不受任何利益驱使(no profitable motive)
· 也不受任何宗教的影响(no religious factors)
【真正原因】
他们做这些事，就只是单纯地因为他们喜欢这件事(simply enjoy)。
13.Sign language 手语 #111058
完美答案：
This lecture talks about abstraction and the origin of symbolic systems. People used
to use sign language for a long time, but it turned out that they could not
communicate while they were doing things. For example, they needed to ask for help
when they strangled rhinoceros. So, they needed to communicate and do something
with their hands at the same time. That's how words and language came.
简易答案：
This lecture talks about abstraction, and language is a classic symbolic system. People
used to use sign language for a long time. However, they needed to communicate
and do something with their hands at the same time. For example, they needed to
ask for help when they strangled rhinoceros. So, words and languagecame.
【大概念】
抽象概念(abstraction)——使用电脑——符号语言(symbolic system)
【小概念】
人们说的语言就是一种典型的符号语言。
起源：一开始人类直接不说话，只做手势。
痛点：如果双手都在做事，就无法同时做手势与其他人沟通。
痛点举例：当人们想手擒犀牛的时候，需要远处同伴的帮助，他们无法同时抓住犀牛又做手势
。
回到起源：人类由此发现必须用声音语言沟通，因此出现了文字和语言。
14.Genes affect human behaviors 基因影响人类行为 #111059

【本题音频是并非真实音频，仅供参考；请以答案内容为准！】（注：故事框架和老师录音
基本一致，但具体细节以考试听到录音为准）
完美答案：
Since the discovery of DNA structure, people have believed that genes have an impact
only on people’s physical structure. However, the study of mapping of genes in
2001 found that there is a genetic responsibilityto human’s physical and
psychological behaviors, which has changed the way we understand our behaviors.
The research on genes has provided integrated information, and the findings can
benefit biology, psychology, and neuroscience.
简易答案：
People used to believe that genes only have an impact on people’s physical
structure. However, the study found that there is also a genetic responsibility to
human psychological behaviors. It has changed the way we understand our behaviors
. The research on genes has provided integrated information. In the future, the
findings can benefit biology, psychology, and neuroscience.
【以前】
人们以为DNA只是单纯地影响我们的生理特征(physical structure)，比如我们的肤色
(skintone)、头发的颜色(hair color)或是眼睛的颜色(eye color)。
【现在】
2001年的一项研究(mapping of genes)表明，DNA不仅影响我们的外貌特征，还会影响我们
的心理行为(psychological behaviors)。
【展望未来】
这个发现未来将为多个领域带来深远影响：生物学(biology)、心理学(psychology)、神经科
学(neuroscience)。
15.National wealth and Adam Smith 国家财富与亚当斯密 #111062

完美答案：
Before the Industrial Revolution, British economists previously believed a nation’s
wealth was how much money people can pile up, but Adam Smith in 1776 believed
that a nation’s wealth included not onlyagriculture but also manufacture, and the
nation’s wealth was the ability to provide outputs. Overall, national wealth is equal

to the nation’s income since national income measures and equals national output.
简易答案：
Before the Industrial Revolution, British economists believed a nation’s wealth was
how much money people can pile up. But in 1776, Adam Smith believed that a
nation’s wealth included not only agriculture but also manufacture. He believed the
nation’s wealth was the ability to provide outputs. Overall, national wealth is equal
to the nation’s income that measures and equals national output.
【定义】
国家财富在工业革命之前(industrial revolution)的定义包括：
· 英国的经济学家(British economist)原先认为国家财富(nations’ wealth)等于所有人
民积累起来的钱财(how much money people can pile up)
· 但是亚当斯密(Adam Smith)认为，国家财富不仅仅包含农业(agriculture)也包含工业
(manufacture)，而且国家的财富是产出(output)
总而言之，国家财富相对于国家的收入(is equal to nations’ income)因为国家的收入衡量
并且等于国家的产出。
16.Market Economy 市场经济 #111064
完美答案：
The notions of pragmatism and democracy had succeeded in tempering the market
economy in developed countries. The Industrial Revolution had negative effects on
the living standards of the working classes. However, legislation about working
conditions and better environmental conditions was passed to circumscribe the worst
behaviors, which reversed the damage. Nowadays, the benefits of the market
economy are shared far more widely than 100 years ago.
简易答案：
This lecture gives information about the market economy. The ideas about
pragmatism and democracy have tempered the market economy in developed
countries successfully. The Industrial Revolution negatively influences the living
standards of the working classes. However, legislation about working conditions and
better environmental conditions reversed the damage because it restrained the worst
behaviors. Now, thebenefits of the market economy are wider than 100 years ago.
实用主义(pragmatism)和民主(democracy)概念的普及成功缓和(tempering)了发达国家
(developed countries)的市场经济(market economy)(所带来的问题)：
【现象】
工业革命(industrial revolution)对工人阶级(working classes)的生活质量(living
standards)带来了负面的影响。

【解决】
但是，对于改善工作条件和更好工作环境的立法(legislation)的通过，限制了
(circumscribe)一些不好的行为，从而扭转了一些损失(reversed the damage)。
【影响】
现在，我们所享受的市场经济所带来的好处(benefits)比100年前的范围广泛多了。
17.What makes people happy 快乐的原因 #111065

完美答案：
Although people are skeptical about it, this survey on what makes people happy can
be used as a valid example of happiness economics, because it found a consistent
pattern that determines people's well-beingacross the world, including income, health
, marital status, and employment status. Apart from that, other factors can affect
people's well-being more, including the environment and equality, and the nature of
original living.
简易答案：
This lecture introduces a survey on what makes people happy. It is an example of
happiness economics. There is a consistent pattern that determines people's well-
being across the world, including income, health, marital status, and employment
status. Apart from that, there are also other factors, including the environmentand
equality, and the nature of original living.
【调查介绍】
研究领域：幸福经济学
可信度：高，因为调查结果发现，影响幸福感的因素有一致的模式(consistent pattern)
【核心因素（四个）】
收入(income)，健康(health)，婚姻状况(marital status)，就业状况(employment status)
【其它因素（三个）】
环境(environment)、平等(equality)、本质原始的生活方式(the nature of original living)
18.We are animals 人类就是动物 #111067
完美答案：
Many people thought humans don’t do things that animals do, in which the hidden
assumption is that humans are not animals, but that's not true. Humans are animals
because we are living things. We can see humans in animals and also we can see an
animal in humans. Hence, the lecturer will talk about animal behaviors and human
nature, saying that we can understand human nature by looking at animal behaviors.
简易答案：
Many people think humans are not animals because humans don’t do things that
animals do, but that's not true. Humans are animals because we are living things. We
can see humans in animals, and also we can see animals in humans. Therefore, the
lecturer will talk about animal behaviors and human nature to help us understand

human nature by looking at animal behaviors.
中文逻辑梳理：
一位老师在上课的时候先用“反证法”证明了，“人类就是动物”(humans are animals)这个
结论，然后引入了他想要讲的主题。
【反证法】
具体反证的方式为：
1) Step 1 - 提出假设(hidden assumption)
很多人都因为人类和动物的行为不同，而认为人不是动物。
2) Step 2 - 证伪假设
如果人不是动物的话，那么人是什么呢？通过一系列的推证，发现因为人不是植物，也
不是微生物，所以得出的结论是人不是生物。
3) Step 3 - 证明结论
因为上述得出的“人不是生物”(we are not living things)的结论与事实真理相反，所
以原有假设不成立。
【结论】
所以最后证明，“人是动物”。
【引入正题】
得出结论后，老师就引入今天的主题，“动物行为”(animal behaviors)和“人类本质
”(human nature)的关系。我们能发现我们和动物是同宗同源的(see humans in animals
and see animals in humans)，所以我们可以通过了解动物的行为来了解人类的本质是什么。
19.Spectacles 眼镜 #111068
完美答案：
Spectacles are part of an assemblage of items that can give people an overall look. In
fashion terms, they are classified as accessories, while in healthcare terms, they are
defined as a medical device. In other languages, spectacles are described as a
prosthesis. Picking spectacles has become a major decision, and people have more
glasses for different occasions, which is called lifestyle dispensing.
简易答案：
This lecture gives information about spectacles that can give people an overall look.
In fashion terms, they are used as accessories. However, they are regarded as medical
devices in the healthcare industry. In other languages, spectacles are described as a
prosthesis. It is a major decision for people to pick spectacles because they have more
glasses for different situations, and that is called lifestyle dispensing.
眼镜(spectacles)是人整体搭配中的一项单品(an assemblage of items that can give people
an overall look)。
【作用1 - 理论上】
在时尚(fashion)术语里，眼镜属于配饰(accessories)；在医学(healthcare)术语里，眼镜是一
种医疗设备(a medical device)；在一些语言(languages)里，眼镜被视为一种人工假体

(a prosthesis)。
【作用2 - 事实上】
人们选择佩戴什么样的眼镜已经成为了一项重要的决定，并且人们会依据不同的场合变换所佩
戴的眼镜，这就叫做生活方式的调剂(lifestyle dispensing)。
20.Time traveling 时间旅行 #111070
完美答案：
The main problem of time traveling/traveling is that people need to understand what
time is, but nobody can explain it. People know what time means when they talk
about it, but no one can explain it in specific. Talking about what time is has been a
popular topic in modern society. However, time is not a new subject because it
started around 600 years ago.
简易答案：
This lecture gives information about time-traveling. The main problem of it is that
people need to understand what time is, but nobody can explain it. People know what
time means when they talk about it, but no one can explain it specifically. It is a
popular topic to talk about what time is in modern society. However, time is not a
new subject because it started around 600 years ago.
时空穿梭(time traveling/traveling)的最主要的问题是人们需要知道时间到底是什么(what
time is)。
【定义】
但是事实上，没有人能解释时间，人们能够在日常对话中谈论时间，但是没人可以具体的提供
解释(explain it in specific)。
【引申】
整体来说，谈论时间的定义在现在社会是个很流行的话题(a popular topic in modern
society)，但其实这并不是新话题(not a new subject)，因为早在600年前(around 600 years
ago)，人们就已经开始讨论时间了。
21.Recording Music 录音技术 #111076
完美答案：
The invention of the music recorder had a similar function as paintings - to help
preserve music for the future generation. Music was recorded on a disk and can be
played in phonographs over and over again. This changed the state of music. It is
hard to imagine how people educated music in the past. Now people can learn music
and the music record is a form of existence of memory.
简易答案：
This lecture gives information about music recording. This invention has a similar
function as paintings and can help preserve music for future generations. Music was

recorded in a disk and can be played in phonographs,which has changed the state of
music. It is hard to imagine how people taught music in the past. Now people can
learn music, and the music record is a form of existence of memory.
【发明目的】
录音机的发明(invention of music recorder)是希望它具有与绘画类似的功能(similar
function as paintings)——为下一代(future generation)保存音乐(preserve music)。
【使用方法】
音乐被记录在磁盘上(disk)，并且可以在留声机(phonographs)中反复播放(over and over
again)。
【深远意义】
· 录音机的发明改变了音乐的存在形式(changed the state of music)；
· 现在人们通过录音可以学习音乐(learn music)，很难想象人们在过去是如何学习音乐的
；
· 录音作为载体，也可以成为一种记忆存在的形式(a form of existence of memory)。
22.Face recognition 面部识别 #111081
完美答案：
Today we are going to talk about how we can recognize the human face. We can
think about how we take the visual information and then transform it into a form that
allows us to put a name to a face. Face recognition is a really hard problem but a
clever thing. We can recognize all the different types of faces and get different types
of information from faces.
简易答案：
This lecture gives information about how we can recognize the human face. We can
think about how we take the visual information and then transform it into a form so
that we can put a name to a face. Face recognition is a really hard problem but a
clever thing. We can see all the different types of faces and get different types of
information from faces.
【主题】
我们今天的主题是如何识别人脸(how we can recognize the human face)。
【定义】
关于人脸识别，我们需要把视觉上的信息(visual information )转化(transform)成为一个形式
，这个形式就是把一个人脸对应到一个人名上边。
【总结】
因此，人脸识别(Face recognition )是一个很难的项目，同时也是一个智能化的东西。
【展望】
如果实现了人脸识别，我们就可以辨认出所有不同的人脸，并且从人脸上收集到所有不同的信
息。

23.Competition Drives Performance 竞争促进业绩 #111085
完美答案：
Competition can drive performance, and this is why departments in companies would
like to rank employees’ performance. They do so because they believe people with
fear or hope will perform better. All companies over the world are using this as their
predominant practice. Moreover, battles between companies can also improve the
quality of their services to customers, which can urge companies to be more creative.
简易答案：
Competition can drive performance, so departments in companies would like to rank
employees’ performance. They do so because they think people with fear or hope
will perform better. All companies over the world are using competition as their main
practice. Besides, battles between companies can also improve the quality of their
services to customers, and it can make companies more creative.
【竞争的好处】
竞争可以促进业绩(Competition can drive performance )，所以公司部门喜欢给员工表现排
名(rank employees’ performance)；他们这么做是因为他们相信担心或者希望会促使员工
表现得更好(people with fear or hope will perform better)。
【竞争的应用】
世界上所有的公司都在运用这一理念作为他们主要的准则(predominant practice)。
同时，公司之间的竞争(battles between companies)也能够促使他们为客户提供更好的服务
(improve the quality of their services to customers )，更加创新(creative)。
24.Sugar 糖分 #111089
参考答案：
Sugars exist in lots of food that we don’t expect. Apart from some sweet food,
peanut butter lists sugar as the second ingredient according to food labels.
Ingredients are listed in order of how much there is in the food. Also, beef stews have
lots of sugar even more than carrots, though the marketing slogan claimed that it
contains fresh potatoes and carrots.
【存在】
糖分存在于很多我们意想不到的食物中。(Sugars exist in lots of food that we don’t
expect)
【举例1】
除了一些甜食，根据食品标签(food labels )，花生酱(peanut butter)将糖列为第二成分。配
料是按照食物中含量的顺序列出的。
【举例2】
此外，炖牛肉(beef stews)的含糖量甚至比胡萝卜还要高，尽管其营销口号(marketing
slogan) 声称炖牛肉中含有新鲜的土豆和胡萝卜。

25.Therapeutic Environment 治愈性环境 #111092
完美答案：
A long time ago, people began to study the therapeutic environment. They found
that fresh air and sunlight can have positive impacts on patients' recovery, and
architecture has the same positive impact, too. Viewing hospital yards can help
people rest well and sleep well, and can also help release their stress and pain easily.
90% of nurses in hospitals agreed that the designed hospital environment links to
patients' recovery.
简易答案：
People began to study the therapeutic environment. They found that fresh air,
sunlight and architecture can have positive impacts on patients' recovery. To be more
specific, viewing hospital yards can help people rest well and sleep well. Also, it can
help release stress and pain easily. 90% of nurses in hospitals agreed that the
designed hospital environment is related to patients' recovery.
【引入概念】
人们开始研究环境治疗法(therapeutic environment)有很长一段时间了。
【解释】
他们发现新鲜空气(fresh air)和阳光(sunlight)对病人的康复(patients’ recovery)有积极的影
响，建筑(architecture)也有同样的积极影响。
【作用】
参观医院的后院可以帮助人们更好地休息(rest)和睡眠(sleep)，也可以帮助他们轻松地释放压
力和减缓疼痛(release their stress and pain )。
【数据支撑】
医院90%的护士同意，设计的医院环境与病人的康复有关。
26.Babies just want to be smiled at 婴儿喜欢笑容 #111093
完美答案：
By studying the interactions between babies and their mothers, researchers
determined that babies’ smiles are strategic but not spontaneous. Specifically,
babies smile in hopes others will smile at them, and they time it in a manner of
sophisticated timing. In the study, researchers have found that mothers want
interactions, while babies just want to be smiled at.
简易答案：
Researchers studied the interactions between babies and their mothers. They found
that babies’ smiles are strategic but not spontaneous. Specifically, babies smile at
sophisticated timing because they hope others will smile at them. In the study,
researchers have found that mothers want interactions, while babies just want to be
smiled at.

【目的】
通过研究婴儿和母亲之间的互动(interactions between babies and their mothers )，
【成果】
研究人员确定婴儿的微笑(smiles)是有策略的(strategic )，而不是自发的(spontaneous) 。
具体来说，婴儿微笑是希望别人也会对他们微笑，并且会在一个十分精密的时间点
(sophisticated timing )。
【结论】
在这项研究中，研究人员发现，母亲想要互动(interactions)，而婴儿只想让妈妈对自己笑(be
smiled at)。
27.Newspaper Industry 新闻业下滑 #111096
完美答案：
The economic models of newspapers are crumbling. The newspaper industry has
been shrinking dramatically in the last half of the 20th century. Some newspaper
publishers’ cash flow was in red or just maintained at the breakeven point due to the
decreasing number of advertising and buyers. Some newspapers are no longer
published daily, and some are online only. The staff in the newspaper industry have
dropped by 30% to 40%.
简易答案：
The newspaper industry has been shrinking dramatically in the last half of the
20th century. Firstly, some newspaper publishers’ cash flow was in red or just
maintained at the breakeven point. This is because of the decreasing number of
advertising and buyers. Secondly, some newspapers are no longer published daily,
and some are online only. Thirdly, the staff in the newspaper industry have dropped
by 30% to 40%.
【现象】
根据经济模型(economic model)，在20世纪的后50年(last 50 years of the 20th
century)，美国报纸行业(the newspaper industry in the U.S.)一直在急剧萎缩(shrinking
dramatically)。
【影响】
盈利状况：
由于广告量和购买者的减少(a decrease in advertising and buyers)，大多数报纸出版商
(newspaper publishers)现金流量(cash flow)：
- 有些报社呈赤字(in red)，即亏损
- 有些报社处勉强维持收支平衡 (the breakeven point)
- 有些报社虽然有盈利 (positive cash flow), 但他们已经没有多少读者了 (individual
readers/buyers).
发行状况：

很多报社不再每日发行报纸，而是改为一周三天(three days a week)，有些小报社直接转为
线上发行(publish online)，而有些报纸则消失了(disappeared)。
就业状况：
在报纸行业工作的员工(staff)下降了30％至40％，甚至更多(even more)。
28.Automated Driving Systems 自动驾驶系统 #111097
完美答案：
Automation technology in vehicles is a hot topic because it is safe and more fuel-
efficient. According to the American Traffic Safety Regulation, there are different
levels of automation. Level four is completely under the control of the vehicle, so
people don't need to do anything. Level three is conditional automation, so drivers
must intervene under some circumstances. The speaker thinks level three would be
more acceptable for most of the public.
简易答案：
Automated vehicle is a hot topic because it is safe and more fuel-efficient. According
to the American Traffic Safety Regulation, there are different levels of automation.
Level four is completely under the control of the vehicle, so people don't need to do
anything. Level three is conditional automation, so drivers must intervene. For most of
the public, level three cars are more acceptable.
【两大优点】自动驾驶系统 (Automation technology in vehicles) 的两个优点：
1. 更安全 (safe)
2. 节省燃料 (fuel-efficient)
【四级】完全自动驾驶，人不用管
【三级】有条件的自动驾驶，遇到特殊路况时需要人为干预
【民众接受程度】三级更好。
29.Chimpanzees Tommy 拯救大猩猩 #111100
完美答案：
Nonhuman Rights Project is an organization that fights for legal rights for nonhuman
animals. We chose Tommy as the plaintiff at the New York Court and asked to release
him, who was locked in a cage for research purposes. We proved to the court that
chimpanzees also have cognitive capabilities, but the court didn't approve the appeal
because they think chimpanzees are not human even though they have cognitive
skills.
简易答案：
Nonhuman Rights Project is an organization. It fights for legal rights for nonhuman
animals. They sued at the New York Court and asked to release Tommy. Tommy was
a chimpanzee who was locked for research purposes. They proved that chimpanzees
also have cognitive capabilities. However, the court didn't approve the appeal
because they think chimpanzees are not human even though they have cognitive
skills.
【组织介绍】
非人类权力项目(Nonhuman Rights Project)：是一个为非人类动物(nonhuman animals)争
取合法权利(legal rights)的组织(organization)。

【诉讼过程】
原告：Tommy
法庭：纽约法庭(the New York Court)
诉求：要求释放(release)用于研究被关在笼子里的黑猩猩(locked in a cage for research
purposes)
理由：大猩猩也有认知能力(cognitive capacities)
【诉讼结果】
法院没有批准(didn't approve)我们的上诉(appeal)，
因为他们认为即使黑猩猩具有认知能力(cognitive skills)也不是人类(not human)。
30.The Separation of Power 三权分立 #111101
【此音频仅为近似音频，仅供大家练习。真题参考答案请见下文】
完美答案：
The lecture talks about the separation of power which is related to the checks and
balances of the country. The Constitution is made up of the legislative branch that
makes the law, the president who is appointed by the Senate to carry out the law, and
the judicial authorities who interpret the law. However, there is a blurry linebetween
the legislative and executive roles in the past 100 years.
简易答案：
The lecture talks about the separation of power, as well as checks and balances of the
country. The Constitution is made up of three branches: the legislative to make the
law, the president to carry out the law, and the judicial authorities to interpret the law
. However, there is a blurry line between the legislative and executive roles in the past
100 years.
【定义】
三权分立(The separation of power)是指宪法(the Constitution)将国家权力分为立法
(legislative)、行政(executive)和司法三种(judicial authority).
【解释】
立法权(legislative)：负责制定法律(make the law )；
总统(president)：由参议(Senate)委任，负责执行法律(carry out the law )；
司法权(judicial authorities)：负责解释法律(interpret the law)。
【现状】
本来三权力分立是为了明确不同的角色(roles)，但是在过去的100年，立法(legislative)和行政
(executive)的界限是模糊的(a blurry line)。
31.What happened to Journalism 网络影响传媒 #111110
完美答案：
The rise of the Internet has great impacts on journalism in terms of how it’s
produced and how it’s consumed. However, it took steps for people to
enthusiastically feel the change in journalism. The internet has not only improved the
speed of news spreading but also helped people gain information in various ways.
Nowadays, even a small piece of ordinary video can be a new type of journalism.
简易答案：
The rise of the Internet has a great impact on journalism. It influences how
information is produced and consumed. However, it took steps for people to feel the
change in journalism. The internet has improved the speed of news spreading. Also, it
helped people gain information in various ways. Nowadays, even a small piece of
ordinary video can be a new type of journalism.
【表现】
网络的普及(The rise of the Internet)对传媒(journalism)的产生(produced)和消费
(consumed)有着巨大的影响，但是人们需要一点时间真切地感受到传媒的变化。
【根源】
网络不仅仅加快了新闻传播的速度(the speed of news spreading )，而且帮助人们通过不同
的途径获取信息(gain information )。
【举例】
现在，就算是一个小小的普通的视频(ordinary video)也可以成为传媒的新新式(new type)。
32.Moral Objectivism and Moral Absolutism 道德客观主义与道德绝对主义 #111113

完美答案：
In moral objectivism, there are some universal moral principles that are valid for all
people in all social environments and all situations. In moral absolutism, there is a
firm and absolute boundary between what is right and what is wrong. Therefore, in
moral absolutism, there are non-overridable principles that must be followed and
never be violated. The notion of right and wrong is not subject to different
interpretations or situations.
简易答案：
In moral objectivism, we are looking at some universal moral principles for all people.
These principles are for all social environments and all situations. On the other hand,
in moral absolutism, we are looking at non-overridable principles. These principles
must be followed and never be violated. Nothing is subject to interpretation, and
nothing is dependent on the situation.
中文逻辑梳理：（概念类）
【概念1】道德“客观主义” (moral objectivism)
【定义】普适性的 (universal)
【应用】所有人 (all people)、所有社会环境 (all social environments)、所有情况 (all
situations)
【概念2】道德“绝对主义” (moral absolutism)
【定义】绝对的 (firm and absolute)，不可逾越的 (non-overridable)，必须遵守 (must be
followed)，绝不可违反 (never be violated)
【应用】不会因为任何解读 (interpretation) 或情况 (situation)而有所改变
33.Credit Card Experiment 信用卡实验 #111114

完美答案：
In an experiment on customers’ behaviors, one group of inactive credit card users
received a message offering benefits that they could gain by using the cards, while
the other group received a message implying a penalty if it’s not used. The result
shows that customers are more motivated by a potential loss when not using this
card than the benefit they could gain by using the card.
简易答案：
The lecture talks about an experiment on customers’ behaviors. The samples are
inactive credit card users. One group received a message offering benefits by using
the cards. The other group received a messagewith a penalty if it’s not used. The
result shows that customers are more motivated by a potential loss than potential
benefit.
【目的】
在一个研究客户行为的实验中(experiment on customers’ behaviors )。
【过程】
一组停滞使用信用卡的用户(inactive credit card users)收到信息说如果他们使用信用卡就可
以得到福利(a message offering benefits )，另一组收到信息说如果他们不适用信用卡就会得
到罚款(implying a penalty)。
【结果】
表明：相较于潜在的福利，客户更容易被潜在的损失所激发(more motivated by a potential
loss)。
34.Canned Food during the Great Depression 大萧条时期的罐装食品 #111121
完美答案：
During the Great Depression, a lot of canned food came onto the market, and
refrigerators were becoming extremely popular both in cities and in rural areas.
Thanks to the Rural Electrification Administration, farmers could buy appliances,
which meant frozen foods were becoming big. This was when modern food
technology started and when Americans started to think about supermarkets with
freezer cases and cannedfoods.
简易答案：
During the Great Depression, there were a lot of canned food in the market.
Refrigerators became very popular both in cities and in rural areas. Thanks to the
Rural Electrification Administration, farmers could buy appliances. This made frozen
foods become big. Because of modern food technology, Americans started to think
about supermarkets with freezer cases and canned foods.
【现象】
在大萧条时期(the Great Depression)，许多罐头食品(canned food)被投放进市场
(market)，冰箱(refrigerators)在城市(cities)和农村地区(rural areas)都变得非常受欢迎。
【根源】
多亏农村电气化管理(the Rural Electrification Administration)，农民(farmers)才可以购买
电器(appliances)，这意味着冷冻食品(frozen foods)正变得越来越大。
【历史意义】
那时是现代食品技术(modern food technology)开始发展的时代，也是美国人
(Americans)开始考虑发展带有冷冻箱(freezer cases)和罐头食品(canned foods)的超级市场
(supermarkets)的时候。
35.Synthetic biology & genetic engineering 合成生物学与基因工程（新增原音频） #111123

完美答案：
This lecture is about the applications of synthetic biology and doing things with
biological systems. Biological engineering is the next level of engineering. Nowadays,
scientists can engineer and design nature. While scientists could only cut and paste
DNA from one organism to another 40 years ago, they can now write and synthesize
DNA to create new organisms. Besides, scientists are building a cellular factory and
cultivating millions of bacteria based on one bacterium.
简易答案：
This lecture is about the applications of synthetic biology and doing things with
biological systems. Biology engineering is the next level of engineering. Nowadays,
scientists can engineer and design nature. Scientists could only cut and paste DNA
from one organism to another 40 years ago. Nowadays, they can write and synthesize
DNA to create new organisms. Besides, scientists are building a cellular factory and
cultivating millions of bacteria based on one bacterium.
本文主要讲述了工程在生物系统(biological systems)中的应用(applications)。生物工程
(Biological engineering)是更高等级的工程学(the next level of engineering)。
· 【40年前】
科学家只能将一种生物(organism)的DNA剪切并粘贴(cut and paste)到另一生物中
，但现在他们可以编写和合成DNA(write and synthesize DNA)以创建新的生物。
· 【如今】
科学家(scientists)可以改变自然界的基因(engineer)和设计自然界(design nature)。
此外，科学家正在建立一个细胞工厂(cellular factory)，并基于一种细菌(one bacterium)培
养数百万种细菌(cultivating millions of bacteria)。
36.Mars and Earth 火星与地球 #111124

【本音频为近似音频，话题与考题相似，但并非完全一致。近似音频可用于培养自己对于相关
话题的听力能力】
【参考答案与考题内容一致】
完美答案：
Mars is an interesting neighboring planet to Earth with a similar geological surface
and landscape. Although there has not been evidence for the existence of water yet,
the trace of heavy gases has existed on Mars for billions of years. The low gravity on
Mars means there may be a thin layer of the atmosphere on Mars. Therefore, Mars

might be the most ideal destination other than Earth.
简易答案：
Mars is a neighboring planet to Earth because Mars has a similar geological surface
and landscape. There is no evidence of water on Mars, but heavy gases have existed
on Mars for billions of years. Gravity on Mars is very low, which means that a thin
layer of the atmosphere might be on Mars. Therefore, Mars might be the most ideal
destination.
【定义】
火星(Mars)是地球(Earth)一个很有趣的邻居(neighboring planet)。
【相似点】
1. 地表特征(geological surface) 地貌(landscape)：比如沙漠(desert)
2. 水文：暂无证明水的存在(the existence of water)
3. 大气：但是重气体(heavy gases)在火星上存在了很多年
4. 重力：极低的重力(low gravity)表明，火星外部可能存在一圈很稀薄的大气(thin layer of
the atmosphere)
【总结】
因此，火星可能是除地球外最适合我们生存的星球(the most ideal destination)。
37.Online research 线上调研 #111126
完美答案：
The rapid growth of the internet has changed our lives in terms of both quality and
quantity. As for the advantages of online research, it is quick, less expensive, and can
help us access hard-to-reach groups. However, online research has some drawbacks,
as there are no face-to-face communications or body language, and the other side is
not real people, so we don't know who they are.
简易答案：
The rapid growth of the internet has changed our lives in terms of both quality and
quantity. As for the advantages of online research, it is quick, less expensive, and can
help us access hard-to-reach groups. However, online research has some drawbacks.
There are no face-to-face communications or body language. So we don't know who
they are because the other side is not real people.
互联网的迅速发展(The rapid growth of the internet)和通过互联网收集的数据(the data
collected)从质量和数量上(in terms of both quality and quantity)都改变了我们的生活
(changed our lives)。
【优势(advantages)】：
1) 速度快捷(quick)，

2) 价格低廉(less expensive)，
3) 可以帮助我们接触到(access)难以接触到的群体(hard-to-reach groups)。
【弊端(drawbacks)】：
1) 没有面对面的交流(no face-to-face communications)或肢体语言(body language)，
2) 对方不是真实的人(not real people)，所以我们不知道他们是谁。
38.The History of English 英语语言发展史 #111127
完美答案：
English is not a pure language as it has been influenced by other 350 languages in
history, so English is a variety of many languages. The history of English language is
closely connected to the history of English people, so today we are learning about
the history. However, different periods of people have different views. For example,
during Shakespeare's period, people hated those borrowed words which were not
original English.
简易答案：
English is not a pure language. It has been influenced by other 350 languages in
history. English is a variety of many languages. Today we will focus on history
because the history of English language is closely connectedto the history of English
people. However, different periods of people have different views. For example,
during Shakespeare's period, people hated those borrowed words which were not
original English.
【定义】
英语在其发展史上一直被其他350种语言所影响着，因此英语不是一个单纯或者单一(pure)的
语言。这个理论最明显的证据就是我们会发现英语从其他语言中借鉴了很多词汇
(vocabulary)和词组(phrases)。
【发展历史】
英语(English language)的历史其实就是英国人(English people)的历史，两者紧密相连
(closely connected)。所以今天这堂课我们不仅是要学习英语这门语言，我们会关注它的整个
发展历史(history)。
【发展史的重要性】
学习了发展史之后我们就会发现：不同时期的人们会对语言有不同的见解(views)。比如说
，在莎士比亚时期，人们不喜欢使用那些从其他语言借鉴来的外来词汇(borrowed
words)，因为那不是原版的英文，不是地道的英文。
39.Food crisis 粮食危机 #111128

完美答案：
It is projected that people are going to suffer from a serious food crisis for the next 30
years until 2030. We must double the yield of our production to feed a growing
global population. This is an urgent matter, and people should elevate food
production now. Scientists have predicted an increase in food production by 30% to
50% for developing countries in the next three years.
简易答案：
There will be a serious food crisis for the next 30 years until 2030. We must double
the yield of our production to feed a growing global population. This is an urgent
matter, and people should elevate food production now. In developing countries,
scientists have predicted an increase in food production by 30% to 50% in the next
three years.
【未来30年】
预计(projected)在接下来的30年，直到2030年，人们将遭受严重的粮食危机(food crisis)。
我们必须将产量(yield of our production)提高一倍，以养活(feed)不断增长的全球人口
(growing global population)。这是当务之急(urgent matter,)，人们现在就需要提高粮食产
量。
【未来3年】
科学家预测，未来三年发展中国家(developing countries)的粮食产量将增加30％至50％。
40.Demolition of buildings 拆除建筑 #111130
完美答案：
Architecture is more than just the built environment, but also a part of our culture. In
the 20th century, many old buildings with design flaws were demolished or modified.
This is an application of Darwin's theory of natural selection, which means buildings
should adapt to the new world to survive. However, some people criticize the
demolition as it's important to honor the cultural nuances in the built environment.
简易答案：
Architecture is not only the built environment, but also a part of our culture. In the
20th century, many old buildings with design flaws were demolished or modified. This
is an application of Darwin's theory of natural selection. It means buildings should
adapt to the new world to survive. However, some people criticize the demolition
because they think it's important to honor the cultural nuances in the built
environment.
【观点】
建筑设计（Architecture）不仅仅关于建筑环境（the built environment），也是构成文化的
一部分（a part of our culture）。
【现象】
20世纪(the 20th century)，许多有缺陷的建筑被拆除（be demolished）或改造（be
modified）。
【解释现象】
遵循达尔文的自然选择理论（Darwin’s theory of natural selection），建筑应该适应
（adapt to）时代的改变，从而得以留存（survive）。

【批判现状】
有人批判拆除旧建筑的行为（criticize the demolition），认为我们应该尊重（honor）建筑
环境的文化差异（cultural nuances）。
41.Negativity bias 消极偏差 #111131
完美答案：
Negativity bias means humans usually pay more attention to negative emotions such
as fears rather than positive emotions. We feel content and pleasant more frequently,
but these positive emotions are lighter, which means they cannot be easily recalled
or stay in our minds. However, negative emotions happen lessfrequently, but they
are strong and intense. Negativity bias can help us evaluate the environment and
survivewhen facing life-threatening issues.
简易答案：
Negativity bias means people pay more attention to negative emotions, such as fears
. We often feel positive emotions, such as content and pleasant, but positive emotions
are lighter. However, negative emotions are less but strong and intense. We can recall
negative emotions easily, and they stay in our minds. Negativity bias can help us
evaluate and survive, especially when we face life-threatening issues.
【定义】Negativity bias 消极偏差
消极偏差指的是，人们会更容易记住消极情绪（比如恐惧），而不太会记得积极情绪。
【解释1】Positive emotions 正面情绪

其实生活中，好事比坏事多，正面情绪也更常见（比如满足、快乐）。但是这些感情很难给我
们留下深刻的印象，很容易就被忘掉。
【解释2】Negative emotions 负面情绪

负面情绪虽然出现的次数不多，但是每次一产生，这种情绪来得都很强烈（从而更容易让人对
这种负面经历印象深刻）。
【意义】life-threatening 为了生存
人的心理为什么会有这种消极偏差？从进化史来看，对于负面经历印象深刻，更能帮助人类评
估环境风险，有效避免危机和灾难，从而得以生存。
42.Language and Basic Vocabulary 语言与基本词汇 #111132
完美答案：
According to the lecture, historical linguists compare languages at several levels by
looking for basic vocabulary. Some languages may have words that other languages
don't. So, when you are looking for a basic vocabulary, you should refer to the most
comparable words, or the most universal notions. You may also look for sounds that
correspond.
简易答案：
According to the lecture, historical linguists compare languages at several levels by

looking for basic vocabulary. Some languages may have words that other languages
don't. So, when you are looking for a basic vocabulary, you should refer to the most

comparable words, or the most universal notions. You may also look for sounds that
correspond.
【抛出概念】
语言历史学家(Historical linguists)通过寻找基本词汇(basic vocabulary)，从不同的层面比较
语言(languages)。
【概念特征】
因为有些语言里的词汇在其他语言里是不存在的，所以我们可以通过寻找以下单词类别来找基
本词汇(a basic vocabulary)：
1. 完全可比的词汇 (most comparable)，也就是全世界最通用的概念 (most universal
notions)
2. 发音相似的词汇 (words that sound the same)
43.Misunderstanding of Globalization 对全球化的误解 #111135

完美答案：
Globalization is an overused and often misunderstood concept. The starting point for
understandingglobalization is that it is a globalization process of industries and
markets instead of countries, so it’s helpful to think of globalization as ‘the
integration of economic activities across borders.’ Globalization matters because it
means the rise of interconnectedness between countries and markets across the
world.
简易答案：
Globalization is an overused and often misunderstood concept. In the beginning, it is
a globalization process of industries and markets instead of countries. Therefore, it’s
helpful to think of globalization as ‘the integration of economic activities across
borders.’ Globalization is very important because it means the rise
of interconnectedness between countries and markets across the world.
【概念误解】
人们对于全球化(globalization)这个概念一直存在误解(an overused and misunderstood
concept)：
· 我们的错误地认为全球化起始于国家间的一体化，但正确的认知应该是是全球化起始
于行业和市场的一体化(process of industries and markets)，这个认知才能帮助我们
理解全球化是国家间经济活动的一体化(‘the integration of economic activities
across borders)这个概念。
【重要性】
全球化这个进程很重要，因为这意味着不同国家(countries)和不同市场(markets)间开始建立
了内在的联系(interconnectedness)。
44.Inequality in Children 儿童成长的不平等 #111136

完美答案：
According to the professor's sociology research, the capacity of well-educated
parents will remain in their prosperous children because these children have
sufficient educational capacity and support since they were born. According to
studies, the life chance of a child has been set by five years old, which is a compelling
and disturbing fact. The professor cannot find obvious ways to address this deep root
of inequality in our society.
简易答案：
According to the professor's sociology research, the capacity of well-educated
parents will remain in their prosperous children. This is because these children have
sufficient educational capacity and support since they were born. According to
studies, the life chance of a child has been set by five years old. This is a compelling
and disturbing fact. The professor cannot find ways to address this deep root of
inequality in our society.
【现象1】
根据这位教授社会学的研究(the professor’s sociology research )，受过良好教育的父母
(well-educated parents)的能力(capacity)将保留在他们富裕的孩子(prosperous children)身
上
【根源】
因为这些孩子从出生起就有足够的教育能力和支持(sufficient educational capacity and
support )。
【现象2】
研究还表明，一个孩子生命中的机会(the life chance)在五岁的时就会确定下来，这是一个不
容置疑却让人不安的事实。
【遗留问题】
这位教授找不到明确的方法来解决我们社会不平等的这个深层根源(deep root of
inequality) 。
45.Drop out of school 辍学 #111141

完美答案：
Low achievers are more likely to drop out of schools, especially boys. The two main
factors are push and pull. The pull factor is the economy because some jobs can be
easily acquired by boys. As for girls, they are less likely to leave school early because
not many jobs prefer girls. Girls will be facing only two options, being unemployed or
doing part-time jobs.
简易答案：
Low achievers are more likely to drop out of schools, especially boys. The two main
factors are push and pull. The pull factor is the economy because boys can acquire
some jobs easily. As for girls, they are less likely to leave school early because not
many jobs prefer girls. Girls will be facing only two options, being unemployment or
doing part-time jobs.

【现象】
低成就者(Low achievers)更容易辍学(drop out of schools )，尤其是男孩(boys)。
【男生】
两个主要的因素(factors)是推力因素(push)和拉动因素(pull)。拉动因素是经济
(economy)，因为有些工作男孩很容易获得。
【女生】
至于女孩(girls)，她们不太可能早退，因为没有多少工作青睐女孩。
女孩们将面临两种选择(two options )，失业(unemployment)或做兼职(part-time jobs)。
46.Two types of motivation 两类动机 #111143

完美答案：
The lecture described two types of motivation, which are approach motivation and
avoidance motivation. She first mentioned that approach motivation means moving
to positive things, such as vocational plans or holidays. Secondly, avoidance
motivation is driving away things that are negative, the purpose of which is to reduce
anxiety. Finally, she emphasized that avoidance motivation is quite intense.
简易答案：
There are two types of motivation: approach motivation and avoidance motivation.
Approach motivation means moving to positive things, such as vocational plans or
holidays. Avoidance motivation is driving away things that are negative. The purpose
of avoidance motivation is to reduce anxiety. Finally, the speaker mentioned that
avoidance motivation is quite intense.
本文主要讲述了两种动机(two types of motivation)，即趋近动机(approach motivation)和
回避动机(avoidance motivation)。
【定义】
· 【趋近动机】
意味着要转向积极的事情(moving to positive things)，例如职业计划(vocational
plans)或者假期(holidays)。
· 【回避动机】
意味着远离负面的事物(driving away things that are negative)，其目的是减少焦虑
(reduce anxiety)。回避动机是非常强烈的(intense)。
47.Industrial Revolution 工业革命 #111146
完美答案：
During the 1950s and 1960s, the idea of the Industrial Revolution was the creation of
machines, primarily in the textile and mining industries. Past analyses viewed
industrialization as a situation of winners and losers, which has been rejected
because the Industrial Revolution was the intensification of forms of production that
were already there, whose rapid rise was tied to traditional forms of production.
简易答案：
During the 1950s and 1960s, the idea of the Industrial Revolution was the creation of
machines. Previously, people believed that industrialization was a situation of winners
and losers. These had been rejected because the Industrial Revolution is actually the
intensification of forms of production. The rapid rise was tied to traditional forms of
production.
【错误的观点】
在20世纪50年代和60年代，大家觉得工业革命(Industrial Revolution)就是是发明机器
●
(the creation of machines )，消除流水线生产(assembly line production)的障碍

(blocks )，主要集中是在纺织和采矿行业
过去的分析认为工业化(industrialization)是一种赢家和输家的局面(a situation of
●
winners and losers)
【正确的观点】
但这种观点被否决了，因为工业革命实际是将已经存在的生产形式高度集中化(the
intensification of forms of production)，它的迅速崛起(rapid rise)与传统的生产形式
(traditional forms of production)是密不可分的。
48.Organizational study 组织研究 #111147
完美答案：
The two speakers are talking about organization studies and how they appreciate it.
Organization study is about a whole family of disciplines, such as social science,
psychology, sociology, history, and cultural studies. The speaker enjoys studying
organization studies because of its broad range and its breadth. What organization
study has taught him is liberating ideas without disciplinary boundaries.
简易答案：
The two speakers are talking about organization studies and how they appreciate it.
Organization study is about a whole family of disciplines. It includes social science,
psychology, sociology, history, and cultural studies. The speaker enjoys studying
organization studies because of its broad range and its breadth. What organization
study has taught him is liberating ideas without disciplinary boundaries.
两位演讲者谈论了关于组织研究(organization studies )，并且讲授了这个研究的价值
(appreciate)。
【什么是组织研究？】
组织研究是关于一整套的学科综合(a whole family of disciplines)，比如社会科学(social

science)，心理学(psychology)，社会学(sociology)，历史学(history)以及文化研究(cultural
studies)。
【组织研究的特征是什么？】
演讲者喜欢进行组织研究是因为在这类研究需要对相关学科的研究有足够的宽度(broad
range )和广度(breadth)。
【组织研究的理念是什么？】
组织研究告诉研究者们要解放思想 (liberating ideas )，不要限制于学科间的界限
(disciplinary boundaries)从而只研究某一类学科。
课外知识补充：组织研究是“研究个人如何构建组织结构，过程和做法，以及这些又如何形成
社会关系并创建最终影响人的机构”。组织研究是管理学研究的基础。
49.A good computer engineer 电脑工程师 #111182
完美答案：
Engineers should know how to work with a complicated system, and sometimes, the
inspirations are from their personal life experience. A complicated system cannot see,
so engineering is to help virtualize it by using systems. As complicated systems are
becoming reliable, engineers should deliver reliable outcomes as well. To develop a
reliable system, engineers need to consider the risks, potential, predictability and
accuracy.
简易答案：
Engineers should know how to work with a complicated system. Sometimes, the
inspirations are from their personal life experience. A complicated system cannot see,
so engineering is to help virtualize it by using systems. As complicated systems are
becoming reliable, engineers should deliver reliable outcomes as well. To develop a
reliable system, engineers need to consider the risks, potential, predictability and
accuracy.
【工程师的职责】
工程师应该要知道如何使用一套复杂的系统(how to work with a complicated system)，尤
其是设计和开发一套新的系统。
【想】
创建和使用这些复杂系统的过程往往都需要从个人的生活经历(personal life experience)中找
到灵感(inspirations)。
【做】
工程学(engineering)就是一套复杂系统的眼睛，工程师要通过这些系统的运用来把工作成果
呈现出来(virtualize)。
【检验】
随着这些复杂系统(complicated systems)变得越来越可靠(reliable)，工程师也应该提供出可
靠的结果(reliable outcomes)。
要想开发一套可靠的系统(develop a reliable system)，工程师需要考虑风险(risks)、潜力
(potential)、可预测性(predictability)和准确性(accuracy)。
50.Stock market and modern business 股市与现代企业 #111183

请注意，本题音频并非原音频，而是网络搜索的“近似音频”。目的是为了让大家提前熟悉相
关话题词汇。
下方答案是根据考生回忆的内容，请以答案为准进行记忆：
完美答案：
This lecture is about the different uses of the stock market before and after. In the 18
th
century, manufacturing companies came into the market. However, modern
companies, including Apple, Google, and Facebook, use stocks differently. Traditional
companies used stocks to raise money, and input money into companies, while
modern companies used stocks to output money.
简易答案：
There are different uses of the stock market before and after. In the 18th century,
manufacturing companies came into the market. However, modern companies,
including Apple, Google, and Facebook, use stocks differently. Traditional companies
used stocks to raise money, and input money into companies. Modern companies
used stocks to output money.
这节课是关于股票市场(stock market)在之前和之后的不同用途。
18世纪：制造企业(manufacturing companies)进入市场。
现在：然而，包括苹果、谷歌和Facebook在内的现代公司(modern companies)使用股票的
方式却有所不同(differently)。
【对比】
传统公司(traditional companies)利用股票来筹集资金(to raise money)，并将资金投入公司
(input money)，而现代公司则利用股票来输出资金(output money)。
51.A luxury brand 奢侈品 #111184
完美答案：
It's hard to answer what makes a luxury brand and how we distinguish it. The
standard business response is that luxury brands are exclusive and expensive, but
they are not always like that in reality. In Australia, people once had considered two
televisions to be a luxury; and Starbucks is seen as a luxury brand in China. So, the real
answer depends on whom you talk to.
简易答案：
It's hard to answer what makes a luxury brand and how we distinguish it. The
standard business response is that luxury brands are exclusive and expensive.
However, they are not always like that in reality. In Australia, two televisions were
thought to be luxury. In China, Starbucks is seen as a luxury brand. So, the real
answer depends on whom you talk to.
到底如何定义奢侈品牌(what makes a luxury brand )，以及如何分辨它们(how we
distinguish it)，其实是个很难界定的问题。

【商业定义】
标准的商业定义(the standard business response )将其定义为“独家的”(exclusive)并且昂
贵的(expensive)。
【现实定义】
然而，现实生活中(in reality)，在某些情况里，很多所谓的奢侈品牌并没有比常规的产出的价
格高多少。
比如，在过去的澳大利亚，可能有两个电视就能被称为是奢侈；而在中国，星巴克也能被称为
奢侈品牌。
【作者心目中的定义】
所以，作者认为，到底如何界定奢侈品牌，就要看对象是谁(depends on whom you talk
to)。
52.The stability of mood 情绪稳定 #111185
注：网站提供音频为“近似音频”，仅供考生提前熟悉相关词汇。真实考题内容请见下方参考
答案：
参考答案：
The stability of mood may vary among different people. Some people easily get
intense, and their moods are like riding a roller coaster, while some others may be
loose all the time. According to the research, the secret of happiness is mild
containment. We should find a balance between intense and loose emotions.
简易答案：
The stability of mood may vary among different people. Some people easily get
intense, and their moods are like riding a roller coaster. Some others may be loose all
the time. According to the research, the secret of happiness is mild containment. We
should find a balance between intense and loose emotions.
【研究内容】
不同的人情绪的稳定性(the stability of mood)可能不同。
具体的不同：有些人很容易变得紧张(easily get intense)，他们的情绪就像坐过山车(riding a

roller coaster)，而有些人可能一直都很放松(may be loose。
【研究结论】
根据这项研究，幸福的秘诀是温和的包容(the secret of happiness is mild containment)。
我们应该在紧张和放松的情绪之间找到一个平衡(balance)。
53.Women's Leadership 女性领导力 #111186
【近似音频与真实考题内容接近，但不完全一致，仅供参考。真实考题内容请见参考答案：】
完美答案：
This lecture talks about leadership, especially women's leadership. Leadership can be
seen as a spectrum and can be simply split into two forms: out in front and behind
the scenes. In the past, men were out in front while women were behind the scenes.
However, nowadays women begin to come out in front.

简易答案：
This lecture talks about leadership, especially women's leadership. Leadership can be
seen as a spectrum. Also, it can be simply split into two forms: out in front and
behind the scenes. In the past, men were out in front while women were behind the
scenes. However, nowadays women begin to come out in front.
【主题引入】
这节课讲的是领导力(leadership)，尤其是女性领导力(women leadership)。
【类比】
领导力可以被看作是一个光谱(spectrum)，可以简单地分为两种形式(two forms):在前台(out
in front)和幕后(behind the scenes)。
【男女变化】
过去(in the past)：男人站在前面(men were out in front)，而女人在后面(women are
behind the scenes)。
现在：妇女开始崭露头角(women begin to come out in front)。
54.MPA 保护鱼群（6月14日更新答案） #111187
参考答案：
2.3 billion people take fish as the single primary source of protein. 90% of fish are
living in small scale in developing countries. In 23 years, there will be a catastrophic
collapse of fish stock. Therefore, experts established MPA marine campaign networks
to protect the fish stock. However, we are facing a lot of challenges due to the lack of
management resources.
【数字一：2.3 billion】
世界上有2.3 billion的人们以鱼肉作为最主要的蛋白质来源（as the single primary source
of protein）
【数字二：90%】
90% 的鱼类都是 small scale（也许意思是每一种鱼类的数量都不多）；
且生活在发展中国家（developing countries），发展中国家缺乏管理（lack of
management）；
【数字三：23 years】
23年后，鱼类数量会出现灾难性的下降。（In 23 years, there will be a catastrophic
collapse fish stocks. ）
【解决方案：MPA】
所以专家们建立了MPA marine campaign的网络（network）来保护海洋生物。
【遗留问题：缺乏管理】
但是现在这些国家还缺乏管理资源（lack of management resources），致使我们面临着许
多挑战。
萤火虫备注：
MPA (Marine Protected Areas)，指被划为重点保护对象的海域。文章里有可能提到了
MPA的完整全称，也可能只提到了缩写MPA。
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_protected_area
55.Social difficulties in Children 儿童的社交困难 #111189
答案：
参考答案：
Children are facing social difficulties with particular risks. In an experiment in a high
school, the students were told to be a movie director and to choose their story
structure. The students worked with each other, which involved lots of different skills.
The movies they had made were actually cool. Then, the researchers tested the
intervention effect, and they found this can improve their self-regulation and critical
thinking skills.
简易答案：
Children are facing social difficulties with particular risks. In an experiment in a high
school, the students were told to be movie directors and to choose their story
structure. The students worked with each other, which involved lots of different skills.
The movies they had made were actually cool. Then, the researchers tested the
intervention effect. They found this can improve the self-regulation and critical
thinking skills of students.
【实验目的】
因为现在儿童面临着具有特殊风险的社会困难(social difficulties)，所以一所高中将对此进行
实验。
【实验过程】
在这一次实验中，学生们被要求担任电影导演(a movie director)，并选择自己的故事结构。
学生们相互合作(worked with each other)，这涉及到很多不同的技能(involved lots of
different skills）。
【实验结果】
他们最后拍的电影真的很酷。
【实验结论】
研究人员测试了干预效果(the intervention effect)，他们发现这可以提高(improve)学生们的
自我调节能力(self-regulation)和批判性思维技能(critical thinking skills)。
56.English language in poem 诗歌语言 #111190
参考答案：
We often talk about the knowledge about the literature in the poem. The English
language in poems and poetry is difficult to understand, and often gives readers a
feeling of frustration and makes it hard for readers to enjoy poetry. This is because
poems use literary expressions. However, the speaker suggests that we should learn
to simply enjoy it and to know more about literature knowledge.
简易答案：
People often talk about the knowledge of literature in the poem. The English
language in poems and poetry is difficult to understand. It often gives readers a
feeling of frustration and makes it hard for readers to enjoy poetry. This is because
poems use literary expressions. However, the speaker suggests that we should learn
to simply enjoy it. People need to know more about literature knowledge.
我们经常去谈论关于诗歌文学(the literature in the poem)的一些知识。
【现象】
诗歌里的英文通常都比较难以理解(difficult to understand)，所以会给读者带来无法读懂诗
歌的挫败感(frustration)，从而很难使得读者去欣赏诗歌。
【根源】
会出现这个现象的原因在于，诗歌中的语言通常会使用文学表达(literary expressions)，这样
的表达不贴近生活。
【解决】
作者就建议读者们应该不要太咬文嚼字，要学会简单地享受它(learn to simply enjoy it)，并
且应该学会去了解更多的文学知识(literature knowledge)，这样才能更好地读懂诗歌。
57.Food waste in USA 食物浪费 #111191
答案：
完美答案：
The United States is considered the biggest food waste country in the world, and
60% of food waste comes from general consumption. There are two main sources of
food waste. The majority of food waste comes from supermarkets, especially in the
use-by section. The other factor is what people purchase and how they eat, so
purchasing all items is not a good idea.
简易答案：
The United States is considered the biggest food waste country in the world. It is
suggested that 60% of food waste comes from general consumption. There are two
main sources of food waste. The majority of food waste comes from supermarkets,
especially in the use-by section. The other factor is what people purchase and how
they eat. Therefore, purchasing all items is not a good idea.
【现象】
美国(The United States)被认为是世界上最大的食物浪费国(the biggest food waste
country)，60%的食物浪费来自普通消费(general consumption)。
【根源】
食物浪费的主要来源有两个(two main sources)：
1) 大部分的食物浪费来自超市(supermarkets)，尤其是已过期食物的区域(the use-by
section)；
2) 与人们购买的东西(what people purchase)和他们的饮食方式(how they eat)有关，所
以购买所有的东西并不是一个好主意(purchasing all items is not a good idea)。

58.Sleep and brain 睡眠有助于大脑 #111193
完美答案：
The lecture talks about the benefits of getting enough sleep, and consequences of
not getting enough sleep. Firstly, the speaker explained the function of sleep.
Secondly, the speaker said people need to sleep both before and after learning. This
is because sleeping after learning can help you remember, and sleeping before
learning can help your brain focus better, and absorb more new information.
简易答案：
Getting enough sleep has lots of benefits. Not getting enough sleep has some
consequences. Firstly, the speaker explained the function of sleep. Secondly, the
speaker said people need to sleep both before and after learning. This is because
sleeping after learning can help you remember. Sleeping before learning can help
your brain focus better. It can also absorb more new information.
【讲座主题】
这个讲座讲的是充足睡眠(getting enough sleep)的好处(benefits)，以及睡眠不足(not
getting enough sleep)的后果(consequences)。
【讲座内容 – 睡眠的功能】
说话人解释了睡眠的功能(function)。
他表明：说话者说人们在学习前后(before and after learning)都需要睡觉，这是因为
· 在学习后(after)睡觉：可以帮助你记忆(remember)，
· 在学习前(before)睡觉：可以帮助你的大脑更好地集中注意力(focus)，吸收(absorb)更
多的新信息。
59.Paper Rejection 论文遭拒 #111194
完美答案：
The speaker is giving advice on paper rejection and publishing for young scientists.
According to the speaker, the chance of getting a paper published is becoming
smaller and smaller. However, rejections will lead to a better result and will be good
for the career path. In the end, the speaker talked about how to attract and engage
young researchers.
简易答案：
The speaker is giving advice for young scientists about paper rejection and publishing
. According to the speaker, the chance is getting smaller and smaller to publish your
paper. However, rejections will lead to a better result. Also, it will be good for the
career path. In the end, the speaker told us how to attract and engage young
researchers.
【讲座主题】
演讲者正在为年轻的研究人员(young scientists)提供退稿(paper rejection)和出版方面的建
议。
【论文现状】
根据演讲者的说法，论文发表的机会越来越小(smaller and smaller)。
然而，论文被退稿发表反而会带来更好的结果(lead to a better result)，这对职业道路
(career path)也有好处。
最后，演讲者还谈到了如何吸引和让更多年轻的研究人员参与进来(attract and engage)。
60.Bees' genes and Darwin 蜜蜂基因与达尔文 #111195
答案：
完美答案：
This lecture mainly talks about the genes of bees and their evolution. In order to
protect the next generation in the hive, the worker bees attack intruders and then
die. Worker bees sacrifice their lives to protect the next generation. Darwin realized
that by improving the reproductivity of the queen bees, the bees' genes could be
saved.
简易答案：
This lecture mainly talks about the genes of bees and their evolution. The worker bees
attack intruders, but they will die for it. In other words, worker bees sacrifice their lives
to protect the next generation. Darwin realized that bees' genes can be saved if the
reproductivity of the queen bee is improved.
【主题】
这节课主要讲的是蜜蜂的基因(genes of bees)及其进化(evolution)。
演变方式：为了保护蜂巢里的下一代，工蜂(worker bees)会攻击入侵者，然后死去。工蜂牺
牲自己的生命(sacrifice their lives)来保护下一代(to protect the next generation)。
【应用】
达尔文(Darwin)意识到，通过提高蜂后的繁殖能力(improving the reproductivity of the
queen bees)，蜜蜂的基因(genes)可以得到保存(saved)。
61.Machines increase unemployment 机器增加失业率 #111196

答案：
完美答案：
The development of machines is a sign of the development of the country. Machines
are getting more advanced with examples of face recognition or language processing
techniques. Now our life is highly dependent on machines from which people also
make a profit. However, the use of machines will increase the unemployment rate,
which means that we need to create more jobs, or we would have nowhere else to
go.
简易答案：
The development of machines is a sign of the development of the country. Machines
are getting better such as face recognition or language processing techniques. Now
our life is dependent on machines and people make money from them. However, the
use of machines will increase the unemployment rate. Therefore, we need to create
more jobs for people. Otherwise, we will have nowhere else to go.
【现象】
机器的发展(development of machines)是国家发展的标志(sign)。人脸识别(face
recognition)或语言处理(language processing)技术等机器正在变得越来越好。
【影响】

正面影响：现在我们的生活依赖于机器，人们从中赚钱(make money)。
负面影响：然而，机器的使用会增加失业率(increase the unemployment rate)。
【解决】
我们需要为人们创造更多的就业机会(create more jobs)，否则我们将无处可去。
62.Symmetry in mathematics 数学中的对称性 #111199

2023年7月2日根据更新后的原音频，重新改写答案：
The historical objects in museums can have lots of mathematical significance. The
stones discovered in Scotland 5000 years ago are the first examples of humans
exploring the concept of symmetry. The speaker spends his life trying to understand
what symmetry is in nature. But we don’t know what these stones are for. Maybe
they were starting to be mathematicians and mathematicians made mathematical
objects for the joy and the beauty.
【主旨】历史与数学也是好朋友。
博物馆 (museums) 里的历史物件 (historical objects)也和数学息息相关 (have
mathematical significance)。
【典型案例】石头 & 对称性

在苏格兰 (Scotland) 发现了一些石头，很有可能象征着人类历史上第一次 (first examples)
尝试理解 (explore) 数学里的“对称性”概念 (the concept of symmetry)。
【深度探究】这些石头的目的
我们还不知道这个石头是用来做什么的 (what they are for)。
作者猜想，搞不好那个年代已经有数学家了 (mathematicitians)，这些石头是他们制造出来的
小玩意儿 (mathematical objects for the joy and the beauty)。
63.Multiculturalism in society多元文化社会 #111200
答案：
参考答案：
The speaker in this interview is talking about multiculturalism in society. According to
the speaker, diversity is in society and multiculturalism is in a diverse society.
Multiculturalism means that many cultures are interacting with each other in society.
There are many factors for multiculturalism, but there is no point to count how many
cultures are there in society.
简易答案：
The speaker in this interview is talking about multiculturalism in society. According to
the speaker, diversity is in society and multiculturalism is in a diverse society.
Multiculturalism means that many cultures are interacting with each other in society.
There are many factors for multiculturalism, but there is no point to count how many
cultures are there in society.
【现象】
只要一个社会(society)是有多元性(diversity)的，那么多元文化(multiculturalism)就会存在于
这种多元性社会(a diverse society)中。
【定义】
多元文化是指在一个社会中，多种文化互相交融(interact with each other)。
【根源】
多元文化的产生有许多因素(many factors)导致。
【但是】
没有必要(no point)去计算一个社区里到底存在多少种文化。
64.Hook 议论文开篇 #111206
完美答案：
An essay can identify what you have read and learned. To attract your readers, it's
important to polish the introduction. Try to add an essay hook to build an emotional
connection with your reader from the start. A hook is a catchy sentence or paragraph
that is a perfect method to start a persuasive essay. An excellent hook often includes
an interesting quote, a strange fact or a statistic.
简易答案：An essay can identify what you have read and learned. To attract your
readers, it's important to polish the introduction. Try to add an essay hook to build an
emotional connection with your reader. A hook is a catchy sentence or paragraph.
This is a perfect method to start a persuasive essay. An excellent hook often includes
an interesting quote, a strange fact or a statistic.
【论文的好处】
写论文可以明确你读过的或学过的内容。
【论文开篇】
好的开篇可以吸引你的读者。
论文开篇的hook可以在文章一开始，就建立起你和读者之间的情感联系。
【hook的定义】
1. 抓眼球
2. 通常是开篇第一句，或第一段
3. 常用于议论文
4. 可以包含：有趣的引言，新奇的事例，或数据。
65.The internet requires energy互联网需要能源 #111207
完美答案：
The internet has the most complicated structure and is the most powerful tool in
terms of engineering. The internet can be connected to a MODEM, or an ADSL switch
, and then to a local landline telephone exchange. It can connect us from Sydney to
Melbourne and then to the U.S. However, information transmission requires energy.
For example, the longer email you write, the more energy is consumed.
简易答案：
The internet has the most complicated structure. It is also the most powerful tool in

engineering. The internet can be connected to a MODEM or an ADSL switch. After
that, it is connected to a local landline telephone exchange. It can connect us from
Sydney to Melbourne and then to the U.S. However, information transmission
requires energy. For example, the longer email you write, the more energy is
consumed.
中文梳理（概念类）：
【定义】
互联网(the internet)：复杂(complicated structure) + 强大(powerful)
【原理】
通过MODEM或ADSL连接到电话线，进行信号传输。
【影响】
信息传输(information transmission)的过程需要消耗能源(requires energy)。
信息越多，能耗越大。
66.Blackfly 黑蝇 #111253
临时答案：
The lecture introduces a disease that is caused by a roundworm. This round worm is
a parasite that can be transmitted by a blackfly. In West Africa, one person can get
ten thousand bites each year. This infection will cause visual impairment, and the
ultimate result is blindness. There are two ways to control it: don't get bitten by
blackflies, or get rid of the parasite.
现象：
黑蝇(blackflies) 传播(transmit) 寄生虫(parasites)，寄生虫进入人体内就会导致人类染病
(infection)。
在西非(West Africa)，一个人每年可能会被黑蝇咬上一万次(ten thousand bites)。
影响：
一旦感染，轻则影响视力(visual impairment)，重则直接失明(blindness)。
解决：
1. 别被黑蝇咬；2. 杀死寄生虫
【萤火虫备注】
blackfly 和 black fly 两种写法都是正确的。
行文时，请注意blackfly/blackflies以及parasite/parasites的单复数问题。
7.25更新：roundworm 应该合并写，中间没有空格，意为“蛔虫”
67.Multiculturalism & Cultural Diversity 多元文化主义 & 文化多样性 #111254
Multiculturalism is the idea that we should respect and even celebrate different
cultures in a society. Multiculturalism is just one of the ways of approaching cultural
diversity. To multiculturalists, we should accept other cultures and respect their
differences. Besides, cultural differences are regarded as a positive thing. This idea is
different from the melting pot idea where everyone is expected to be the same.
68.Dialects 方言 #111255
参考答案（依据满分考生提供信息所写）：
The lecture is discussing dialects and how they differ from accents. First of all, dialects
are the vocal manifestation of who we are. Dialects pertain to grammar and syntax,
whereas accents are all about pronunciation. Dialects are influenced by various

factors, such as geography, society, parents, and schools. Furthermore, sometimes
even those who speak Received Pronunciation have to borrow words from other
dialects.
【概念对比】方言(dialects) V.S 口音(accents)
【概念一方言】
1. 定义：the vocal manifestation of who we are
2. 内容：语法(grammar) + 句法(syntax)
3. 影响因素：
- 地域(geology)
- 社会(society)
- 父母(parents)
- 学校(schools)
【概念二口音】
1. 定义：纯粹关于“发音” (all about pronunciation)
【补充】
就连标准英语发音(Received Pronunciation)的人，有时候也要借用(borrow)某方言的用词。
科普：
Received Pronunciation 为语言学专有名词，意为“标准发音”，基于英格兰南部受教育阶
层的发音需要首字母大写。"RP" (Received Pronunciation) is the standard form of British
pronunciation, based on educated speech in southern England.
69.Cosmology and maths 宇宙和数学 #111256

本题内容尚不完整，绿色的单词是考生明确听到的内容，其余内容是为了凑够字数而填补的内
容。请大家在考场上多注意听，可能还有其他内容。欢迎大家继续补充。
临时答案：
The speaker is talking about the relationship between maths and cosmology. During
the 1970s, the lecturer was a physician and he was working on cosmology. According
to the speaker, scientists have been trying to use maths to explain the universe.
Actually, according to the speaker, we can find maths almost everywhere in nature. In
conclusion, maths is the underlying system to explain the universe and nature.
注意：
nature，maths，cosmology之前不加the；
universe之前一定要加the。
math 是美国的写法，maths是英国及更广泛的国际用法，两者皆可，考试时可以任选其一
，全文内保证一致即可。
70.The sound of words 文字的读音 #111257
本文回忆尚不完整，表意还不够明确，有待更多补充。
当前答案是根据考生回忆所写：
The lecture mainly talks about the importance of words and the sound of words.
According to the speaker, the sound of words is a key element to the brain. This is
because the sound can help with the representation of the world and yourself.
Besides, words can express a large number of concepts. In the end, the speaker takes
high school graduates as an example.
71.International trading system 国际贸易系统 #111259
本文回忆尚不完整，有待更多补充。
The lecture is talking about international trading system. Since WTO, countries have
been opening up and started international trade with each other. Thanks to

globalization, countries open their ports and trade with different countries. This
development has finally benefited consumers globally. In conclusion, the speaker
believes that opening and trading is a good thing.
72.Bees waggle dance (女声版) #111260
本文回忆尚不完整，有待更多补充。
Bees do a waggle dance as their communication system. When bees find a good food
source, they will do a waggle dance to tell other bees. The lecture has mentioned a
behavior study regarding bees’ dancing behaviors. According to the lecture, bees
can use their dance and the sounds to describe different flowers and the environment
.
考生回忆确认出现的单词是：
different flowers, good food source, waggle dance, communication system, behavior
study, absorbing，environment, sounds, good food source
73.Singapore 新加坡 #111261

临时答案：
The lecture is talking about Singapore and globalization. Firstly, the lecture
introduced the population and multiculturalism in Singapore. Secondly, the lecture
mentioned a professor from the University of Chicago. Thirdly, the lecture mentioned
how the cities will be implemented in the future. Besides, many professors' names are
mentioned in the end.
【萤火虫备注】本题暂无音频。只能根据考生的回忆写答案，但无法保证是否一定准确。
演讲者特征：young male, British accent 年轻男声，英式口音
74.International law 国际法 #111262
临时答案：
This lecture introduces international law from a historical perspective. First, the lecture
mentioned a painful lesson leading to the creation of a new set of rules. There has
been no peace for 30 or even 100 years. The lecture also discussed the roles of
United States and Australia. International law was established in 1648, ended the wars
between states and the military force.
【萤火虫备注】本题暂无音频。只能根据考生的回忆写答案，但无法保证是否一定准确。
演讲者特征：old male 老年男声，快，糊。

SST 残缺新题（有待补充）
以下题目暂且没有完整的回忆，仅收集到部分考生回忆的关键词。
International law 国际法

演讲者特征：old male 老年男声，快，糊。
关键词：
painful lesson, set of rules，30 years，100 years，no peace，implication function， power，
international law, dominant power, historical perspective, united states, Australia, 1648, between states,
结尾是 military force
——————————————
City 城市
关键词：
city，place people major the first city，有一个数字 product standard economy，the greatest creation of
the first city in the human history，how the lecturer appreciate the city
——————————————
Major cities in the future 大城市的未来
关键词：
globalization：Mexico，Moscow，Chicago，全球化意味着什么，这些城市如何在未来生存，Therefore
in the future...homes and cities ...wide range of people including world banks, governmetns and
politicians.
————————————————
Questions and answers 问题与答案（主旨不明）
关键词：
question, answer, relatives, available, introduction, more expensive, in China, many people，中间反复穿
插 question 和 answer 两个词
Highlight Incorrect Words
命中率：20% 优先级：低
备战策略
通过网站刷题练习耳朵敏感度和鼠标跟词的速度
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HIGHLIGHT INCORRECT WORDS - 14题
1.Diabetes and Blood Pressure #121001

No that was, and that’s an important aspect, as you alluded to earlier we’ve previously done work which has
proven that in some situations, even people whose blood pressure is not high, can benefit from blood pressure
lowering therapy. So in this study the main reason that we included the patients was because of diabetes, we
didn’t care what their blood pressure was, whether it was high or low. And our objective was to see whether or
not lowering average or below average blood pressure in diabetics was beneficial and the result suggested
that irrespective of whether your blood pressure was high or low, if you had diabetes you benefited.
2.Future of a Photon #121002

Oh, it’s very spooky. First of all, probability by itself is spooky. Give me… let me show you how probability
enters the system. You walk past a store window and you see an image of yourself in the store window, you
straighten the part, not so bad you know, for a man of my age. The guy in the store window who’s fooling
around with mannequins he sees you and you see yourself. What does that mean? A stream of photons from
sunlight leaves your face, heads for the store window – let’s consider one of them. It has a choice: it can go
right through, so that the guy behind the window can see you, or it can be reflected from the store window.
Some fractions of them are reflected, and some of them go through. What determines that? What determines
the future of that photon? And countless such examples teach us that it’s random, that it’s a throw of the dice,
and that’s where Einstein made his famous statement “God plays dice with the universe.” That every instant of
that single object, that quantum object we have probability, we do not have certainty.
3.Obligation of the Bank #121003

Well there… there… there’s a positive obligation on the bank to ensure that the people who are signing a loan
guarantee, know what they’re doing. Loan guarantees are er kind of unique in that… in that someone is giving
security or a guarantee and placing themselves at risk for someone else, and they receive nothing material in
return. So you’ve got to ask yourself why is this person doing this, do they know what they’re doing? They’re
risking a lot, and not really getting anything back for it. So the imperative is that the bank must ensure that
these people know what they’re doing, and that they fully understand the implications of what they’re doing,
and they know that their properties may be sold if another person doesn’t meet their obligations.
4.Ending Poverty #121004

For some people, this proposition may seem far fetched, but ending poverty is both morally necessary and
actually feasible. All of us must play a role in making it happen. All human beings want, and have a right to live
in dignity, to determine our own destinies, and to be respected by other, by other people. Despite the
universality of these rights, our capacities to fulfill them vary enormously, and no dividing line is more profound
in influencing the quality of our lives than the gulf between poverty and prosperity.
5.Practicality of Employment #121005

Now, a professor is also a member of a profession, presumably one comparing people who see their discipline
as a vocation in its full sense of vocation from vocare to call is a call. Despite some modern uses which reduce
it to the practicalities of employment practice and not theory, the product of training, not education or vocation
is less than this. A calling is active as well as passive. It implies a sensation of purpose. There is a duty to be
vocal.
6.Divide the Ward #121013

The idea is that we divide the ward - the patients if you like - and the nurses into three different teams, which
we call primary nursing teams. And in those teams we then have the primary nurse which is myself, associate
nurses which generally tend to be D grade nurses, and health care assistant, and you're all in one team
together. The idea is that you would hopefully work as a team in co-ordinating the care for the patients who
come in under your care as in the red team. In our teams we have eight patients each. The idea would be that I
would normally prescribe the care or plan the care, for those patients. In reality, it doesn't always work like that
and besides which the associate nurses that are in the teams have those skills anyway from their training.
7.Australia's greenhouse gases #121032

It's basically all the same thing. A complicated plan to cut back Australia's greenhouse gases. And we are, per
capita the biggest carbon polluters on the planet. But it's not carbon trading that will make the first big cuts in
our emissions. The first big cuts will come from the Government's renewable energy target. Melbourne based
analysts Carbon Market Economics says the Government's 20% target will not only cut pollution, it'll help the
economy as well.
8.BioBonanza #121033
BioBonanza is a one day open house festival. All of the researchers in the Department of Biology are going to
be showcasing their research so students can come see the research, interact with the researchers. And we
want people to be able to interact and have fun at this event. As soon as you walk in the doors, you'll see all
sorts of activities, displays of how a human heart works. We'll have sections of spinal cord and brain. You'll
get to be able to see butterflies and all sorts of insects. You'll be able to try to catch some local insects and
we'll have activities like walking through local plant gardens and seeing how photosynthesis works.
9.Definitions of happiness #121034

There have been various definitions of happiness throughout history and the history of philosophy, the ones
which interest me are approaches to happiness that follow the Enlightenment, particularly in the work of
Jeremy Bentham, for whom happiness was really a combination of physical feelings, pleasures as different
combinations and aggregations of pleasure and pain occur over time. They generate these psychological
experiences that Bentham called happiness. But underlying them for Bentham were physical triggers and
dimensions.
10.Cumulative culture #121035

They may be our cousins, but orangutans and other primates are nowhere near humans in terms of
technological achievement, social organization or culture. As humans, capacity for building off of one another,
an integral part of our so called cumulative culture that has allowed us to build up so much in so little time. But
how do we develop such advanced methods of learning in the first place? Kevin Leyland of the University of St
Andrews spoke with me about his team's quest to pinpoint the social and cognitive processes that underlie
humans ability to acquire and transmit knowledge.
11.Human life support systems #121036

Dramatic changes in human life support systems took place in the modern world over the last 500 years.
Human populations during this time period reached unprecedented sizes and growth rates. Global migrations
introduced exotic plants, animals, diseases, technologies and cultural beliefs throughout the world. The
Industrial Revolution and its aftermath transformed ecosystems on an unparalleled scale and intensity. Urban
places exploded in number and size during the period and large scale social systems emerged that were tied
together by networks of economic exchange, production and communication.
12.Short written assessment #121037

We're going to have a short written assessment which will happen every fortnight. You will all be broken up
into small groups, so feel free to ask any questions as I go along. And we'll also ask you to participate. So if
you'd all like to open your books to page one.
13.Experimental scientist #121038

What we are going to find out today is how it's a bit more complicated than that, which it always is. I think it's
really wonderful. I mean, not being an experimental scientist myself, I have a kind of envy at the way in which
science can continue to surprise us by this. People working away in labs, moving on our understanding in
ways. Hugo is a cognitive scientist at the French National Center for Scientific Research. Hugo Mercier.
14.Sotheby #121039
The world has changed. The economics of the world have changed, and the art market has come in behind
that.
Absolutely. And it is part of the reason why Christie's left Australia and no longer has an office here. And
Sotheby. it's basically a branch or a franchise, for want of a better word of Sotheby's International. So neither
auction house has a really permanent international presence in Australia because they are focusing their
attentions on the places they can make money, which is the Middle East, India and Asia.

Fill in the Blanks (Listening)
单词命中率：70% 优先级：低
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使用萤火虫 APP 的单词本功能，选择 FIB 听力词汇本，
进入“听写模式”，专门记忆高频词汇，命中率高！
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LISTENING: FILL IN THE BLANKS - 27题
For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure with regards to personal
history. There are just two primary sources for information on the Bard: his works, and various legal and
church documents that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are many gaps in this body of
information, which tells us little about Shakespeare the man.
2.Integrated Ticketing #141002

Well in 2004 we integrated ticketing in South East Queensland, so we introduced a paper ticket that allowed
you to travel across all the three modes in South East Queensland, so bus, train and ferry and the second
stage of integrated ticketing is the introduction of a Smart Card, and the Smart Card will enable people to
store value so to put value on the card, and then to use the card for traveling around the system.
3.Contract Patterns Generator (CPG) #141003

In animals, a movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cord called the central contract
patterns generator (CPG). This produces signals that drive muscles to contract rhythmically in a way that
produces running or walking, depending on the pattern of pulses. A simple signal from the brain instructs the
CPG to switch between different modes such as going from a standstill to walking.
4.Ocean Currents #141004
For many years, the favorite horror story about abrupt climate change was that a shift in ocean currents could
radically cool Europe's climate. These currents, called the overturning circulation, bring warm water and warm
temperatures north from the equator to Europe.
Susan Lozier, an oceanographer at Duke University, says scientists have long worried that this ocean
circulation could be disrupted.
5.Financial Markets #141005

Financial markets swung wildly yesterday in the frenzied trading market by further selling of equities and fears
about an unraveling of the global carry trade. At the same time, trading in the US and European credit markets
were exceptionally heavy for a third consecutive day. London trading was marked by particularly wild swings
in the prices of credit derivatives, used to ensure investors against corporate defaults.
6.Online Dating #141006
Bruch and her colleague Mark Newman studied who swapped messages with whom on a popular online
dating platform in the month of January 2014. They categorized users by desirability using PageRank, one of
the algorithms behind search technology. Essentially, if you receive a dozen messages from desirable users,
you must be more desirable than someone who receives the same number of messages from average users.
Then they asked: How far "out of their league" do online daters tend to go when pursuing a partner? "I think
people are optimistic realists."
In other words, they found that both men and women tended to pursue mates just 25 percent more desirable
than themselves. "So they're being optimistic, but they're also taking into account their own relative position
within this overall desirability hierarchy."

And the study did have a few more lessons for people on the market: "I think one of the take-home messages
from this study is that women could probably afford to be more aspirational in their mate pursuit."
7.Burials #141007
So between 4,000 and 3,000 BC the Mesopotamian Samarian cultures do not practice any kind of burial. And
then, about 3,000, in the early Dynastic Period, these burials start to reappear, and they reappear with a
certain amount of conspicuous consumption, and this is the context for the royal burials at Ur. OK, so, the
royal cemetery erm, consists of quite a number of pits, so these are little people, um, these are the, er,
excavation workers who are coming down into the pits. So you get some sense of how really deep and how
really difficult it was to construct these chambers.
8.Sceptical Environmentalist #141009

Some years ago, Bjorn Lomborg, a young Danish statistician, published a book called The Sceptical
Environmentalist. It became a bestseller and generated a lot of heat. Lomborg was attacked, abused and
accused of all manner of things; not because he denied the fact of global warming - in fact he affirmed it - but
because, on his analysis, the devil and, he says, a lot of deviousness was contained in the details presented
concerning the size of the problem and what were the most responsible steps to take in response to global
warming.
9.Brad and Lisa #141014

Brad: As I was saying, Professor Mitchell...
Lisa: Oh, please call me Lisa.
Brad: Yes, well Lisa, well l'm still trying to get my head around the choice of electives for the optional part of
the third year program. I was thinking of taking personal taxation law, and company tax, together with the
extra five-credit-point course on goods and services and VAT type taxes, but I'm a bit concerned that I'm
going to pigeon-hole myself too early in the course.
Lisa: Yeah, hmmm.
Brad: As you know there are going to be interviews for summer clerkships coming up and I really don’t want to
come across as too focused on certain areas that a lot of firms don't even do, you know, have a practice in.
Lisa: Well, don't forget, um. only about 25% of the course at this stage is elective-based and you'll still have
that core of subjects - crim, legal institutions, evidence, property law, general commercial and fed-con law, all
of which would be of interest to a lot of firms. So if I were you, which I’m not, I’d really just go with what my
interests are, and enjoy the chance to undertake some work in an area that I'm motivated to pursue. Don't you
think? There's an awful lot of time in this profession where you'll be undertaking long, stressful hours on
projects that don't really interest you as much.
10.Laurence Stephen Lowry #141042
Laurence Stephen Lowry was an English artist. Many of his drawings and paintings depict Pendlebury,
Lancashire, where he lived and worked for more than 40 years, Salford and its vicinity.
Lowry is famous for painting scenes of life in the industrial districts of North West England in the mid-20th
century. He developed a distinctive style of painting and is best known for his city landscapes peopled with

human figures, often referred to as ""matchstick men"". He painted mysterious unpopulated landscapes,
brooding portraits and the unpublished ""marionette"" works, which were only found after his death.
11.South Australia #141043

Now that the story's been scratched, it is only part of contingency planning. But it was a symptom of the
dramatic turn of events in South Australia, and it flushed out other remarks from water academics and people
like Tim Flannery, indicating that things were really much worse than had been foreshadowed, even earlier this
year. So is Adelaide, let alone some whole regions of South Australia, in serious bother? Considering that the
vast amount of its drinking water comes from the beleaguered Murray, something many of us outside the state
may not have quite realized. Is their predicament something we have to face up to as a nation?
12.Beautiful Buildings #141044

Along the way we have built unashamedly beautiful buildings, two of which have won and another was runner-
up in the prestigious United Nations World Habitat Award: the first time an Australian building has received
that international honour. We rely on older concepts of Australian architecture that are heavily influenced by
the bush. All residents have private verandhas which allow them to socialize outdoors and also creates some
"defensible space" between their bedrooms and public areas. We use a lot of natural and soft materials to
build beautiful landscape gardens.
13.Sunflowers by Van Gogh #141045

These two paintings, both called “Sunflowers,” are generally accepted as the finest of several depictions of the
thick-stemmed, nodding blooms that Van Gogh made in 1888 and 1889 during his time in Arles. The first is
now in the collection of the National Gallery in London, and the second is in the Van Gogh Museum in
Amsterdam. Van Gogh referred to this work as a “repetition” of the London painting. But art historians and
curators have long been curious to know how different this “repetition” is from the first. Should it be
considered a copy, an independent artwork or something in between? An extensive research project
conducted over the past three years by conservation experts at both the National Gallery and the Van Gogh
Museum has concluded that the second painting was “not intended as an exact copy of the original example,”
said Ella Hendriks, a professor of conservation and restoration at the University of Amsterdam, who was the
lead researcher on the project.
14.Nanotechnology #141046
What is nanotechnology? Well, a report that was put together by a combination of the Royal Society and the
Royal Academy of Engineering that came out last summer, identified two topics. Nano-science is the study of
phenomena and the manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where
properties differ significantly from those as a larger scale. Nanotechnologies are the design characterization,
production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer
scale. So I'll talk a little bit more in a moment about what a nanometer is, but loosely speaking people think of
nanotechnologies as being a sort of a hundred nanometers or less.
15.Carbon-rich soils #141047

Rebuilding carbon-rich agricultural soils is the only real productive permanent solution to taking excess carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere. She's frustrated that scientists and politicians don't see the same opportunities
she sees. This year Australia will emit just over 600 million tonnes of carbon. We can sequester 685 million
tonnes of carbon by increasing soil carbon by half a per cent on only two per cent of the farms. If we increased
it on all of the farms, we could sequester the whole world's emissions of carbon.
16.Cars in America #141049

There are some 250 million cars in America, 250 million cars in the country with just over 300 million people.
And most of those vehicles, of course, are gas powered. This poses a huge challenge given the limited
supplies of oil and the growing urgency of the global warming crisis.
But there is good news, according to our guests today. And that is we have the know-how and the technology
to build sleek, fast automobiles that don't use gasoline. These vehicles of tomorrow are powered by hydrogen
, electricity, bio-fuels, and digital technology. And they already exist. So what's stopping us from putting them
on the roads? Our guests today will help answer that.
17.Beekeeper #141050
Dave Hackenberg, a beekeeper since 1962, can usually tell what killed his bees just by looking at them. If
they're lying on the ground in front of a hive, it's probably pesticides, he says. If the bees are deformed and
wingless, it's probably vampire mites. But last fall, Hackenberg saw something he had never seen before.
Thousands of his bee colonies simply disappeared. He was in Florida at the time, pulling the lids off some of
his commercial hives. To his horror, they were all empty.
18.Dogs and Hygiene Hypothesis #141051

Dogs aren't just man's best friend. Previous studies have shown that kids with dogs are less likely to develop
asthma. Now a new study may show how—if results from mice apply to us. The work was presented at a
meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. The study tests what’s called the hygiene hypothesis. The
idea is that extreme cleanliness may actually promote disease later on. Researchers collected dust from
homes that had a dog. They fed that house dust to mice. They then infected the mice with a common
childhood infection called respiratory syncytial virus—or RSV.
19.Locomotion #141052
We are trying to understand the locomotion of one of our closest living relatives, which is the orangutan, and
also the locomotion of all of the apes and the common ancestor of humans and the other apes. And in that
area, we have had a big problem traditionally, and that we know a lot about how they move around the forest.
I've been out to the forest and spent a year recording the different types of locomotion they use, but we have
no idea about the energetic cost of how they move around the forest and the solutions that they find to
problems of moving around the canopy. And what we're doing here is using the park or athletes as an analogy
for a large bodied ape moving around a complex environment and getting them to move around in the course
that we've made that they've never seen before. And we're going to record their energetic expenditure while
they're doing it.
20.Productivity in Industrial Revolution #141053
I'm going to argue that the tremendous increases in productivity that we associate with the industrial
revolution originate not so much from changes in science or technology or new inventions, where England was
far from unique as from changes in attitudes, attitudes towards morality, towards what constituted the good.
Attitudes towards property, which became in England individuals long before it did on the continent. Attitudes
toward the proper role of government. And together, these attitudes constitute much of what the Luddites
were protesting against.
21.Lead-in time #141054

Lead-in time is the amount of time that elapses between a business placing an order with a supplier for more
stock or raw materials and the delivery of the goods to the business. Businesses want the lead-in time to be as
short as possible, so that they can meet their customer orders and minimize the time between paying for the

stock and receiving the revenue from the customer. However, this may not happen due to a number of factors
, such as delays in the supplier receiving the order, or the breakdown of the suppliers’ lorries delivering the
stock to the business.
22.Malaria #141055
Also, malaria is something that is a very complex disease with this complex life cycle. That means that if you're
going to eliminate it, you have to be able to target cute parasites and humans. You have to be able to target
parasites in the mosquitoes, that mosquito population. And so that requires a lot of resources. It requires really
good planning and a health system across all these different levels. And so I think the political capital that you
need for that, the educational infrastructure you need for that, the economic resources you need for that are
quite a challenge.
23.Corporate culture #141056

For a long time now, it's been a widely accepted and rarely questioned belief that a strong corporate culture
goes hand in hand with success. However, a recent study has cast some doubt on this principle. After all, the
authors of the report argue for culture. A company builds up may be strong, but wrong. There is little point in
every employee marching to the same tune if they are all marching in the wrong direction.
24.Library Catalog #141057

In this tutorial, we will show you how to find specific journal articles using the library catalog. The university
subscribes to over 18,000 journals across a variety of subjects, most of which are available electronically to
find a specific journal article using a library catalog. We need to search by the journal name as individual article
titles are not listed in the catalog.
25.Belief #141058
Belief is the human capacity to imagine, to be creative, to hope and dream, to infuse the world with meanings,
and to cast our aspirations far and wide. Limited neither by personal experience nor material reality. Believing
is a commitment, an investment, a devotion to possibilities. Beliefs permeate neurobiologies, bodies and
ecologies acting as dynamic agents in evolutionary processes. The human capacity for belief, the specifics of
belief, and I, and our diverse belief systems shape, structure and alter our daily lives, our societies, and the
world around us.
26.Life on Mars #141059

The thing that makes it difficult is because even if life had evolved on Mars, the chances of being preserved
are very small. If we use Earth as a reference and our planet is teeming with life, yet it rarely preserves
evidence of life of the fossil record. And the focus now is on exploring for habitable environments. If you're
looking for water, a source of energy, either solar energy or thermal energy or chemical energy, and then
organic carbon, assuming life as we know it on Earth based on carbon. So those are sort of the three things
that we're looking for in the course of our mission.
27.Green chemistry #141060

Green chemistry is a is a concept designed to develop technologies which allow chemistry to be practiced
with minimal damage to the environment or in an environmentally compatible way. And it's meant to cover
both chemical processes and chemical products. The center, if you would, set up about seven or eight years
ago, and the idea was to provide a hub of activities that covered fundamental research work, industrial
collaboration, but also educational developments. So we work with schools and on public understanding
projects as well, and also networking. So we network out to well over 1000 people around the globe.

Write from Dictation
命中率：优先级：极高
“4 中 3”和“3 中 3”
备战策略
保证做到考场遇到原题可以全对！
多关注听力能力的提高，以应对换题季。
【关注残缺新题】
当前趋势
换题季正在收尾的余温阶段，
大多数命中率 3 中 3，少量 3 中 2。
本次更新
WRITE FROM DICTATION - 268题
1.The celebrated theory is still the source of great controversy. #131001

这一著名的理论至今仍是巨大争议的根源。
2.I thought a good architectural structure should be useful, durable and beautiful.#131002
我以为一个好的建筑结构应该是有用的，耐用的，美观的。
3.A group meeting will be held tomorrow in the library conference room. #131003
明天将在图书馆会议室举行小组会议。
4.A number of students have volunteer jobs.#131004
许多学生从事志愿工作。
5.Educational level is found to be related to social and economic background.#131005
教育水平与社会和经济背景有关。
6.All dissertations must be accompanied by a submission form.#131011
所有论文必须附上提交表格。
7.All industries are a system of inputs, processes, outputs and feedback.#131012
所有行业都是一个输入、处理、输出和反馈的系统。
8.All students are expected to attend ten lab sessions per semester. #131016
所有学生每学期需参加十次实验。
9.Our view is that educational reforms have been inadequately implemented.#131020
我们的看法是，教育改革执行得不够充分。
10.Most scientists believe that climate change threatens the lives on earth.#131021
大多数科学家认为气候变化威胁地球上的生命。
11.Americans have typically defined the process of plant growth in quantitative terms.#131023
美国人通常用定量术语来定义植物生长的过程。
12.An introduction is an essential element of presentation#131025
简介是演讲的基本要素。
13.Certain scientific principles must be learned verbally or by logical deduction.#131038
某些科学原理必须要通过口头教学或逻辑推理来学习。
14.Climate change is now an acceptable phenomenon among a group of reputable scientists.#131039
在一群有声望的科学家中，气候变化现在是一种可以接受的现象。
15.Clinical placements in nursing prepare students for professional practice. #131041
护理专业的临床实习使学生为专业实践做好准备。
16.Convincing evidence to support this theory is hard to obtain. #131047
支持这一理论的令人信服的证据很难获得。
17.Daily practice can build confidence and improve skills.#131048
每天的练习可以建立自信，提高技能。
18.The economic strength of the early Roman Republic will be examined. #131054
我们将考察罗马共和国早期的经济实力。
19.Everyone must evacuate the premises during the fire drill. #131057
在消防演习期间，每个人都必须撤离场地。
20.Many experts think that the world climate is constantly changing.#131058
许多专家认为世界气候在不断变化。
21.Human beings compete with other living things for resources and space. #131061
人类与其他生物竞争资源和空间。
22.He landed a job in a very prestigious law firm.#131068
他在一家非常著名的律师事务所找到了一份工作。
23.I thought it was through the small meeting room.#131070
我以为是穿过那个小会议室。
24.If finance is a cause of concern, scholarships may be available. #131072
如果经济原因令人担忧，奖学金也许是可以申请。
25.If you need additional help, visit the student resource center.#131075
如果你需要额外的帮助，请访问学生资源中心。
26.Important details from the argument are missing in the summary. #131077
摘要中缺少了论证中的重要细节。
27.It may not be possible to solve the problem easily. #131086
想要轻易解决这个问题也许是不可能的。
28.Listening is the key skill needed to succeed in this course.#131092
听力是学好这门课的关键能力。
29.Many birds migrate to warmer areas for the winter. #131093
许多鸟冬季迁徙到较暖和的地区。
30.Medical researchers have focused on different causes of diseases and treatments.#131096
医学研究人员关注疾病的不同病因和治疗方法。
31.Most theories were quite similar but a few critics disagreed.#131100
大多数理论都非常相似，但也有一些批评家不同意。
32.Newspapers are supported primarily by the sale of advertising space.#131105
报纸的收入主要来自广告版面的销售。
33.Nurses can specialize in clinical work or management. #131107
护士可以专攻临床工作或管理。
34.Our professor is hosting the business development conference. #131113
我们的教授正在主持商业发展会议。
35.Packaging is very important to attract the attention of a buyer. #131116
包装对于吸引购买者的注意是非常重要的。
36.Peer group pressure has a significant effect on young people.#131118
同辈群体压力对年轻人有很大的影响。
37.Plants are the living things that can grow in land or in water. #131119
植物是能在陆地或水中生长的生物。
38.Please note that the submission deadlines are only negotiable in exceptional circumstances. #131122
请注意，截止日期只有在特殊情况下才可以协商。
39.Remember, the prestigious election of stewardship has strict eligibility criteria.#131136
记住，这场有声望的管理层选举有严格的资格标准。
40.The supposed benefits of space exploration are frequently questioned.#131142
太空探索的所谓好处经常受到质疑。
41.Scientists are always asking the government for more money.#131143
科学家总是向政府要更多的钱。
42.The speaker began by giving an outline of her presentation.#131145
演讲者先给出了她今天讲座的大纲。
43.Some people argue that education is not that important.#131151
有些人认为教育不是那么重要。
44.Some students find that true or false questions are harder than short answers. #131153
一些学生发现正误问题比简答题难。
45.You are advised to use multiple research methods for this project. #131156
建议你们在这个项目中使用多种研究方法。
46.Students requiring an extension should apply sooner rather than later.#131160
要求延期的学生应尽早申请，不宜推迟。
47.A bar chart provides a useful means of data comparison. #131173
柱状图提供了一种很有用的数据比较方法。
48.The aerial photographs were promptly registered for thorough evaluation.#131174
航拍照片被迅速登记，以便进行全面的评估。
49.The application processes may take longer than expected.#131175
申请过程可能比预期的时间更长。
50.The archeologist's new discoveries stand out in previously overlooked foundations. #131176
这位考古学家的新发现在以前被忽视的基础上更引人注目。
51.The artists tied to the conservative politicians earned the roles of critics.#131179
那些与保守派政客有联系的艺术家成为了批评家。
52.The assessment of this course will begin next week.#131180
这门课的评估将于下周开始。
53.The author’s early works were less philosophical and more experimental .#131181
这个作者的早期作品更少哲理性，更多实验性。
54.The campus tour will help you to get familiar with the teaching facilities.#131185
校园参观将帮助你熟悉教学设施。
55.The chemistry building is located near the entrance to the campus.#131186
化学楼位于校园入口处附近。
56.The city’s founders created a set of rules that became law.#131187
这座城市的创建者创建了一套规则，并最终成为法律。
57.The digital revolution has changed the way we read.#131190
数字革命改变了我们阅读的方式。
58.The course will help students to improve their pronunciation skills.#131191
这门课程将帮助学生提高他们的发音技巧。
59.The designers will complete the plan later today.#131194
设计师们将在今天晚些时候完成这个设计图。
60.The earth's atmosphere is primarily composed of oxygen and nitrogen gases.#131198
地球大气层主要由氧气和氮气组成。
61.The essay should be easy to complete once the research is finished.#131201
一旦研究完成，论文应该很容易完成。
62.The faculty staff are very approachable, friendly and extremely helpful.#131205
教职工都很平易近人，友好，而且非常乐于助人。
63.The first assignment is due on the fourteenth of September#131208
第一次作业要在九月十四日交。
64.The garden behind the university is open to the public in summer.#131209
大学后面的花园在夏天对公众开放。
65.The history of the university is a long and interesting one.#131211
这所大学的历史悠久而有趣。
66.The island is located at the south end of the bay.#131213
这个岛位于海湾的南端。
67.The key difference between courses is the kind of assessment.#131214
课程之间的主要区别在于评估方式的不同。
68.The most popular courses still have a few places left.#131222
最受欢迎的课程仍有一些空缺席位。
69.The nation achieved prosperity by opening its ports for trade. #131224
这个国家通过开放贸易港口而实现了繁荣。
70.The qualification will be assessed by using a criterion-referenced approach. #131230
资格将通过使用参考标准进行评估。
71.The students were instructed to submit their assignments before Friday.#131244
学生们被要求在星期五之前交作业。
72.The synopsis contains the most important information. #131247
大纲包含了最重要的信息。
73.The theme of the instrumental work exhibits more of a demure compositional style.#131251
这首乐器演奏的主题表现出了极为庄重的创作风格。
74.The ways in which people communicate are constantly changing.#131260
人们交流的方式在不断变化。
75.This morning’s lecture on economic policy has been canceled. #131276
今天早上的经济政策课取消了。
76.Traffic is the main cause of air pollution in many cities. #131284
在许多城市，交通是空气污染的主要原因。
77.Tribes vied with each other to build monolithic statues.#131287
部落为了建造巨型雕像而互相竞争。
78.Understanding how to use the library will save your time.#131289
了解如何使用图书馆会节省你的时间。
79.University fees are expected to increase next year.#131291
预计明年大学学费将会上涨。
80.We can’t consider any increase in our price at this stage.#131296
在这个阶段，我们不能考虑任何的涨价。
81.We study science to understand and appreciate the world around us.#131298
我们学习科学是为了理解和欣赏我们周围的世界。
82.We were able to contact a number of research subjects.#131301
我们联系到了一些研究对象。
83.Manufacture can now employ more people than agriculture and fishing combined.#131333
制造业现在雇佣的人比农业和渔业加起来还要多
84.There is a welcome party for all new students each term.#131353
每学期都有一个欢迎新生的晚会。
85.They developed a unique approach to training their employees.#131356
他们开发了一种独特的方法来培训他们的员工。
86.The university should have invested in new technology to support learning.#131367
大学应该投资新技术来支持学习。
87.A good academic paper should present a clear argument.#131370
一篇好的学术论文应该呈现一个清晰的论点。
88.Before submitting your dissertation, your advisor must approve your application.#131377
在提交论文之前，您的导师必须批准您的申请。
89.In this language course, we focus on both fluency and accuracy.#131386
在这门语言课程中，我们注重流利度和准确度。
90.Some people are motivated by competition, while others prefer to collaborate.#131396
有些人的动力是竞争，而另一些人更喜欢合作。
91.Students intending to go to the conference must register now.#131397
打算去参加会议的学生现在必须登记。
92.Students are encouraged to monitor their own attendance.#131399
我们鼓励学生自己监督自己的出勤率。
93.The ability to work with fellow students cannot be stressed enough.#131401
与同学一起工作的能力是再怎么强调也不为过的。
94.The department has higher than normal proportion of postgraduate students.#131411
这个学院的研究生比例高于正常水平。
95.The plight of local wildlife has been ignored by developers.#131415
当地野生动物的困境一直被开发商忽视。
96.The professor took one year off to work on her book.#131417
教授休了一年的假来写她的书。
97.There are many different types of governments in the world.#131423
世界上有许多不同类型的政府。
98.This problem is complex and difficult to explain.#131426
这个问题复杂而难以解释。
99.The lecture tomorrow will discuss the educational policy of the United States.#131428
明天的讲座将讨论美国的教育政策。
100.The department is organizing a trip to London in July.#131440
该部门正在组织7月份飞往伦敦的旅行。
101.Food has become a political issue in the world.#131441
食品已经成为世界上的一个政治问题。
102.Speed is defined as how quickly an object or a person moves.#131443
速度的定义是物体或人移动的速度。
103.Animal and plant cells have a number of structures in common. #131444
动物和植物的细胞有许多共同的结构。
104.Protective clothing must always be worn in the laboratory.#131449
在实验室里必须一直穿着防护服。
105.Being bilingual does not necessarily mean having the ability to analyze the languages.#131450
会说两种语言并不一定意味着有分析语言的能力。
106.International exchange formed the important part of our study program. #131461
国际交流是我们学习计划的重要组成部分。
107.The shipwreck of this year ruined some artifacts which were interested by historians.#131463
今年的海难毁坏了一些历史学家感兴趣的文物。
108.Renovation works are currently undertaken throughout the whole building.#131465
整幢大楼目前正在进行翻新工程。
109.The bus for London will leave ten minutes later than planned. #131466
开往伦敦的公共汽车将比原计划晚开10分钟。
110.A series of lectures showed economics have been recorded.#131468
一系列的讲座表明经济学已经被记录下来。
111.Consumer confidence tends to increase as the economy expands.#131469
随着经济繁荣，消费者信心往往会增强。
112.Time and distance are used to calculate speed. #131479
时间和距离被用来计算速度。
113.The history department is very active in research. #131486
历史系非常积极地参与研究工作。
114.Castles were designed to intimidate both local people and enemies.#131495
建造城堡是为了震慑当地人和敌人。
115.Blue whales are the largest mammals that have ever lived.#131497
蓝鲸是有史以来最大的哺乳动物。
116.The opening hours of the library are reduced during summer.#131498
图书馆在夏季的开放时间减少了。
117.A laptop computer has been found in the biology lab.#131499
在生物实验室里发现了一台笔记本电脑。
118.His appointment to the Minister of Culture was seen as a demotion. #131500
他被任命为文化部长被认为是降职。
119.Measures must be taken to prevent the unemployment rate from increasing. #131501
必须采取措施防止失业率上升。
120.Muscle cells bring parts of the body closer together.#131503
肌肉细胞使身体的各个部分紧密相连。
121.Journalism faces the crisis in the light of the digital revolution. #131505
新闻业面临着数字革命带来的危机。
122.Photography can be very useful to geographical research.#131508
摄影对地理研究很有用。
123.Request for late applications will not be accepted under any circumstances.#131509
在任何情况下，都不接受逾期递交的申请。
124.Salt is produced from seawater or extracted from the ground.#131513
盐是从海水中产生的或从地下提取的。
125.You do not need specialist knowledge to enjoy this book.#131517
你不需要专业知识就能欣赏这本书。
126.A mixture is defined as a compound of chemically separate parts.#131522
混合物被定义为化学上分离部分的组合。
127.More graduate training is needed after university study has finished.#131523
大学学习结束后，需要更多的研究生培训。
128.He was regarded as the foremost economist at his time.#131528
他被认为是他那个时代最重要的经济学家。
129.Your ideas are discussed and debated in seminars and tutorials.#131530
你的想法在研讨会和辅导课中被讨论和辩论。
130.Our study program equips students with essential skills for university.#131532
我们的学习计划使学生具备上大学所需的基本技能。
131.Academic libraries across the world are steadily incorporating social media.#131534
世界各地的学术图书馆都在逐步地使用社交媒体。
132.Students should leave their bags on the table by the door.#131544
学生们应该把书包放在门边的桌子上。
133.New materials and techniques are changing the style of modern architecture.#131547
新材料和新技术正在改变现代建筑的风格。
134.There will be a chemistry test in the class next week.#131553
下周，班里将进行化学测试。
135.Sea levels are expected to rise during the next century.#131556
海平面预计在下个世纪会上升。
136.Honey can be used as food and a health product.#131575
蜂蜜既可以作为食品，也可以作为保健品。
137.Farmers need to adapt to the changes in climate.#131577
农民需要适应气候的变化。
138.Psychologists say that what we have experienced influences our behaviors.#131578
心理学家说，我们的经历会影响我们的行为。
139.Many university lectures can now be viewed on the internet. #131579
现在可以在网上观看许多大学的讲座。
140.An effective business manager is always open to new ideas.#131580
一个有能力的业务经理总是会接受新想法。
141.The department works closely with business communities.#131581
该部门与商界紧密合作。
142.There is an accounting assignment for finance students. #131584
金融专业的学生有一个会计作业。
143.Relying on natural ability will not get you far in science.#131585
在科学/理科的学习上，依靠天生的能力不会使你走得很远。
144.We should never underestimate the power of creative design.#131588
我们永远不能低估创意设计的力量。
145.Linguistics is the scientific study and analysis of language.#131589
语言学是针对语言的科学研究和科学分析。
146.The orchestra will be led by a visiting conductor.#131594
管弦乐队将由来访的指挥家来指挥。
147.Please return the reference book to the correct position on the shelf.#131596
请把参考书书放回架子上正确的位置。
148.Marine environments have been destroyed by pollution and unsustainable development.#131603
海洋环境已经被污染和不可持续的发展破坏了。
149.Designers need to keep up with social trends.#131604
设计师需要跟上社会潮流。
150.Exotic activities can help students develop more talents.#131606
海外活动可以帮助学生发展更多的才能。
151.A new collection of articles has just been published.#131607
一本新的文集刚刚出版。
152.The digital camera has some advantages over traditional film.#131611
数码相机比传统胶卷有一些优势。
153.Auditions for the university choir will be held next week.#131614
大学合唱团的海选将于下周举行。
154.There is no fixed career path for a qualified journalist.#131617
合格的记者没有固定的职业道路。
155.Trees benefit the city by soaking up the rainwater that runs off the roads.#131622
树木通过吸收从道路上流下的雨水的方式来助益城市。
156.The commissioner will apportion the funds among all the authorities.#131625
专员将把这笔资金分配给所有当局。
157.Many diseases that were once serious have now been eradicated.#131636
许多曾经严重的疾病现在已被根除。
158.The deadline for this assignment is next Wednesday.#131647
这个作业的截止日期是下周三。
159.The extent of advertising to children is very much open to debate.#131687
广告对儿童的影响程度是很容易引起争论的。
160.Rising sea temperatures are a sign of climate change. #131688
海水温度上升是气候变化的征兆。
161.Members should make mandatory contributions to associated operating funds. #131692
各成员应为相关运营基金进行强制性捐款。
162.The key witnesses to the event have conflicting recollections.#131695
该事件的主要目击者的回忆相互矛盾。
163.The very basic definition of computing would be counting and calculating.#131709
计算机算法的最基本定义应该是计数和运算。
164.He wrote poetry and plays as well as scientific papers. #131724
他不仅写科学论文，还写诗歌和戏剧。
165.The economic predictions turned out to be incorrect. #131735
经济预测结果是不正确的。
166.Good nutrition is crucial to general health and vitality.#131749
良好的营养对整体健康和活力至关重要。
167.The momentum is defined as the combination of mass and velocity.#131755
动量被定义为质量和速度的结合。
168.A world-renowned expert on economics and marketing will give a lecture. #131784
一位世界知名的经济学和市场营销专家将进行讲座。
169.The study of anthropology can help us learn about society today.#131793
人类学的研究可以帮助我们了解当今社会。
170.The north campus car park could be closed on Sunday.#131802
北校区的停车场可能在周日关闭。
171.The study center in the library has all the latest technologies.#131827
图书馆的学习中心拥有所有最新的技术。
172.The poster of this play is hung in the largest lecture theater.#131843
这出戏的海报挂在最大的演讲厅里。
173.Optional tutorials are offered in the final week of the term.#131850
选修辅导课在学期的最后一周提供。
174.Technology is changing the way that media is used and studied.#131851
科技正在改变人们使用和研究媒体的方式。
175.You will be tested by continuous assessments and examinations.#131861
你将以持续评估和考试的方式接受测试。
176.The college operates a system of continuous assessments.#131864
这所学院实行持续评估制度。
177.Practical experience is a vital part of legal training. #131885
实践经验是法律培训的重要组成部分。
178.There is a pharmacy on campus near the bookstore.#131898
校园里书店附近有个药房。
179.The rising temperature is changing the wildlife population.#131905
气温上升正在改变野生动物的数量。
180.The other book isn't thorough, but it's more insightful.#131918
另一本书不够详尽，但更有见地。
181.Many businesses near the campus offer student discounts.#131920
校园附近的许多商家都提供学生折扣。
182.Studies showed there is a positive correlation between the two variables.#131922
研究表明，这两个变量之间存在正相关关系。
183.You should have awareness of how the business operates globally.#131923
你应该了解公司是如何在全球范围内运作的。
184.We have sophisticated ways of studying the brain in action.#131928
我们有复杂成熟的方法来研究大脑的活动。
185.The dance department stages elaborated performances each semester.#131929
舞蹈系的舞台每学期都会呈现精心编排的表演。
186.An architect is required to have problem-solving skills and an eye for design.#131930
建筑师需要有解决问题的能力和设计的眼光。
187.Student representatives will be visiting the classes with voting forms.#131933
学生代表将带着投票表格去每个班级。
188.The article considers the leisure habits of teenagers in rural areas.#131934
本文展现了农村青少年的休闲习惯。
189.The university will cease the colossal renovation to the faint empty theater.#131942
这所大学将停止对那座昏暗的空剧院的大规模整修。
190.During that time, people had large families as insurance against some children loss.#131972
在那个时期，人们有大家庭（生孩子很多）作为可能会失去孩子的保险。
191.The exam application system has been upgraded for professional exams.#131981
针对专业考试我们升级了考试申请系统。
192.New media has transcended traditional national boundaries.#131986
新媒体超越了传统的国界。
193.Please confirm that you have received the textbook.#131987
请确认课本已经收到。
194.One student representative will be selected from each class.#131990
每个班将选出一名学生代表。
195.Accountancy students have to hand in their dissertations this week.#131993
会计专业的学生必须在本周交论文。
196.While some people regard it as reforming zeal, others regard it as recklessness. #131996
有人认为这是改革的热情，也有人认为这是鲁莽。
197.We have a great deal of debate on that topic. #1311019
我们在那个话题上有很多争论。
198.The marketing budget has been doubled since the beginning of the year.#1311026
营销预算自年初以来已经翻了一番。
199.We encourage students to complete their applications before the deadline . #1311027
我们鼓励学生在截止日期前完成申请。
200.The curriculum should be adjusted to the current development.#1311032
课程设置应适应当前的发展。
201.Lectures are the oldest and the most formal teaching method at university.#1311033
讲座是大学里最古老、最正式的教学方法。
202.Research shows that exercising makes us feel better.#1311034
研究表明，锻炼让我们感觉更好。
203.The student shop sells a range of stationery.#1311037
学生商店出售各种文具。
204.Before you choose your university courses, you should consider your future career.#1311044
在你选择大学课程之前，你应该考虑一下你未来的职业。
205.Graduates from this course typically pursue careers in financial sector.#1311047
这门课程的毕业生通常会在金融部门工作。
206.It is a debate about the value of knowledge.#1311050
这是一场关于知识价值的辩论。
207.Tutors should set a clear goal at the start of the class.#1311053
导师应该在课程开始时设定一个明确的目标。
208.Students who study overseas can significantly improve their work chances.#1311056
出国留学的学生可以显著提高他们的工作机会。
209.Strangely, people are simultaneously impressed by and are skeptical about statistics. #1311057
奇怪的是，人们对"统计数据"既感到印象深刻又持怀疑态度。
210.Vocabulary that is peculiar in a special field is called jargon.#1311059
在某一特定领域特有的词汇被称为“行话”。
211.The timetable for the next term will be available next week.#1311061
下学期的课程表将于下周公布。
212.You must answer security questions when you reset your password.#1311063
当你重设密码时，你必须回答安全问题。
213.Astronomers use light years to measure distance in space.#1311064
天文学家用“光年”来测量太空中的距离。
214.Currently the growth of the economy is unpredictable.#1311065
目前的经济增长是不可预测的。
215.The collapse of the housing market has caused recessions.#1311066
房地产市场的崩溃引发了经济衰退。
216.When the root system of a plant fails, foliage suffers.#1311067
当植物的根系衰竭时，叶子也会受损。
217.The course involves a combination of pure and applied mathematics.#1311068
这门课程涉及纯数学和应用数学的结合。
218.Calculators allow us to add numbers without making mistakes.#1311070
计算器使我们加数字时不犯错误。
219.Most of the lectures begin promptly, so do not be late.#1311072
大多数的讲座都会准时开始，所以不要迟到。
220.Students must wear protective clothing that is provided in the medical laboratory.#1311075
学生必须穿着医学实验室提供的防护服。
221.The stock market crash had repercussions throughout the world.#1311076
股市崩盘在全世界产生了影响。
222.The student union hosts a variety of social events.#1311077
学生会举办各种各样的社交活动。
223.Default designed packages are likely to be used for most computers.#1311079
大多数电脑都可能使用默认设计的包装。
224.Population has a sharp rise in the recent twenty years.#1311080
近二十年来人口急剧增加。
225.The museum is closed on the third Monday of every month.#1311081
博物馆每个月的第三个星期一闭馆。
226.Stories often contain messages in our life. #1311082
故事常常包含着我们生活中的信息。
227.You must be able to work in a team.#1311083
你必须能够在团队中工作。
228.Some people believe that education should be free to everyone.#1311084
有些人认为教育应该对每个人免费。
229.You can use your laptops in the lecture.#1311085
你们可以在课堂上使用笔记本电脑。
230.Computers used to be larger than they are now.#1311086
过去的计算机比现在的大。
231.Figures could be established through rigorous establishment. #1311087
数据可以通过严格的编制来确定。
232.Houses were built for workers near the factories.#1311088
工厂附近为工人盖了房子。
233.Social psychology is concerned with the understanding of human behaviors.#1311089
社会心理学关注的是对人类行为的理解。
234.Our faculty includes five libraries in the university.#1311090
我们学院在大学里有五间图书馆。
235.This is the first example of a modern and professional army.#1311091
这是现代化和职业化军队的第一个例子。
236.It is important to plan your study time carefully.#1311092
认真规划学习时间是很重要的。
237.Gravity is the force that attracts two bodies toward one another.#1311093
重力是把两个物体相互吸引的力。
238.Many different conferences offer opportunities for volunteer work.#1311094
许多不同的会议提供志愿者工作的机会。
239.The best student has an opportunity to require a scholarship.#1311095
最好的学生有机会需要奖学金。
240.You are required to attend lectures and write weekly reports.#1311096
你被要求上课并写周报。
241.A series of the observations were carried out in the classroom.#1311097
在教室里进行了一系列的观察。
242.The reception staff provide advice on renting private accommodation.#1311098
接待处的工作人员会针对租用私人住所提供建议。
243.The government department was doing some crucial work on climate change. #1311099
政府部门正在做一些关于气候变化的关键工作。
244.There are many branches of medical studies.#1311100
医学有许多分支。
245.There was a prize for the best student presentation.#1311101
有一个最佳学生演讲奖。
246.Most of these features were part of the previous system. #131098
大多数这些特性都是以前系统的一部分。
247.The university theater group will be performing in the concert hall. #131114
我们的大学剧团将在音乐厅演出。
248.Resources and materials are on hold at the library reference desk.#131137
图书馆的咨询台保留着资源和资料。
249.Rivers provide habitats for fish and other aquatic species. #131140
河流为鱼类和其他水生物种提供栖息地。
250.Food that contains antibiotics provides few or no nutrition values.#131172
含有抗生素的食物几乎没有营养价值。
251.There are some doubts about whether these events actually occurred.#131262
人们对这些事件是否真的发生过有些怀疑。
252.Years of training are required to become a medical specialist. #131308
成为医学专家需要多年的训练。
253.Education and training provide important skills for the labor force. #131334
教育培训为劳动力提供了重要的技能。
254.Continuing students will be sent the necessary application forms. #131405
继续就读的学生将收到所需的申请表格。
255.You must hand in your essays by midday on Friday.#131456
作业必须在星期五中午前提交。
256.The notification will not be received until the following week.#131516
通知要到下一周才会收到。
257.New developments in manufacturing are constantly changing the way we live.#131540
制造业的新发展不断地改变着我们的生活方式。
258.A visit to the designed museum is of great value.#131609
参观精心设计的博物馆是非常有价值的。
259.The degree is taught by using a mixture of lectures and seminars.#131650
该学位是通过讲座和研讨课的结合来教授的。
260.You need to hand in an essay next semester. #131725
你需要在下个学期交一篇论文。
261. It is important to make clear notes when you are reading.#131781
阅读时作清楚的笔记是很重要的。
262.The director of the gallery was grateful for the anonymous donation.#131921
美术馆馆长对匿名捐赠表示感谢。
263.His analysis study appears to be based on the false premise. #1311010
他的分析研究似乎是基于了错误的前提条件。
264.Any gain on sales of property must be allocated promptly.#1311015
出售财产所获得的任何收益都必须及时分配。
265.Visual aid can be really helpful when you are revising. #1311025
当你复习的时候，视觉辅助真的很有帮助。
266.Artists need to make their works both original and accessible.#1311102
艺术家需要使他们的作品既具有原创性又易于理解。
267.Muscles bring parts of the body close together.#1311103
肌肉使身体各部分紧密相连。
268.Physical strength can be enhanced through regular training.#1311104
通过定期训练可以增强体力。

【12 14-12 20】萤火虫PTE真题预测

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【12 14-12 20】萤火虫PTE真题预测

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萤火虫 PTE 真题预测

Read Aloud 第 1 页/187 页

Repeat Sentence 第 18 页/187 页

Describe Image 第 27 页/187 页

Retell Lecture 第 34 页/187 页

Answer Short Question 第 36 页/187 页

Summarize Written Text 第 39 页/187 页

Writing Essay 第 41 页/187 页

Re-order paragraphs 第 48 页/187 页

Fill in the blanks (R & W) 第 62 页/187 页

Fill in the blanks (R) 第 101 页/187 页

Summarize spoken text 第 115 页/187 页

Highlight incorrect words 第 151 页/187 页

Fill in the blanks (Listening) 第 154 页/187 页

Write from Dictation 第 159 页/187 页

2.Carbon Emission #011002

3.Tesla and Edison #011003

4.Productive Capacity #011004

8.Fiscal Year #011008

15.Avi Loeb #011015

16.Yellow Tulip #011016

17.Grand Canyon #011017

18.English Revolution #011018

20.Global Warming #011020

21.Marine Biologist #011021

22.Company-Oriented Reforms #011022

24.Modern buildings #011024

27.Studying Abroad #011028

28.Energy and Pollution #011030

30.Recent Trend #011032

31.Hamburg University #011033

32.The Border #011034

33.Long-Distance Fliers #011035

36.Roman Writers #011040

39.US Student Debt #011044

40.War On Women #011047

41.Glamorous Person #011048

44.Naming English #011052

47.Free Trade #011057

50.Insults and Criticism #011060

51.Sleep Apnea #011061

53.Trade Unions #011064

55.Such an agreement #011069

56.Uncaffeinated Adults #011070

59.Genuine Republic #011075

61.Brain Hemispheres [V1] #011078

62.Introvert and Extrovert #011079

64.Easy-To-Use Statistics #011081

65.Written Examination #011083

67.Life Expectancy #011087

69.Botanic Garden #011092

71.Incentive Pay Schemes #011098

73.Industrial Revolution #011102

74.Diversity of Language #011104

76.Living Room #011107

77.Teacher’s instruction #011108

78.Legal Writing #011113

79.Two Sisters #011115

81.Marketing Management #011120

82.Australian English #011124

84.Environmental Policy Course #011130

85.Business School Admissions #011132

86.Online Shopping Environments #011133