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3
Earth Systems and
Ecosystems
Chapter Objectives
This chapter will help students
Discuss how living and nonliving entities interact and how energy and matter
move around in ecosystems
Recognize the importance and complexity of the differing spatial and temporal
scales of Earth processes
Summarize the main global biogeochemical cycles and their human impacts,
especially the global water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles
Chapter Outline
Section PPT #
Ecosystems 3-21 to
Ecosystems are systems of interacting biotic and abiotic components 3-31
Energy is converted to biomass through primary productivity
Nutrient availability limits primary productivity
Ecosystems provide vital services
The Science Behind the Story: The Gulf of Mexico’s “Dead Zone” 3-59
Conclusion 3-60 to
3-61
Key Terms
abiotic flux
air Geographic information systems (GIS)
anthrosphere geosphere
atmosphere Gross primary production (GPP)
bioaccumulate ground water
biochemical cycles Haber-Bosch process
biomass homeostasis
biosphere hydrologic cycle
biotic hydrosphere
carbon (C) hypoxia
carbon cycle landscape ecology
closed systems limiting factor
cryosphere model
cumulative effects negative feedback loop
cycles Net primary production (NPP)
dentrification nitrogen (N)
dynamic equilibrium nitrogen cycle
ecology nitrogen fixation
ecosystem nitrification
ecosystem ecology nutrient cycles
ecotones nutrients
emergent properties open systems
eutrophication phosphorus (P)
evaporation phosphorus cycle
feedback loop positive feedback loop