Fonética y fonología del inglés

Profesor Dr. Darío Barrera Pardo

BOOKLET 3: TRANSCRIPTION

Keyword VOWELS Keyword CONSONANTS

KIT ɪ PEA p
DRESS ɛ TEA t
TRAP æ KEY k
LOT ɑ BEE b
STRUT ʌ DEEP d
FOOT ʊ GUY ɡ
BATH æ ME m
CLOTH ɔ KNEE n
NURSE ɜ˞ RANG ŋ
FLEECE i FEE f
FACE eɪ VEAL v
PALM ɑ THIEF θ
THOUGHT ɔ THEY ð
GOAT oʊ SEA s
GOOSE u ZEAL z
PRICE aɪ SHE ʃ
CHOICE ɔɪ VISION ʒ
MOUTH aʊ LEE l
NEAR ɪɹ WE w
SQUARE ɛɹ YEST j
CURE ʊɹ REST ɹ
LETTER ə˞ HEAT h
COMMA ə CHEAP tʃ
JEEP dʒ

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ACTIVITY: Discovering the production of sounds.

We will do this activity in groups. Work with your classmates to answer the following
questions:

1.What is the difference between a voiceless and a voiced sound?

Give four examples of words that begin with a voiceless sound.

Give three examples of words that end in a voiced sound.

2.What is the difference between an oral and a nasal sound?

Give three examples of words that have a nasal sound in English.

Give three examples of words that have a nasal sound in Spanish.

3. What is meant by place of articulation?

Give three examples of different places of articulation, using English words.

Give three examples of different places of articulation, using Spanish words.

4. What is meant by manner of articulation?

Give three examples of different manners of articulation, using English words.

5. Say which consonant(s), giving examples, are articulated with the following
articulators:

a. teeth b. lips c. alveolar ridge d. velum

6. What does it mean to say that a vowel is high?

Which vowels are high in English?

Give three examples of high vowels using English words.

7. What does it mean to say that a vowel is front?

Which vowels are front in English?

Give three examples of front vowels using English words.

7. What does it mean to say that a vowel is central?

Which vowels are central in English?

Give three examples of central vowels using English words.

8. Place the following words according to the vowel they have in the chart below. Two
are done as a model: feet, bird, moon, bus, stop, saw

front central back

high feet
mid bird
low

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1. SPEECH PRODUCTION

Voiceless/voiced sounds (what are the vocal folds doing?)

VOICELESS: vocal folds apart VOICED: vocal folds together

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 Nasal tract: oral and nasal sound

VELUM IS LOWERED
VELUM IS RAISED

ACTIVITY 1.
A. Look at the following words; some begin with a voiceless consonant and others with
a voiced consonant. Put them in the table below.

think — sue — vision — hissing — bear — pair — maniac — lost — time — shock

voiceless voiced

B. Give three examples of English words that have a voiced consonant at the end of
the word

C. Give three examples of English words that have a voiced consonant in the middle of
the word

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2. DESCRIBING CONSONANTS
a) VOICING
b) PLACE of ARTICULATION
c) MANNER of ARTICULATION

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 These initial consonants have these
places of articulation:

• labiodental: voice
• bilabial: boy
• dental: thin
• alveolar: dog
• palato-alveolar: shy
• palatal: you
• velar: key
• glottal: house

• Consonants are produced by different types of obstruction or constriction made

by the articulators
• The articulators may close off the oral tract, narrow it or approach each other
• These degrees of constriction create different consonants

These different obstructions or constrictions are called

manner of articulation

TYPE OF DEGREE OF CONSTRICTION

CONSONANT

Plosive KEY no air passes through the mouth

Fricative FEE partial obstruction & noticeable friction

Affricate CHEAP plosive followed by a fricative

Nasal ME the velum is down with air going out through

the nasal passage

Lateral LEE the sides of the constriction are open, allowing

air to escape

Approximant WE little obstruction; no frication

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 BILABIAL LABIO- DENTAL ALVEOLAR PALATO- PALATAL VELAR GLOTTAL
DENTAL ALVEOLAR
PLOSIVE p b t d k ɡ
FRICATIVE f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h
AFFRICATE tʃ dʒ
NASAL m n ŋ
LATERAL l
APPROXIMANT w ɹ j w

IPA chart for the English consonants

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ACTIVITY 2.

1. Define the consonant sounds in the middle of each of the following words as indicated in the
example:

Voiced or voiceless Place of articulation Manner of articulation

adder voiced alveolar plosive

mother

sinning

reaching

reason

ahead

vicious

major

2. Give three examples of English words ending with the following sounds

voiced bilabial:

voiced postalveolar

voiced labiodental:

voiced velar:

voiceless dental:

3. Below are some English words. Each has a suggested change associated with it. What English
words could result if you perform the change in each case?

Example: cat ☞ change any velar consonant into any bilabial consonant

Answer: bat, pat, mat

a) fight☞ change any labiodental consonant into any velar consonant
b) take ☞ change any alveolar consonant into any palato-alveolar consonant
c) bathe ☞ change any dental consonant into any alveolar consonant

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a)

b)

c)

4. Transcribe the affricates /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ in the following words. BE CAREFUL! One of them is an
intruder!
hutch gem jump chump jaw
witch judge gel Jew yacht

5. What consonant is being articulated in the profiles below?

a) b) c)

e) f) g)

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6. You are going to listen to a pair of words; write down the two words that you think you hear. Then describe
(VOICING, PLACE, MANNER) the initial consonant in each word of the pair, as in this example:

Example: You hear ‘some’ — ‘thumb’

The initial consonant in the first word is voiceless, alveolar, fricative ( the phonetic symbol is /s/)

The initial consonant in the second word is voiceless, dental, fricative ( the phonetic symbol is /θ/)

The audio for example is on the platform:

CONTENT > ACTIVITIES > PLACE & MANNER > Example

The audios for the other pairs are on the platform as well. Now listen to them and do as in the example:

Pair 1:

Pair 2:

Pair 3:

Pair 4:

Pair 5:

Pair 6:

7. In the words that you will hear, circle the four words in each line that contain the same consonant,
regardless of spelling. Then, using the IPA chart for the English consonants, determine which phonetic
IPA symbol represents the sound common to the four words. The first line is done as an example.

A. goat engine joy fudge giant angle /dʒ/

B. aisle tax scissors fusion racer person / /
C. young few for William onion funnel / /
D. who high honest weather ahead whole / /
E. trough full phone of slough graph / /

HOMEWORK: due on ______________________________

1) This is an online exercise for you to review the organs of speech and places of articulation. Go to this
page and do the exercise there:
https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/acip/course/chapter1/hw/exercise1A.html

2) This is an online exercise for you to review the places and manners of articulation. Go to this page
and do the exercise there:
https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/acip/course/chapter1/hw/exercise1B.html

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3) This is an interactive online exercise for you to review the places and manners of articulation. Go to
this page and do the exercise there:
https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/acip/course/chapter1/hw/exercise1C.html

4) This is an interactive online exercise for you to review the places and manners of articulation. Go to
this page and do the exercise there:
https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/acip/course/chapter1/hw/exercise1E.html

When you’ve done the exercise, complete the following information for each of these words:

Word Word
etching place and manner of articulation lodger voicing

pleasure place of articulation father voicing and place of articulation

selling voicing singing voicing

hopper voicing selling place of articulation

sunny voicing pleasure manner of articulation

adder place of articulation adder manner of articulation

singing place of articulation

3. ARTICULATION OF VOWELS

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ACTIVITY 3.
1. Listen to these six vowels; choose one option for each of the vowels you hear:

1 high — mid-high Listen to vowel 1. Is it feet or fit?

2 mid-high — low Listen to vowel 2. Is it put or pot?

3 mid-low — mid-high Listen to vowel 3. Is it fed or fid?

4 central — front Listen to vowel 4. Is it cut or cat?

5 low — mid-low Listen to vowel 5. Is it fad or fed?

6 back — central Listen to vowel 6. Is it bought or but?

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2. Listen to these group of words; the words in each group have one vowel in common. Which

vowel is it?

1: the vowel these words have in common is / /

2: the vowel these words have in common is / /

3: the vowel these words have in common is / /

4: the vowel these words have in common is / /

5: the vowel these words have in common is / /

6: the vowel these words have in common is / /

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FRONT VOWELS

/i/ /ɪ/ /ɛ/ /æ/

BACK VOWELS

/u/ /ʊ/ /ɔ/ /ɑ/

CENTRAL VOWELS

/ɜ˞/ /ə/ /ə˞/ /ʌ/

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ACTIVITY 4.

1) Which of these words has a central vowel?

best — bee — bus — boss

2) Which of these words has a back vowel?

ball — bust — best — beast

3) Which of these words has a low vowel?

law — lack — less — loot

4) Look at the transcriptions below. Say which word they stand for:

(1) /plʌɡz/ (2) /bʌntʃ/ (3) /kʌd/ (4) /stʌŋk/

if you focus on the spelling of these words, what do they have in common?

(5) /tæŋk/ (6) /tæp/ (7) /stæb/ (8) /ɹæft/

if you focus on the spelling of these words, what do they have in common?

5) Go the site Interactive Sagittal Section: http://smu-facweb.smu.ca/~s0949176/sammy/.

There you fill find the following controls to obtain a visual representation of the different consonants:

Use the controls to obtain the sounds below. Can you say which controls you have used to obtain these
consonants? CONTROLS___________________________________
a. /t/ in the English word tea
b. /t/̪ in the Spanish word té
c. /ŋ/ in song
d. /d/ in deem
e. /ʃ/ in she

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6. Complete the description [place, manner, voicing] of the following articulatory profiles

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 /ɜ˞/

girl care early person word warm

hurt hard curly board bird burn

dirty hair worse burger card hers

purple learn wear circle heard hear

pear turn course skirt worm first

chair third serve work near nurse

Enter in girl and exit through nurse. Try to find your way out of the maze
joining the words that have the mid central vowel /ɜ˞/!

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 TRANSCRIPTION

A: Phonemic or broad transcription

In this type of transcription a careful style of speech is represented. The words appear
in their citation form. This means that their pronunciation is that which appears in
dictionaries.

Phonemes are represented in this type of transcription.

B: Phonetic or narrow/allophonic transcription

In this type of transcription a colloquial style of speech is represented. The words

appear as close as possible to their actual pronunciation. This means that their
pronunciation is sometimes very different from what appears in dictionaries.
Allophones are represented in this type of transcription.

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 /aɪ ˈtɔkt tə ðə ˈtitʃə˞/
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ACTIVITY 5. Read the following sentences. In each of them, an English consonant sound is repeated.
Which consonant is it? Transcribe it, as in the example

Example: Bees buzz about the boat —> /b/

(a) He’s happy and handsome at home /h/ voiceless-glottal-fricative

(b) I managed to join the judge at college /dʒ/ voiced-post-alveolar-affricate

(c) You can’t yawn in the fabulous backyard /j/ voiced-palatal-approximant

(d) Woody Allen walks wishing he was awake /w/ voiced-bilabial-approximant

(e) Sing English songs in the bank /ŋ/voiced-velar-nasal

(f) I voted in favor of a vacation /v/ voiced-labio-dental-fricative

(g) There is that difficulty breathing for them /ð/ voiced-dental-fricative

(h) Sea-shells are a national dish /ʃ/ voiceless-palato-alveolar-fricative

(5) Choose three sentences from the previous question and transcribe them. Use https://ipa.typeit.org/

ACTIVITY 6. The chart below has two columns; in the left column the titles of a 11 songs have
been transcribed, and in the right column there are the names of 11 singers/groups in phonemic
transcription as well.

You have to put the song titles and singers/groups in standard spelling, and try to match them.

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 • Test your Rock ‘n’ Roll culture •

Song title Singer/Group

1) /ˈhaɪweɪ tə ˈhɛl/ A) /ˈlu ˈɹid/

2) /maɪ ˈweɪ/ B) /ˈtɔkɪŋ ˈhɛdz/
3) /ˈsɛks məˈʃin/ C) /ˈhulɪoʊ iˈɡleɪziəs/
4) /ˈsætɪsˈfækʃən/ D) /ˈsɛks ˈpɪstəlz/
5) /ˈtʌnəl əv ˈlʌv/ E) /ˈeɪ si di ˈsː/
6) /wʌns ɪn ə ˈlaɪftaɪm/ F) /ˈɹoʊlɪŋ ˈstoʊnz/
7) /ˈswit ˈdʒeɪn/ G) /pəˈlis/
8) /ˈɡɑd ˈseɪv ðə ˈkwin/ H) /ˈdʒeɪmz ˈbɹaʊn/
9) /ˈdʒeɪlhaʊs ˈɹɑk/ I) /ðə ˈvɔɪs/
10) /aɪ ˈkænt ˈstænd ˈluzɪŋ ju/ J) /ˈbɹus ˈspɹɪŋstin/
11) /heɪ/ K) /ˈɛlvɪs ðə ˈpɛlvɪs/

ACTIVITY 7. Riddles. Can you transcribe the following riddles? What’s the answer to them?

A. I am always hungry, B. The beginning of eternity

I must always be fed, The end of time and space
The finger I touch, The beginning of every end,
Will soon turn red. And the end of every place.

ACTIVITY 8.

(1) One of the main objectives of a pronunciation course is to understand the use of phonetic symbols.
Any good quality English dictionary will show you, along with the definition of the word or its equivalent
in Spanish, a transcription of the word, so that you are able to both pronounce it AND recognize it when
you hear it.

Hidden names. In this activity, you have to find the names of three people. Each name is ‘hidden’ in a
number of columns; in each column there are four words that share a common sound; after reading all
the columns in a name you’ll get the hidden name.

1 2 3 4
First name: assert there arrive about
center air wrong police
lost bear rouge around
explain their train compute

common sound: ______ ______ ______ ______

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 1 2 3 4
Second name: attack loan sign explain
tally dough nose pretty
bit sew tennis busy
today shoulder gnaw women

common sound: ______ ______ ______ ______

1 2 3 4
Third name: mission firm align fish
chef wort marble physics
ambitious worship hill village
obnoxious turn laugh decide

common sound: ______ ______ ______ ______

(2) Place the following consonants in the chart below: /j, dʒ, ð, ŋ, h, w/

(3) What are three differences between a phonemic and a phonetic transcription?

(4) How many spellings can you find for the sound /ʃ/?

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(5) What silent letters can you find in the words below? Transcribe the words.

whistle, wreck, debt, castle, hymn, bone, listen, could, answer, often, aisle, naughty

(6) Which of these transcriptions is narrow? Why?

a) ð̥ə ˈlæst ˈθɪ ̃ŋ ãɪ ˈniːd̥ təˈdeˑɪ ɪz ðæʔ

b) ðə ˈlæst ˈθɪŋ aɪ ˈnid təˈdeɪ ɪz ðæt

ACTIVITY 9. Broken English Spoken Here

Non-English speaking countries sometimes go out of their way to communicate with their
English-speaking tourists. Transcribe phonemically these amusing announcements to
tourists. CHOOSE TWO OF THESE ANNOUNCEMENTS and TRANSCRIBE THEM
PHONEMICALLY:

1. Information booklet about using a hotel air conditioner, Japan:

COOLES AND HEATES: IF YOU WANT CONDITION OF WARM AIR IN YOUR ROOM,
PLEASE CONTROL YOURSELF.

2. In a Nairobi restaurant:
CUSTOMERS WHO FIND OUR WAITRESSES RUDE OUGHT TO SEE THE
MANAGER.

3. Hotel, Japan:
YOU ARE INVITED TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE CHAMBERMAID.

4. A laundry in Rome:
LADIES, LEAVE YOUR CLOTHES HERE AND SPEND THE AFTERNOON HAVING A
GOOD TIME.

5. Airline ticket office, Copenhagen:

WE TAKE YOUR BAGS AND SEND THEM IN ALL DIRECTIONS.

6. Advertising a Guest House in the French Alps:

THERE IS A FRENCH WIDOW IN EVERY BEDROOM - AFFORDING DELIGHTFUL
PROSPECTS.

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ACTIVITY 10. Start Making Sense. In this exercise you have to find the appropriate words in the box that
complete the phrases below. The words in each phrase have a vowel in common; for example, in (1) both
“flash” and “pan” are pronounced with /æ/; in (2) “early” and “bird” have /ɜ˞/.

Write the phonetic symbol for that vowel (the target vowel). Two are done as a model.

stone – rug – moon – blue – bird – pan – pains – shoulder – hatter – face – jobs
– Cain – screw – odds – cucumber – king – herring – grease – deeply dreams –
up – panky – crook – sky – break - cheese

Phrase Target vowel

1. flash in the pan /æ/
2. early bird /ɜ˞/
3. aches and ............................. / /
4. sweet ............................. / /
5. true ............................. / /
6. cream ............................. / /
7. breathe ............................. / /
8. cool as a .............................. / /
9. take a ............................. / /
10.a loose ............................. / /
11.hanky ............................. / /
12.(happy) as a bug in a ............................. / /
13.against all ............................. / /
14.by hook and by ............................. / /
15.fit for a ............................. / /
16.cold ............................. / /
17.runner ............................. / /
18.the squeaky wheel gets the ..................... / /
19.rolling ............................. / /
20.red ............................. / /
21.raise ............................. / /
22.pie in the ............................. / /
23.once in a blue ............................. / /
24.odd ............................. / /
25.make a ............................. / /
26.mad as a ............................. / /

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ACTIVITY 11. Transcribe these sentences that have vocabulary from Lengua Inglesa I:

1. We do business with companies all over the world.

2. The kidnapper took the child.

3. We should save water because of the drought.

4. People say that there may be a flood.

5. I get really nervous before giving a presentation

6. The plane landed on the runway.

7. We were cold in bed, so we looked for a blanket.

8. I’m feeling a bit dizzy.

9. If you eat meat you may choke.

ACTIVITY 12. Can you find three words that have the vowel represented on the charts below?

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 APPENDIX A. The pronunciation of vowels

TWO VOWEL RULES IN STRESSED SYLLABLES

Letters Sounds Percent of the time Examples

-ai- /eɪ/ 95% rain, afraid, sailor

-a + final –e- 90% cake, came, arrange
-ay- 93% day, play, array

-e- + final –e- 32% these, recede, delete

-ee- 98% tree, speech, asleep
-ea- /i/ 69% tea, please, season
-y- 95% city, funny, lucky

-i- + final –e- /aɪ/ 77% ice, time, define

-igh- 100% night, light, high

-o- + final –e- /oʊ/ 76% home, alone, zone

-oa- 94% coat, soap, approach
-ow- 53% slow, below, lower

-u- + final –e- /u/ 94% blue, juice, conclude

-oo-2 88% room, choose, foolish
2
a few common –oo- words like ‘good’ ‘book’ and ‘foot’ are pronounced with /ʊ/

ONE VOWEL RULES IN STRESSED SYLLABLES

Letters Sounds Percent of the time Examples

-a- /æ/ 91% pan, has, aspirin,

attraction
-e- /ɛ/ 82% ten, credit, message,
intention
-i- /ɪ/ 93% is, simple, children
-o- /ɑ/ 74% top, hot, problem,
opposite
-u- /ʌ/ 66% cup, sun, butter,
assumption
u, i, e + r /ɜ˞/ 100% turn, girl, fern
w+or /ɜ˞/ 100% word, worth, worm

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ACTIVITY 13. 1. How are these words pronounced? Can you transcribe them?

a) putt b) jerk c) dirt d) hymn e) belch

f) rite g) curt h) dude i) dud j) mole

2. How would you pronounce the words below? Transcribe them

word transcription word transcription

rove span
vice moat
slain meld
stint jute

ACTIVITY 14. -s Endings

-s endings are used for plural nouns (six bees), third-person singular of verbs (It smells
funny), possessives (Jim’s pub), and contractions (It’s amazing). All these endings follow
the same pronunciation rules.

q The –s ending has three possible pronunciations: /s/, /z/, and /əz/ .

q The pronunciation of the –s ending depends on the sound that comes before it in the
word.
Listen and write down in the chart these plural nouns.

–s = /s/ –s = /z/ –es = /əz/

So what are the phonological rules for the 3 –s endings?

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 APPENDIX B
Fonética y fonología del inglés ——— Transcription resources

There are several things you may do to practice phonetic transcription, beyond what we do in class, of
course. These are some suggestions. One serious problem though is that most of the resources I will
include DO NOT follow the transcription system we have in this course, and many of them are for the RP
accent, not for GA.

1. BOOKS THAT DEAL WITH TRANSCRIPTION

You can find some books in the library. I recommend these first:

This is a nice little book I wrote

with Teresa many years ago. It
only covers phonemic
transcription, and the exercises are
all in RP (a mistake, in my view).

However it is the only book I know of that covers phonemic transcription extensively, and some of the
exercises are fun to do.

This is an excellent
resource, but again it only
deals with the RP accent.

Tench’s book is also a good

resource for practicing
transcription, both
phonemic and allophonic.
The model accent is RP.

This books follows more closely

the system of this course, and its
reference accent is GA. Good for
allophonic transcriptions. Look at
chapter 3.

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Other books that deal with transcription are:

2. PRONUNCIATION DICTIONARIES

There are two excellent pronunciation dictionaries currently available. You can use them when doing
your transcriptions.

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3. INTERNET RESOURCES

These two pages are nice for practicing transcription, and they include both RP and GA:

https://tophonetics.com/

http://lingorado.com/ipa/

http://www.photransedit.com/online/text2phonetics.aspx

This page only for words (RP):

http://www.phonemicchart.com/transcribe/

Another nice page for transcribing text in English (RP):

http://tom.brondsted.dk/text2phoneme/

This page also includes both RP and GA, but the output does not differentiate content from function
words:

https://www.phonetizer.com/ui

I am sure you can search the Internet for other resources. Let me know what you have found!

APPENDIX C
Further transcription practice
Transcribe phonemically the following utterances. When you have transcribed them, email me at dario@us.es
and I will send you the answer key.

1. This is a space age project

2. That wasn’t a fair answer

3. Both of you can accept money

4. We can always share a taxi

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5. I object to fixed costs

6. She said she doesn’t care

7. Aunt Mary went to the fun club and lost her hand bag

8. Did you buy those shoes last week?

9. How did you get your first job?

10. When’s your flight? They forecasted drizzle and rain

11. It’ll be a rather nasty job

12. The car is on the hill

13. He almost fell down

14. What was that song you were singing?

15. They served the best soft drinks in town

16. It wasn’t five past nine

17. If the teacher can’t speak proper English, who can?

18. She didn’t like it, but he did

19. Talk to them, not about them

20. Is he clever? Well, anything but

21. I didn’t know it was you

22. They asked if I am ready to do it. The answer is: Yes, sir, I am

23. This bag’s for you unless you don’t want it

24. This year things aren’t well with the office

25. Take strict measures, will you?

26. That guy annoys me

27. I find natural history very interesting

28. I took a cab back to town

29. It’s his seat

30. I don’t believe he’s a cow boy

31. Bill Clinton used to live in a wide white house

32. They’re playing cards. Did you see them, last night?

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33. I didn’t know you had a dog

34. I, Claudius, is my favorite book. Yours is I, robot, wasn’t it?

35. Let’s go to the swimming pool. It’s so hot!

36. Where’s the bus stop?

37. Did you have a nice weekend? I have had a terrible one!

38. I didn’t like “The fiddler on the roof”.

39. See me in the station’s pub.

40. They dried our sad eyes.

41. I like peas in Britain.

42. Well, it’s the price one pays.

43. That girl has nice eyes.

44. These years will pass so fast.

45. Would you like to try some cream?

46. It was a badly planned ballet

47. ‘Titanic’ gets on my nerves.

48. There are two sides to every story.

49. I wish I had blue eyes.

50. I’ll be there in no time

51. Tell me what you want

52. I’m sick and tired of your face

53. I’ve never seen so much rain in April

54. This car is a good deal

55. Bob met Chuck in the street

56. Some mountains can collapse

57. This summer will be less hot

58. Who’s the king of Hungary?

59. Try drying a gray crab

60. Scott got two teams

61. Please pass your plate

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62. Can I get some cream and sugar?

63. We are almost out of water

64. Prince Charles likes riding horses

65. Bull-fighting is crazy, it seems to me

66. Our children can play the lute

67. That’s the phase of the moon

68. That’s Woody Woodpecker

69. Is the kitchen floor still wet?

70. Frasier was my favorite show last year

71. Have you read you mail today?

72. You’ll freeze your toes

73. We’ll miss your smart smile

74. Did you take that spoon?

75. Don’t waste so much water

76. What kind of fool do you think I am?

77. Football turns people crazy

78. You are not coming, are you?

79. It’s the end of this story

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