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 Analog & Digital Communications Lab

Two methods are typically used to produce analog angle modulation in modern communication
systems; the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and the the direct digital synthesizer. TheVCO
is a device which directly generates an FM signal

Commercial FM broadcast stations in INDIA are limited to amaximum frequency deviation of

75 kHz, and modulating frequencies typically cover 30 Hz to 15 ktHz. High-quality FM radios
have bandwidth of at least 200 kHz.

PROCEDURE:
Switch on the FM demonstration board by connecting the power card.
Observe modulating signal and set the frequency fn equal to 7 kHz and
amplitude Am variable from 0-10Vpeak to peak.
Observe carrier signal and measure the frequency f. and amplitude which is
generated by 1C 8038 (FM Modulator output) in the absence of modulating
signal.
Apply both modulating signal and carrier signal to the FM modulator and observe
the modulated output.
SPECTAL ANALYSIS
Connect FM output to the spectrum Analyzer Input to observe the frequency
spectrum.
Set the center freuency to the carrier frequency = fe
observe the significant sidebands centered around carrier frequency and measure
the maximum frequency deviation in the modulated signal
Calculate modulation index (B) and transmicsion bandwidth of FM.
By varying the message signal amplitude, observe the frequency modulated signal
and calculate the corresponding modulation index and bandwidth for different
amplitudes of message signal.
Observe the relation between amplitude of modulating signal, modulation index,
number of significant sidebands in the frequency spectrum and the transmission
Bandwidth
Apply Frequency Modulated signal to the demodulator input. Observe the
demodulated signal and measure amplitude and frequency of the recovered
message signal.

43
GayatriVidyaParishad College Of Engineering (A)
 Analog & Digital Communications Lab

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

1.540

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1.5k0
5.1 V 5.1V

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39k0 TLO84CIN
TLO84CN
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Figure 4. 1. Modulating Signal Generator

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TLO84 1KpF

FM MODULATOR

44
GayatriVidyaParishad College of Engineering (A)
 Analog &Digital Communications Lab

Figure 4.2. Frequency Modulator

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FM DEMODULATOR TUNING FILTER - AMPLIFIER

Figure 4.3. Frequency Demodulator

OBSERVATIONS:

Modulating or message signal frequency fm =

Carrier signal frequency f
Carrier signal amplitude V. =

No. of
Highest
Message Sideband Measured Modulation Bandwidth
S.N signal sighifican deviation index
frequency B
Amplitude component Af= fsg- f
Vm sidebands
fsB

Calculations:
Theoretical Bandwidth B= 0

45
GayatriVidyaParishad College Of Engineering (A)
 Analog & Digital Communications Lab

Practical Bandwidth BW =2(4f+ f).

ModelGraphs:

V Figure 4.4. Message signal

Figure 4.5. Carrier signal

Figure 4.6. Modulated waveforms

ANALYSIS:

46

GayatriVidyaParishad College Of Engineering (A)

 Analog Digital Communications Lab

PRECAUTIONS:

loose connections.
3. Thecircuit should be connccted properly without any
than frequency of message signal.
4. The frequency of carrier frequency must be higher
5. Spectrum analyzer precaution.

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Define Frequency Modulation ?

index ?
2. Define Frequency deviation and modulation
over AM modulation ?
3. List the advantages of FM modulation
4. What are the different FM generation Techniques ?
5. What is the band used for FM broadcasting ?
used in FM according to FCC ?
6. What is the maximum modulating signal frequency
channel ?
7. What is the bandwidth used for one FM broadcasting
?
8. What are the different types of FM detectors
9. What is Carsons' srule ?
10. What is Threshold effect and Capture effect ?

ACTIVITY:
bandwidth of FM.
How to calculate maximum transmission
Hint: Carrier Null Method.
Using the mathematical relation between FM and PM, design Phase Modulator using
Frequency Modúlator experimental kit.

"47
GayatriVidyaParishad College Of Engineering (A)