A

Seminar Report
On

"COMPERATIVE STUDY OF MODIFIED CONCRETE USING

NATURAL WASTE FIBER PLASTIC WASTE FIBER & STEEL
WASTE FIBER"

In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Civil Engineering

SUBMITTED BY:
Mr. PRAJWAL SANTOSH KALE Miss. SHREYA DILIPRAO BHAGAT
Miss. ASHWINI VINOD ZADE Mr. KALPAK DINESH NEHARE
Mr. SOHAIL SARWAR SHAIKH Miss. SHREYA SANJAY DARWHEKAR

Under the Guidance of

ASST. PROF. SHRIKANT R. NAGOSHE
(Department of civil engineering)

Shri Shankarprasad Agnihotri College of Engineering,

Wardha
Department of Civil Engineering
(2023-2024)

content
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 I. Aim

II. Objective

III. Abstract

IV. Introduction

IV.1. General

IV.2. Brief History

IV.3. Chemical & Mechanical Properties

IV.4. Future Scope & Application

V. Literature Review

VI. Methodology

VI.1. Mix Design for M25 Concrete

VI.2. Proportioning

VI.3. Material

VI.4. Testing Process

VII. Conclusion

VIII. Reference

I.AIM

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 The aim of the research project, "Comparative Study of Modified Concrete
Using Natural Waste Fiber, Plastic Waste Fiber, and Steel Waste Fiber," is to
systematically investigate and evaluate the influence of different types of waste
fibers on the properties and performance of concrete. The primary objectives
include:

 Assessment of Mechanical Properties:

To compare and analyze the impact of natural waste fiber, plastic waste fiber,
and steel waste fiber on the compressive strength, tensile strength, and
flexural strength of the modified concrete.
To determine the optimum dosage of each waste fiber for enhancing the
mechanical properties of the concrete.

 Examination of Durability Characteristics:

To investigate the durability aspects of the modified concrete mixes,
including resistance to water absorption, chloride penetration, and freeze-
thaw cycles.
To identify the most effective waste fiber type in improving the durability of
concrete under different environmental conditions.

 Evaluation of Workability and Mix Proportions:

To assess the workability of concrete mixes containing natural waste fiber,
plastic waste fiber, and steel waste fiber.
To optimize the mix proportions to achieve a balance between workability
and enhanced mechanical and durability properties.

 Environmental Impact Assessment:

To conduct a comparative analysis of the environmental impact of
incorporating each type of waste fiber in concrete.
To explore the sustainability aspects and eco-friendliness of the modified
concrete mixes.

 Cost-Benefit Analysis:
To perform a cost-benefit analysis considering the economic aspects of using
natural waste fiber, plastic waste fiber, and steel waste fiber in concrete
production.
To identify potential cost savings and economic benefits associated with the
use of waste fibers.

 Identification of Practical Applications:

To identify specific construction applications where each type of waste fiber-
modified concrete can be effectively utilized.

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 To provide recommendations for practical implementation based on the
performance characteristics observed.

II. OBJECTIVE
 Mechanical Properties Assessment:

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 To compare and evaluate the impact of natural waste fiber, plastic waste fiber,
and steel waste fiber on the mechanical properties of concrete, including
compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength.

 Durability Analysis:

To investigate and compare the durability characteristics of modified concrete

mixes, focusing on aspects such as resistance to water absorption, chloride
penetration, and performance under freeze-thaw cycles.

 Workability and Mix Proportions Optimization:

To assess the workability of concrete mixes incorporating natural waste fiber,

plastic waste fiber, and steel waste fiber.
To optimize the mix proportions to achieve a balance between workability and
improved mechanical and durability properties.

 Environmental Impact Assessment:

To conduct a comparative analysis of the environmental impact associated with

the use of natural waste fiber, plastic waste fiber, and steel waste fiber in
concrete.
To evaluate the sustainability and eco-friendliness of each modified concrete
mix.

 Cost-Benefit Analysis:

To perform a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis, considering the economic

aspects of incorporating natural waste fiber, plastic waste fiber, and steel waste
fiber in concrete production.
To identify potential cost savings and economic benefits associated with the
utilization of waste fibers.

 Practical Applications and Recommendations:

To identify specific construction applications where each type of waste fiber-

modified concrete can be effectively utilized.

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 To provide practical recommendations for the implementation of modified
concrete mixes based on observed performance characteristics.

 Comparison of Environmental and Economic Impact:

To compare the overall environmental and economic impact of natural waste

fiber, plastic waste fiber, and steel waste fiber in concrete, with the aim of
identifying the most sustainable and cost-effective option.

 Contribution to Sustainable Concrete Technology:

To contribute valuable insights to the field of sustainable concrete technology by

providing a comparative analysis of different waste fibers and their suitability for
enhancing concrete properties.

III. ABSTRACT

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 This research aims to conduct a comprehensive comparative study on the
utilization of different waste fibers in the modification of concrete properties.
The study focuses on three types of waste fibers: natural waste fiber, plastic
waste fiber, and steel waste fiber. The primary objectives include evaluating and
comparing the mechanical properties, durability characteristics, workability,
and environmental and economic impact of concrete mixes modified with these
waste fibers. The investigation involves a detailed analysis of compressive
strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength, as well as durability aspects
such as resistance to water absorption, chloride penetration, and performance
under freeze-thaw cycles. The research also encompasses an optimization
process for mix proportions to strike a balance between workability and
enhanced properties. Additionally, a comparative assessment of the
environmental impact and cost-benefit analysis is conducted to identify the most
sustainable and cost-effective solution. The study concludes with practical
recommendations for the implementation of modified concrete mixes in various
construction applications, contributing valuable insights to the field of
sustainable concrete technology.

IV. Introduction

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 Concrete, as a fundamental construction material, has witnessed ongoing
advancements to enhance its performance, durability, and sustainability. In
response to the growing need for eco-friendly and innovative construction
practices, this research delves into the realm of modified concrete by
investigating the influence of three distinct waste fibers: natural waste fiber,
plastic waste fiber, and steel waste fiber. The objective is to comprehensively
compare and evaluate the impact of these waste fibers on various properties of
concrete.
The modification of concrete using waste fibers presents a promising avenue for
sustainable construction practices. Natural waste fibers, sourced from
agricultural by-products, plastic waste fibers, derived from recycled materials,
and steel waste fibers, a by-product of industrial processes, each offer unique
characteristics that have the potential to enhance the mechanical and durability
properties of concrete.
This study aims to address the current gaps in knowledge by conducting a
systematic comparative analysis. It explores the mechanical strength, durability,
workability, and environmental implications associated with the incorporation
of these waste fibers into concrete mixes. By understanding the distinct effects
of each waste fiber type, the research aims to provide valuable insights into the
development of modified concrete with optimized performance and minimal
environmental impact.
As the construction industry increasingly seeks sustainable alternatives, the
findings of this study are expected to contribute not only to the academic
discourse but also to practical applications in construction, guiding future
practices toward more resilient and environmentally conscious infrastructure
development.

i. IV. 1 - GENERAL

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 Overview of the Topic: Comparative Study of Modified Concrete Using
Natural Waste Fiber, Plastic Waste Fiber, and Steel Waste Fiber

Concrete, a foundational material in construction, continues to undergo

innovations aimed at improving its performance, sustainability, and adaptability
to evolving environmental concerns. In recent years, there has been a growing
emphasis on incorporating waste materials into concrete to enhance its
mechanical and durability properties. This research focuses on a specific facet of
this trend—the comparative study of modified concrete using three distinct
waste fibers: natural waste fiber, plastic waste fiber, and steel waste fiber.

 Rationale for the Study: The motivation behind this research stems from
the need to systematically understand and compare the effects of different
waste fibers on concrete properties. Each type of waste fiber brings unique
characteristics and potential advantages to the modification process,
contributing to the broader goal of sustainable construction practices.

 Significance of the Study: As global efforts intensify to reduce

environmental impact and promote sustainable construction; the significance
of this study lies in its potential to inform industry practices. By offering a
comparative analysis, it aims to identify the most effective waste fiber for
specific applications, contributing to the optimization of concrete mixes that
are both durable and environmentally friendly.

 Scope of the Investigation: The study encompasses a comprehensive

exploration of mechanical properties such as compressive strength, tensile
strength, and flexural strength, as well as an in-depth analysis of durability
aspects including resistance to water absorption, chloride penetration, and
performance under freeze-thaw cycles. Additionally, the workability of
concrete mixes will be assessed, and an environmental impact analysis, along
with a cost-benefit evaluation, will provide a holistic view of the modified
concrete formulations.

 Anticipated Outcomes: This research anticipates providing insights into the

performance of concrete modified with natural waste fiber, plastic waste
fiber, and steel waste fiber. The outcomes are expected to guide future

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 practices, helping the construction industry make informed decisions about
sustainable and effective alternatives for concrete production.

 Concluding Remarks: In an era where sustainable construction practices

are paramount, this study seeks to contribute to the body of knowledge
surrounding modified concrete formulations. By understanding the nuances
of different waste fibers, it aspires to lay a foundation for the development of
concrete mixes that strike a balance between structural integrity,
environmental responsibility, and economic viability.

IV. 2. BRIEF HISTORY

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 Brief History of the Topic: Comparative Study of Modified Concrete Using
Natural Waste Fiber, Plastic Waste Fiber, and Steel Waste Fiber
The evolution of concrete technology has been marked by continuous efforts to
enhance the material's properties, durability, and sustainability. The exploration
of waste materials as additives in concrete dates back several decades, reflecting
a historical trajectory of seeking environmentally conscious and economically
viable alternatives.
 Early Experiments with Waste Materials: The initial experiments
involving waste materials in concrete can be traced to efforts aimed at
improving various properties of the material. Early studies focused on
incorporating natural fibers, often derived from agricultural residues, into
concrete to enhance tensile strength and crack resistance. However, these
endeavors were somewhat limited in scope and lacked a systematic
comparative approach.

 Introduction of Synthetic Fibers: The late 20th century witnessed a shift

towards the incorporation of synthetic fibers, including plastic and steel
waste fibers, into concrete matrices. This shift was motivated by the desire
to address specific deficiencies in traditional concrete, such as limited
tensile strength and susceptibility to cracking. Researchers began to
explore the unique mechanical properties of plastic and steel waste fibers,
paving the way for their potential as reinforcements in concrete.

 Advancements in Sustainable Construction Practices: As global

awareness of environmental issues grew, so did the emphasis on
sustainable construction practices. This led to a resurgence of interest in
natural waste fibers, driven by their renewable and biodegradable nature.
Concurrently, innovations in recycling technologies contributed to the
exploration of plastic and steel waste fibers as viable additives in concrete,
aligning with the principles of circular economy and waste reduction.

 Shift Towards Comparative Studies: In recent years, there has been a

discernible shift towards comprehensive comparative studies, aiming to
systematically evaluate the performance of different waste fibers in
concrete. This shift is driven by the need for evidence-based decision-
making in the construction industry. The topic of this study, the
comparative analysis of modified concrete using natural waste fiber,
plastic waste fiber, and steel waste fiber, emerges within this context of a
more nuanced and analytical approach to material science.

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 Current Context and Future Prospects: As the construction industry
grapples with the dual challenges of improving performance and reducing
environmental impact, the study of modified concrete using diverse waste
fibers has become a focal point of research. This brief history underscores
the continuous evolution of concrete technology, highlighting the cyclical
exploration of waste materials and the current era's emphasis on
comparative studies to inform sustainable practices in construction. The
ongoing advancements and discoveries in this field promise to contribute
significantly to the development of eco-friendly and resilient concrete
formulations.

IV.3. Chemical & Mechanical Properties

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 Chemical Properties:
1. Natural Waste Fiber (Chemical Properties)

 Cellulosic Composition:
Cellulose Content: Natural waste fibers, derived from sources such as banana, coconut,
or jute, are rich in cellulose. Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate that contributes to the
fiber's strength and bonding characteristics within the concrete matrix.

 Biodegradability:
Organic Nature: Natural waste fibers are inherently organic and biodegradable. Their
organic composition makes them environmentally friendly and aligns with sustainable
construction practices.

 Moisture Absorption:
Hygroscopic Nature: Natural fibers exhibit hygroscopic properties, absorbing moisture
from the surrounding environment. This can influence the workability of concrete mixes
and the overall performance of the material in humid conditions.

 Chemical Stability in Alkaline Environment:

Resistance to Alkalinity: Natural waste fibers must exhibit resistance to the alkaline
environment of concrete. Alkaline conditions can impact the stability of certain fibers, and
the ability to withstand this environment is crucial for long-term performance.

 Compatibility with Cementitious Matrix:

Bonding Characteristics: The chemical compatibility between natural waste fibers and
the cementitious matrix is essential for ensuring effective bonding. The interaction
between fibers and the cement paste influences the overall strength and integrity of the
modified concrete.

 Potential Impact on Setting Time:

Influence on Setting: The introduction of natural waste fibers may have an impact on
the setting time of concrete. Understanding this aspect is important for practical
applications to ensure proper handling and construction practices.

 Effect on Concrete Admixtures:

Interaction with Admixtures: Natural waste fibers may interact with chemical
admixtures used in concrete, influencing properties such as workability and setting. The
compatibility with common admixtures needs to be considered in concrete mix design.

 Potential for Chemical Reactions:

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 Reactivity: Depending on the specific type of natural waste fiber, there might be
variations in reactivity. Some fibers may undergo chemical reactions with components in
the concrete mix, impacting its overall performance.

2. Plastic Waste Fiber(Chemical Properties)

 Polymer Composition:
Polymeric Structure: Plastic waste fibers are composed of polymers such as polyethylene,
polypropylene, or other recycled plastics. The specific polymer composition influences the fiber's
mechanical properties and its interaction with the concrete matrix.

 Chemical Stability:
Resistance to Alkalinity: Plastic waste fibers must exhibit resistance to the alkaline
environment of concrete. The chemical stability of the fibers ensures their long-term
effectiveness without undergoing degradation in the concrete mix.

 Compatibility with Cementitious Matrix:

Bonding Characteristics: The chemical compatibility between plastic waste fibers and
the cementitious matrix is crucial for achieving effective bonding. The interaction
between the plastic fibers and the cement paste influences the overall strength and
durability of the modified concrete.

 Hydrophobic Nature:
Water Repellent Properties: Plastic fibers are inherently hydrophobic, imparting water-
repellent characteristics to the concrete. This can influence the concrete's resistance to
water absorption and enhance its durability in wet conditions.

 Effect on Setting Time:

Influence on Setting: The introduction of plastic waste fibers may affect the
setting time of concrete. Understanding this aspect is important for practical
applications to ensure proper handling during construction.

 Thermal Stability:
Resistance to High Temperatures: Plastic waste fibers are often chosen for their
thermal stability. This property is important in applications where the concrete may be
exposed to high temperatures, such as in fire-resistant structures.

 Potential Interaction with Admixtures:

Compatibility with Admixtures: Plastic waste fibers may interact with chemical
admixtures used in concrete, influencing properties such as workability and setting.
Understanding the compatibility with common admixtures is essential in concrete mix
design.

 Recyclability and Environmental Impact:

Recyclability: The recyclable nature of plastic waste fibers contributes to
sustainable construction practices. Considering their environmental impact and
recyclability is crucial when assessing the overall sustainability of concrete mixes.

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3. Steel Waste Fiber(Chemical Properties)

 Corrosion Resistance:
Protection Against Corrosion: Steel waste fibers must exhibit corrosion resistance to
ensure their durability within the concrete matrix. The chemical composition of the steel
fibers should be corrosion-resistant to withstand the alkaline environment of concrete.

 Chemical Composition:
Alloy Characteristics: The specific chemical composition of steel waste fibers, including
the presence of alloying elements, influences their overall performance, including strength
and corrosion resistance.

 Compatibility with Cementitious Matrix:

Chemical Bonding: The chemical compatibility between steel waste fibers and the
cementitious matrix is crucial for achieving effective bonding. The interaction between the
steel fibers and the cement paste is integral to the overall strength and durability of the
modified concrete.

 Influence on Alkalinity:
Resistance to Alkaline Environment: Steel waste fibers must resist corrosion induced by
the alkaline nature of concrete. The ability to maintain stability in an alkaline environment
is essential for the long-term performance of steel fibers in concrete.

 Oxidation Resistance:
Resistance to Oxidation: Steel waste fibers should possess resistance to oxidation,
especially in environments where exposure to harsh conditions, such as chloride-rich
environments, can accelerate corrosion.

 Thermal Conductivity:
Thermal Properties: The thermal conductivity of steel waste fibers can influence the
overall thermal properties of the concrete. Understanding these properties is important in
applications where thermal performance is a critical factor.

 Effect on Setting Time:

Influence on Setting: The introduction of steel waste fibers may have some influence on
the setting time of concrete. This aspect is crucial for practical applications to ensure
proper handling during construction.

 Recyclability and Sustainability:

Recyclability: While steel is recyclable, considerations regarding the overall
sustainability of steel waste fibers include the energy required for recycling and the
environmental impact associated with steel production.

 Potential Interaction with Admixtures:

Compatibility with Admixtures: Steel waste fibers may interact with chemical
admixtures used in concrete. Understanding this interaction is essential for optimizing the
mix design and ensuring compatibility with common admixtures.

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 Mechanical Properties:
1. Natural Waste Fiber (Mechanical Properties)

 Tensile Strength Enhancement:

Fiber Reinforcement: Natural waste fibers contribute to improved tensile strength in

concrete. They act as a form of reinforcement, enhancing the material's ability to resist
tensile forces.

 Flexural Strength Improvement:

Increased Bending Resistance: The inclusion of natural waste fibers in concrete can lead
to enhanced flexural strength. This property is crucial for applications where the
material is subjected to bending or flexing forces.

 Crack Resistance:

Crack Arresting Effect: Natural waste fibers help control and minimize the formation
and propagation of cracks in concrete. This contributes to the overall durability and
lifespan of the concrete structure.

 Ductility Enhancement:

Increased Deformability: The incorporation of natural waste fibers can enhance the
ductility of concrete, allowing it to deform without experiencing brittle failure. This
property is particularly beneficial in earthquake-prone regions.

 Impact Resistance:

Improved Impact Strength: Natural waste fibers contribute to the concrete's ability to
absorb and resist impact forces. This is essential in applications where the concrete
may be exposed to impact loads.

 Enhanced Toughness:

Increased Material Toughness: The toughness of the concrete is improved with the
addition of natural waste fibers. This results in a more resilient material that can better
withstand external forces and loading conditions.

 Improved Energy Absorption:

Energy Dissipation: Natural waste fibers enhance the concrete's ability to absorb and
dissipate energy, making it suitable for structures that may experience dynamic or
cyclic loading.

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 Shear Strength Improvement:

Reinforcement in Shear: Natural fibers contribute to increased shear strength in

concrete, enhancing its resistance to shear forces. This is particularly important in
structural elements subjected to lateral loads.

 Effect on Workability:

Influence on Workability: While natural waste fibers positively impact mechanical

properties, their inclusion may slightly affect the workability of the concrete mix. This
necessitates careful consideration in the mix design process.

 Synergistic Effects with Other Fibers:

Combined Performance: Natural waste fibers may exhibit synergistic effects when
combined with other types of fibers, such as plastic or steel waste fibers. The combined
use of fibers can result in a composite material with optimized mechanical properties.

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2. Plastic Waste Fiber(Mechanical Properties)

 Ductility Enhancement:

Increased Deformability: Plastic waste fibers contribute to the ductility of concrete,

allowing it to deform without undergoing brittle failure. This property is valuable in
applications where flexibility and deformation capacity are essential.

 Flexural Strength Improvement:

Enhanced Bending Resistance: The inclusion of plastic waste fibers in concrete leads to
improved flexural strength. This property is crucial for applications subjected to bending
or flexural forces.

 Tensile Strength Enhancement:

Reinforcement Effect: Plastic waste fibers act as a form of reinforcement, enhancing the
tensile strength of concrete. This is particularly important in resisting forces that cause
stretching or pulling.

 Crack Control and Mitigation:

Crack Arresting Effect: Plastic waste fibers help control and mitigate the formation and
propagation of cracks in concrete. This contributes to the overall durability and service life
of the concrete structure.

 Impact Resistance:

Improved Impact Strength: Concrete modified with plastic waste fibers exhibits increased
resistance to impact forces. This property is beneficial in applications where the material
may be exposed to sudden impact or loading.

 Energy Absorption Capacity:

Energy Dissipation: Plastic waste fibers enhance the concrete's ability to absorb and
dissipate energy, making it suitable for structures subjected to dynamic or cyclic loading
conditions.

 Shear Strength Improvement:

Enhanced Shear Resistance: Plastic fibers contribute to increased shear strength in

concrete, enhancing its resistance to shear forces. This is particularly important in
structural elements subjected to lateral loads.

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 Chemical Stability Impact:

Influence on Chemical Stability: The chemical stability of plastic waste fibers is crucial to
withstand the alkaline environment of concrete. Ensuring that the fibers maintain their
integrity over time is important for long-term performance.

 Recyclability and Sustainability:

Recyclable Nature: Plastic waste fibers contribute to sustainable construction practices as

they are often derived from recycled materials. The recyclability of these fibers aligns with
environmental considerations.

 Synergistic Effects with Other Fibers:

Combined Performance: Plastic waste fibers may exhibit synergistic effects when
combined with other types of fibers, such as natural or steel waste fibers. The combined
use of fibers can result in a composite material with optimized mechanical properties.

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3. Steel Waste Fiber(Mechanical Properties)

 Tensile Strength Enhancement:

Reinforcement Effect: Steel waste fibers act as a reinforcement in concrete, significantly
enhancing its tensile strength. This is particularly crucial in improving the material's
ability to resist forces that cause stretching or pulling.

 Flexural Strength Improvement:

Enhanced Bending Resistance: The inclusion of steel waste fibers leads to improved
flexural strength in concrete. This property is vital for structures subjected to bending or
flexural forces.

 Crack Control and Minimization:

Crack Arresting Effect: Steel waste fibers help control and minimize the formation and
propagation of cracks in concrete. This contributes to the overall durability and longevity
of the concrete structure.

 Shear Strength Enhancement:

Increased Shear Resistance: Steel fibers contribute to increased shear strength in concrete,
enhancing its resistance to shear forces. This is particularly important in structural
elements subjected to lateral loads.

 Impact Resistance:

Improved Impact Strength: Concrete modified with steel waste fibers exhibits increased
resistance to impact forces. This property is crucial in applications where the material may
be exposed to sudden impact or dynamic loading.

 Ductility Improvement:

Enhanced Deformability: Steel waste fibers contribute to the ductility of concrete, allowing
it to deform without undergoing brittle failure. This property is beneficial in applications
where flexibility and deformation capacity are important.

 Energy Absorption Capacity:

Energy Dissipation: Steel waste fibers enhance the concrete's ability to absorb and
dissipate energy, making it suitable for structures subjected to dynamic or cyclic loading
conditions.

 Chemical Stability:

Corrosion Resistance: Steel waste fibers must exhibit corrosion resistance to ensure their
long-term durability within the concrete matrix. The chemical stability of the fibers is
essential for withstanding the alkaline environment of concrete.

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 Thermal Conductivity:

Thermal Properties: Steel waste fibers can influence the thermal conductivity of the
concrete. This property is important in applications where thermal performance is a
critical consideration.

 Recyclability and Sustainability:

Recyclable Nature: While steel is recyclable, considerations regarding the overall

sustainability of steel waste fibers include the energy required for recycling and the
environmental impact associated with steel production.

 Synergistic Effects with Other Fibers:

Combined Performance: Steel waste fibers may exhibit synergistic effects when combined
with other types of fibers, such as natural or plastic waste fibers. The combined use of
fibers can result in a composite material with optimized mechanical properties.

IV.4. Future Scope & Application

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A comparative study of modified concrete using natural waste fiber, plastic waste fiber, and steel
waste fiber holds significant promise for addressing sustainability and performance challenges in
the construction industry. Here are some future scopes and potential applications of such research:

 Sustainable Construction:

- Reduced Environmental Impact: Utilizing waste fibers helps in recycling and

reducing the environmental burden associated with these materials.
- Lower Carbon Footprint: Investigate and quantify the carbon footprint
reduction achieved by incorporating waste fibers, contributing to sustainable
construction practices.

 Material Performance:

- Strength and Durability: Evaluate and compare the mechanical properties,

strength, and durability of the concrete incorporating different waste fibers.
- Corrosion Resistance: Assess the corrosion resistance of steel waste fiber-
reinforced concrete, providing insights into its potential for applications in
aggressive environments.

 Innovative Applications:

- Structural Applications: Explore the feasibility of using modified concrete in

various structural elements such as beams, columns, and slabs.
- Pavements and Roads: Investigate the performance of waste fiber-modified
concrete in pavements and road construction to enhance durability and reduce
maintenance costs.

 Optimization and Mix Design:

- Optimized Mix Proportions: Develop optimized mix designs for each type of
waste fiber to achieve the desired balance between strength, workability, and
durability.
- Admixtures: Explore the use of additional additives or admixtures to enhance
the overall performance of the modified concrete.

 Life Cycle Assessment:

- Environmental Impact Assessment: Conduct a comprehensive life cycle

assessment to understand the overall environmental impact of the modified
concrete throughout its life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal.

 Economic Viability:

- Cost-Benefit Analysis: Evaluate the economic feasibility of incorporating waste

fibers, considering the cost of production, construction, and potential long-term
savings in maintenance.

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 -

 Regulatory Compliance:

- Standards and Codes: Contribute to the development or modification of building

codes and standards to incorporate and regulate the use of waste fibers in
concrete construction.

 Public Awareness and Acceptance:

- Education and Outreach: Increase awareness about the benefits of waste fiber-
modified concrete among construction professionals, policymakers, and the
general public.
- Acceptance and Adoption: Work towards fostering acceptance and adoption of
these sustainable construction practices in the industry.

 Research Collaboration:

- Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Foster collaboration between researchers from

materials science, civil engineering, environmental science, and other relevant
disciplines to bring diverse perspectives to the study.

 Global Impact:

- Applicability Across Regions: Consider variations in material availability,

climate, and construction practices to ensure the applicability of findings
globally.

V. LITERATURE REVIEW
 Zoran J. Grdic et al. (2012):
o The authors concluded that: Abrasive resistance of concrete is reduced with the increase
of water/cement ratio from 0.5 to 0.7 which is reflected in the increase the addition of

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 fibers increases tensile strength across the whole range of W/C factors from 0.5 to 0.7 in
respect to the benchmark concrete.
o The concretes with extreme compressive and tensile strength (at bending) have higher
abrasive resistance, so these limits may serve as indicators of the abrasive-erosive
resistance of concrete. The polypropylene fibrillated fibers verified better in respect to
the monofilament fibers in terms of abrasive- erosive resistance of concrete

 S. Sharmila et al. (2013):

o The authors indicated that: The effect of adding hybrid fibers influence the behavior of
beams by increasing the ductility characteristics by 80% and energy absorption
characteristics by more than 160%.
o Instead of adding single fiber, the combination of different types of fibers (Hybrid
fibers) increases the energy absorption capacity substantially.

 Guru Nathan ketal. (2014):

o The authors conversed that the tallying of polypropylene fibers, reckons fibers, fly ash
and silica fume in different concrete mixes marginally improve the compressive strength
at 28 days.
o The least percentage of fly ash and silica fume were added int concrete so that the
presentation of the concrete increases. There is an increase from 3% to 9% in split
tensile strength for all fiber mixes when equated with that of control mix. Then from the
test results the authors determined that the volume fraction of hybrid fiber concrete.

 Foti (2013):
o Investigate use of different forms of reinforcements with pet bottle viz circular fibers,
half bottles and rectangular strips.
o The tests resulted in high concrete PET adherence. Further, more ductile behavior was
observed when subjected to bending load.

 Ramadevi and Manju (2012):

o Examined the impact of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 6% replacement of fine aggregates with
ground pet fibers. Pet bottles were first shredded into flakes and subsequently ground.
o Optimal compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength was recorded
on 2% replacement.

 Safinia and Alkalbani (2016):

o Compared the compressive strength of concrete blocks with empty 500ml PET bottles
placed in between to that of hollow concrete blocks procured from a local market.
o Concrete specimen with bottles resulted in an increase of 57% as compared to hollow
concrete block from market.

 Asha and Resmi (2015):

o Checked strength of concrete by replacing cement in dry mix by 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%
plastic fibers.
o Straight and crimped fibers were used in different specimens. Both types of fibers gave
optimal results at 1% fiber.

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 o For straight fibers compressive and tensile strength increased by 16% and 37%
respectively on the other hand, for crimped fibers there was increase of 18% and 42% in
compressive and split tensile strength.

 Yap et al.
o i) Fibrillated PP and ii) multi-filament PP with 3 volume fractions of 0.250%,
0.500%, and 0.750% in oil palm shell fiber-reinforced concrete with a poly-
carboxylate based superplasticizer of 0.65%. Fibrillated PP showed higher
workability when compared to multi-filament PP, and workability decreased with
the increase of fiber from 0.25-0.75%. Zhang and Li [60] reported that there is a
decrement in the slump of concrete by 7% in which 0.12% PP, 15% fly ash, and 6%
silica fume were added.

 Zhang and Li
o Reported that there is a decrement in the slump of concrete by 7% in which 0.12%
PP, 15% fly ash, and 6% silica fume were added.
o Added four different fiber volume fractions of PP fiber 0.06, 0.08, 0.1, and 0.12%
with 15% fly ash, 6% silica fume, and 4.94 kg/m3 water reducer. The result showed
a little reduction in workability with an increase in the percentage of fiber from
0.06 to 0.12.

 Rai et al.
o Investigated concrete of M-30 with w/c of 0.44, which partially replaced sand 0-
15% by waste plastic flakes, and concluded that the workability increases by about
10-15% when superplasticizer is added. Yew et al. [61] opined those
polypropylene fibers volume fractions of 0.25-0.5% are included in oil palm shell
fiber-reinforced concrete with various aspect ratios and geometry. The slump value
was reduced from 180-80 mm as the volume fraction of fiber increased from 0-
0.5%. The twisted bundle showed a higher slump compared to straight fiber.

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 VI. Methodology
The methodology for a comparative study of modified concrete using natural waste fiber,
plastic waste fiber, and steel waste fiber involves a systematic approach to sample
preparation, testing, and data analysis. Here's a detailed methodology that researchers can
consider:

1. Objective Clarification:

1.1. Clearly define the objectives of the study, such as comparing the mechanical
properties, durability, and environmental impact of modified concrete using natural
waste fiber, plastic waste fiber, and steel waste fiber.

2. Literature Review:

2.1. Conduct an extensive literature review to identify existing research, methodologies,

and gaps in knowledge related to the use of waste fibers in concrete.

3. Materials and Ingredients:

3.1. Concrete Mix Components:

3.2. Identify and specify the concrete mix components, including cement, aggregates, water,
and chemical admixtures.
3.3. Waste Fiber Selection:
3.4. Select natural waste fibers (e.g., bamboo, jute), plastic waste fibers, and steel waste
fibers based on availability, environmental impact, and compatibility with concrete.

4. Mix Design:

4.1. Mix Proportions:

4.2. Develop mix proportions for each type of modified concrete, ensuring a consistent
comparison. Considerations should include fiber content, size, and distribution.
4.2 Control Mix:
4.3. Prepare a control mix without any waste fibers to serve as a baseline for comparison.

5. Sample Preparation:

5.1. Fiber Preparation: Treat and process waste fibers as needed, ensuring uniformity in
size and distribution.
5.2. Mixing Procedure: Follow a standardized mixing procedure for each type of concrete,
incorporating waste fibers at predetermined percentages.
5.3. Specimen Casting: Cast specimens (cubes, cylinders, or beams) for testing, ensuring
consistency in molding procedures.

6. Testing Procedures:

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 6.1. Mechanical Properties: Conduct compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural
strength tests on concrete specimens with varying fiber types.
6.2. Durability Testing: Perform durability tests, including water absorption, freeze-thaw
resistance, and chloride ion penetration.
6.3. Environmental Impact Assessment: Assess the environmental impact using life cycle
assessment (LCA) methodologies, considering factors such as embodied energy and
carbon footprint.

7. Data Collection:

7.1. Systematic Data Recording: Systematically record data from mechanical tests,
durability tests, and environmental impact assessments.
7.2. Replication: Ensure sufficient replication of tests to establish statistical significance.

8. Data Analysis:

8.1. Statistical Analysis: Use statistical tools to analyze and compare the data, identifying
significant differences between the modified concretes.
8.2. Correlation Analysis: Investigate correlations between different parameters, such as
the relationship between fiber content and compressive strength.

9. Interpretation of Results:

9.1. Interpret the results in the context of the study objectives, discussing the implications
of findings on the performance and sustainability of each type of modified concrete.

10.Documentation and Reporting:

10.1. Document the entire methodology, results, and analysis in a comprehensive

research report, adhering to academic standards.

11.Peer Review:

11.1. Subject the research to peer review, incorporating feedback to strengthen the
methodology and ensure the validity of the study.
11.2. Ethical Considerations: Adhere to ethical standards in research, ensuring the
responsible and transparent conduct of the study.

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VI.1 MIX DESIGN FOR M25 CONCRETE

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VI.1 MIX DESIGN FOR M25 CONCRETE

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 REFERENCES
[1] K. Dharunsankar (2016) An Experimental Study on Concrete with hybrid Fibers.
ASCE, 02(10), 103-110.
[2] IS 516-1959. "Method of Test of Strength of Concrete", BIS.
[3] Narayanan, R. and Darwish, I. Y. S. "Use of Steel fibers as shear Reinforcement",
ACI structural Journal. Vol. 84, No. 3.
[4] Zoran J. Gradic (2012) "Abrasion resistance of concrete micro-reinforced with
polypropylene fibers".
[5] Grija.S, Shanthini.D, Abinaya.S (December 2016): "A Review On Fiber
Reinforced Concrete“
[6] S. Sharmila and Dr. G.S. Thirugnanam (2013): "Behavior of Reinforced Concrete
Flexural Member with Hybrid Fiber under Cyclic Loading.“
[7] D. Maruthachalam, B. G. Vishnuram, K. Gurunathan and I. P admanaban (May-
2011): "Durability properties of fibrillated polypropylene fiber reinforced high
performance concrete.“
[8] J.D.Chaitanya Kumar, G.V.S. Abhilash, P.Khasim Khan, G.Manikanta sai, V.Taraka
ram (2016): "Experimental Studies on Glass Fiber Concrete.“
[9] Ms. K.Ramadevi, Ms. R. Manju (2012): "Experimental Investigation on the
Properties of Concrete with Plastic PET (Bottle) Fibers as Fine Aggregates."

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