102000104 - CALCULUS

UNIT-1 : DIFFERENTIATION
Chapter 1
Successive Differentiation

1.1 Successive Differentiation

Successive Differentiation is the process of differentiating a given function successively n times and
the results of such differentiation are called successive derivatives. The higher order derivatives
play a vital role in scientific and engineering applications.
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function. Then its successive derivatives are denoted by

dy d2 y d3 y dn y
, 2, 3,..., n.
dx dx dx dx
Alternative notations for the successive derivatives of y = f (x) are

Dy, D2 y, D3 y, . . . , Dn y;
y1 , y2 , y3 , . . . yn ;
f 0 (x), f 00 (x), f 000 (x), . . . , f (n) (x).

nth derivatives of some standard Functions

(1) y = eax
Let y = eax . Then

y1 = aeax
y2 = a2 eax
y3 = a3 eax
..
.
yn = an eax .

(2) y = abx
Let y = abx . Then

y1 = babx log a

2
Sec 1.1 Successive Differentiation 3

y2 = b2 abx (log a)2

y3 = b3 abx (log a)3
..
.
yn = bn abx (log a)n .

(3) y = (ax + b)m , m is a positive integer greater than n

Let y = (ax + b)m . Then

y1 = ma(ax + b)m−1
y2 = m(m − 1)a2 (ax + b)m−2
y3 = m(m − 1)(m − 2)a3 (ax + b)m−3
..
.
yn = m(m − 1)(m − 2) · · · (m − (n − 1))an (ax + b)m−n
m(m − 1)(m − 2) · · · (m − (n − 1))(m − n)(m − (n + 1)) · · · 3 · 2 · 1 n
= a (ax + b)m−n
(m − n)(m − (n + 1)) · · · 3 · 2 · 1
m!
= an (ax + b)m−n .
(m − n)!

• If m is a positive integer and m = n, then yn = n!an ;

• If m is a positive integer and m < n, then yn = 0;
1 (−1)n n!an
• If m = −1, i.e., y = , then yn = .
ax + b (ax + b)n+1
(4) y = log(ax + b)
Let y = log(ax + b). Then
a
y1 =
ax + b
a2
y2 = −
(ax + b)2
2a2 2!a2
y3 = =
(ax + b)3 (ax + b)3
..
.
(n − 1)!an
yn = (−1)n−1 .
(ax + b)n

(5) y = sin(ax + b)
Let y = sin(ax + b). Then
 π
y1 = a cos(ax + b) = a sin ax + b +
 2 
2
 π 
2 2π
y2 = a cos ax + b + = a sin ax + b +
2 2
4 Chapter 1 Differentiation
   
3 2π 3 3π
y3 = a cos ax + b + = a sin ax + b +
2 2
..
.  nπ 
yn = an sin ax + b + .
2
Similarly, if y = cos(ax + b), then
 nπ 
yn = an cos ax + b + .
2

(6) y = eax sin(bx + c)

Let y = eax sin(bx + c). Then

y1 = aeax sin(bx + c) + beax cos(bx + c)

= eax [a sin(bx + c) + b cos(bx + c)].
√ b
Put a = r cos α, b = r sin α, so that r = a2 + b2 and α = tan−1 . Therefore,
a
y1 = eax [r cos α sin(bx + c) + r sin α cos(bx + c)]
= reax [sin(bx + c) cos α + cos(bx + c) sin α]
= reax sin(bx + c + α).

Similarly,

y2 = r2 eax sin(bx + c + 2α)

y3 = r3 eax sin(bx + c + 3α)
..
.
yn = rn eax sin(bx + c + nα)
 
2 2 n/2 ax −1 b
= (a + b ) e sin bx + c + n tan .
a

Similarly, if y = eax cos(bx + c), then

 
2 2 n/2 ax −1 b
yn = (a + b ) e cos bx + c + n tan .
a
Sec 1.1 Successive Differentiation 5

Summary

Function nth Derivative

y = eax yn = an eax

y = abx yn = bn abx (log a)n

m!
y = (ax + b)m yn = an (ax + b)m−n
(m − n)!

1 (−1)n n!an
y= yn =
ax + b (ax + b)n+1

(−1)n−1 (n − 1)!an
y = log(ax + b)
(ax + b)n

 nπ 
y = sin(ax + b) yn = an sin ax + b +
2

 nπ 
y = cos(ax + b) yn = an cos ax + b +
2

 
ax 2 2 n/2 ax −1 b
y = e sin(bx + c) yn = (a + b ) e cos bx + c + n tan
a

Solved Examples

Example 1.1.1. Find the nth derivative of the following functions:

(i) y = e2x + log(5x + 3) (iv) y = 9mx + cos3 x

(ii) y = eax+b (v) y = e2x sin 7x

(iii) y = a10x + cos2 x (vi) y = log(x2 − 4)

6 Chapter 1 Differentiation

Solution. (i) The required nth derivative is

(−1)n−1 (n − 1)!5n
yn = 2n e2x + .
(5x + 3)n

(ii) Observe that

y = eax+b = eb eax .
Thus
yn = eb an eax = an eax+b .
(iii) Here
1 + cos 2x
y = a10x + cos2 x = a10x + .
2
Thus
1  nπ   nπ 
yn = 10n a10x log 10 + 0 + 2n cos 2x + = 10n a10x log 10 + 2n−1 cos 2x + .
2 2 2
(iv) Here
1
y = 9mx + cos3 x = 9mx + (cos 3x + 3 cos x).
4
Thus
n mx 1h n  nπ   nπ i
yn = m 9 log 9 + 3 cos 3x + + cos x + .
4 2 2
(v) The required nth derivative is
 
n/2 2x −1 7
yn = (53) e sin 7x + n tan .
2

(vi) Observe that

log(x2 − 4) = log(x − 2)(x + 2) = log(x − 2) + log(x + 2).

Thus
(−1)n−1 (n − 1)! (−1)n−1 (n − 1)!
 
n−1 1 1
yn = + = (−1) (n − 1)! + . 
(x − 2)n (x + 2)n (x − 2)n (x + 2)n
x
Example 1.1.2. Find the nth derivative of the function y = .
x+1
Solution. Observe that
x (x + 1) − 1 1
y= = =y =1− .
x+1 x+1 x+1
Thus
(−1)n n!
yn = 0 + . 
(x + 1)n+1
x
Example 1.1.3. Find the nth derivative of the function .
(x + 1)(3x − 5)
Sec 1.1 Successive Differentiation 7

Solution. Using the shortcut method of partial fractions,

x −1 5/3
= +
(x + 1)(3x − 5) (x + 1)(3(−1) − 5) (5/3 + 1)(3x − 5)
1 5
= + .
8(x + 1) 8(3x − 5)
Thus the nth derivative is
1 (−1)n n! 5 (−1)n n!3n (−1)n n! 5 · 3n
     
1
+ = + . 
8 (x + 1)n+1 8 (3x − 5)n+1 8 (x + 1)n+1 (3x − 5)n+1
1
Example 1.1.4. Find the nth derivative of the function .
1 − 5x + 6x2
Solution. Using the shortcut method of partial fractions,
1
y =
1 − 5x + 6x2
1
=
(2x − 1)(3x − 1)
1 1
=  + 
1 1
(2x − 1) 3 · − 1 2 · − 1 (3x − 1)
2 3
2 3
= − .
2x − 1 3x − 1
Thus the nth derivative of y is
(−1)n n!2n (−1)n n!3n 2n+1 3n+1
 
n
yn = 2 −3 = (−1) n! − . 
(2x − 1)n+1 (3x − 1)n+1 (2x − 1)n+1 (3x − 1)n+1
x4
Example 1.1.5. Find the nth derivative of the function y = .
x2 − 3x + 2
Solution. We have
x4 = (x2 − 3x + 2)(x2 + 3x + 7) + (15x − 14).
Dividing both sides by x2 − 3x + 2, we get
x4 15x − 14
y = 2
= x2 + 3x + 7 + 2
x − 3x + 2 x − 3x + 2
15x − 14
= x2 + 3x + 7 +
(x − 1)(x − 2)
16 1
= x2 + 3x + 7 + − .
x−2 x−1
Thus
16 1 16 1
y1 = 2x + 3 − 2
+ , y2 = 2 + +
(x − 2) (x − 1)2 (x − 2) 3 (x − 1)3
and
16(−1)n n! (−1)n n!
 
n 16 1
yn = 0 + − = (−1) n! − (n ≥ 3). 
(x − 2)n+1 (x − 1)n+1 (x − 2)n+1 (x − 1)n+1
8 Chapter 1 Differentiation

Example 1.1.6. Find the nth derivative of the function y = sin 4x cos 2x.

Solution. Observe that

1
y = sin 4x cos 2x = (sin 6x + sin 2x).
2
Therefore,
1h n  nπ   nπ i
yn = 6 sin 6x + + 2n sin 2x + . 
2 2 2
Example 1.1.7. Find the nth derivative of the function y = sin4 x.

Solution. Observe that

 2
4 2 2 1 − cos 2x
y = sin x = (sin x) =
2
1
= (1 − 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x)
4 
1 1 + cos 4x
= 1 − 2 cos 2x +
4 2
1
= (3 − 4 cos 2x + cos 4x).
8
Thus
1h  nπ   nπ i
yn = 0 − 4 · 2n cos 2x + + 4n cos 4x + . 
8 2 2
Example 1.1.8. Find the nth derivative of the function y = sin2 x cos3 x.

Solution. Observe that

sin2 x cos3 x = cos x(sin x cos x)2

1
= cos x(2 sin x cos x)2
4
1
= cos x sin2 2x
4  
1 1 − cos 4x
= cos x
4 2
1
= [cos x − cos 4x cos x]
8 
1 1
= cos x − (cos 5x + cos 3x)
8 2
1
= (2 cos x − cos 5x − cos 3x).
16
Thus the nth derivative is
1 h  nπ   nπ   nπ i
2 cos x + − 5n cos 5x + − 3n cos 3x + . 
16 2 2 2
Example 1.1.9. Find the nth derivative of the function y = e2x cos 2x cos x.
Sec 1.1 Successive Differentiation 9

Solution. Observe that

y = e2x cos 2x cos x

1 2x
= e (2 cos 2x cos x)
2
1 2x
= e (cos 3x + cos x)
2
1 2x
= (e cos 3x + e2x cos x).
2
Thus
    
1 n/2 2x −1 3 n/2 2x −1 1
yn = (13) e cos 3x + n tan + (5) e cos x + n tan . 
2 2 2

Example 1.1.10. Find the nth derivative of the function y = cosh 4x cos 3x.

Solution. Observe that

e4x + e−4x
 
1
y = cosh 4x cos 3x = cos 3x = (e4x cos 3x + e−4x cos 3x).
2 2

Thus
     
1 4x n/2 −1 3 −4x n/2 −1 3
yn = e (25) cos 3x + n tan + e (25) cos 3x + n tan −
2 4 4
n
     
5 3 3
= e4x cos 3x + n tan−1 + e−4x cos 3x + n tan−1 − . 
2 4 4

Exercises

Exercise 1.1.1. Find the nth derivative of the following functions:

(1) sin 2x cos 3x x2 − 4x + 1

(10) y =
x3 + 2x2 − x − 2
(2) sin5 x cos3 x
(11) y = sin3 x cos2 x
(3) y = cos x cos 2x cos 3x
(4) y = ex sin 2x cos 3x (12) y = log(ax + b)(cx + d)

(5) y = e2x cos2 x sin x (13) y = x log(x + 1)

(6) y = sinh x cosh 2x
(14) y = cos6 x
x
(7) y =
(x − 1)(2x + 3) x2
(15) y =
2x2 + 7x + 6
(8) y = e−x sin2 x
x x3
(9) y = (16) y =
(x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) (x − 1)(x − 2)
10 Chapter 1 Differentiation

(−1)n n!cn
 
ax + b bc − ad
Exercise 1.1.2. If y = , show that yn = .
cx + d c (cx + d)n+1

Exercise 1.1.3. If y = sin mx + cos mx, then show that yn = mn [1 + (−1)n sin 2mx]1/2 .

1.2 Leibnitz Rule

If u and v are functions of x such that their nth derivatives exist, then the nth derivative of their
product is given by

(uv)n = un v + nC 1 un−1 v1 + nC 2 un−2 v2 + · · · + nC r un−r vr + uvn ,

Where ur and vr represents rth derivatives of u and v respectively.

Solved Examples

Example 1.2.1. Find the nth derivative of the function ex (2x + 3)3 .

Solution. Let u = ex and v = (2x + 3)3 . Then

un = ex and v1 = 6(2x + 3)2 , v2 = 24(2x + 3), v3 = 48, v4 = 0.

By Leibnitz theorem,

(uv)n = un v + nC 1 un−1 v1 + nC 2 un−2 v2 + · · · + nC r un−r vr + uvn .

So,
n(n − 1) x n(n − 1)(n − 2) x
(ex (2x + 3)3 )n = ex (2x + 3)3 + nex 6(2x + 3)2 + e 24(2x + 3) + e 48
2 6
= ex [(2x + 3)3 + 6n(2x + 3)2 + 12n(n − 1)(2x + 3) + 8n(n − 1)(n − 2)]. 

Example 1.2.2. Find the nth derivative of y = x log x.

Solution. Let u = log x and v = x. Then

(n − 1)! (n − 2)!
un = (−1)n−1 , un−1 = (−1)n−2 and v1 = 1, v2 = 0.
xn xn−1
Using Leibnitz theorem, we have

(uv)n = un v + nC 1 un−1 v1 + nC 2 un−2 v2 + · · · + nC r un−r vr + uvn

(n − 1)! (n − 2)!
⇒ (x log x)n = (−1)n−1 n
x + (−1)n−2 n−1 1 + 0
x x
(n − 1)(n − 2)! (n − 2)!
= −(−1)n−2 n−1
+ n(−1)n−2 n−1
x x
(n − 2)!
= (−1)n−2 n−1 [−(n − 1) + n]
x
(n − 2)!
= (−1)n−2 n−1 . 
x
Sec 1.2 Leibnitz Rule 11

Example 1.2.3. Find the nth derivative of x2 e3x sin 4x.

Solution. Let u = e3x sin 4x and v = x2 . Then
   
n/2 3x −1 4 n 3x −1 4
un = (25) e sin 4x + n tan = 5 e sin 4x + n tan ,
3 3
 
n−1 3x −1 4
un−1 = 5 e sin 4x + (n − 1) tan
3
and
v1 = 2x, v2 = 2, v3 = 0.
Using Leibnitz theorem, we get

(uv)n = un v + nC 1 un−1 v1 + nC 2 un−2 v2 + · · · + nC r un−r vr + uvn

 
2 3x n 3x −1 4
⇒ (x e sin 4x)n = 5 e sin 4x + n tan x2 +
3
 
n−1 3x −1 4
n5 e sin 4x + (n − 1) tan (2x) +
3
 
n(n − 1) n−2 3x −1 4
5 e sin 4x + (n − 2) tan
2 3

Thus the required nth derivative is

 
3x n 2 2nx n(n − 1)
e 5 x sin (4x + nα) + sin (4x + (n − 1)α) + sin (4x + (n − 2)α) ,
5 25
4
where α = tan−1 . 
3
log x
Example 1.2.4. If y = , prove that
x
(−1)n n!
 
1 1 1
yn = log x − 1 − − − · · · − .
xn+1 2 3 n
1
Solution. Here y = log x. By Leibnitz rule,
x
(−1)n n! n (−1)n−1 (n − 1)! 1 n (−1)n−2 (n − 2)! 1
yn = n+1
log x + C 1 n
+ C2 n−1
(−1) 2 +
x x x x x
n−3 n−1
n (−1) (n − 3)! 1 1 1 (−1) (n − 1)!
C3 (−1)(−2) 3 + + · · · +
xn−2 x x x xn
(−1)n n! n(−1)n−1 (n − 1)! n(n − 1) (−1)n−1 (n − 2)!
= log x + + +
xn+1 xn+1 2 xn+1
n(n − 1)(n − 2) (−1)n−1 (n − 3)! (−1)n−1 (n − 1)!
· 2 + · · · +
3·2·1 xn+1 xn+1
(−1)n n!
 
1 1 1
= log x − 1 − − − · · · − . 
xn+1 2 3 n
12 Chapter 1 Differentiation

Example 1.2.5. If y = (sin−1 x)2 , show that (1 − x2 )yn+2 − (2n + 1)xyn+1 − n2 yn = 0.

Solution. Here y = (sin−1 x)2 . Differentiating w. r. t. x, we get
2 sin−1 x
y1 = √ ⇒ (1 − x2 )y12 = 4(sin−1 x)2 = 4y.
1 − x2
Again differentiating, we get
(1 − x2 )2y1 y2 − 2xy12 = 4y1 ⇒ (1 − x2 )y2 − xy1 − 2 = 0.
Differentiating it n times by Leibnitz theorem,
n(n − 1)
(1 − x2 )yn+2 + n(−2x)yn+1 + (−2)yn − [xyn+1 + nyn ] = 0
2

⇒ (1 − x2 )yn+2 − 2nxyn+1 − n(n − 1)yn − xyn+1 − nyn = 0

⇒ (1 − x2 )yn+2 − (2n + 1)xyn+1 − n2 yn = 0,

which is the required result. 
Example 1.2.6. If y 1/m + y −1/m = 2x, prove that
(x2 − 1)yn+2 + (2n + 1)xyn+1 + (n2 − m2 )yn = 0.
Solution. Observe that
√
1/m −1/m 2/m 1/m 1/m 2x ± 4x2 − 4 √
y +y = 2x ⇒ y − 2xy +1=0 ⇒ y = = x ± x2 − 1.
2
Thus  √ m
y = x ± x2 − 1 .
Differentiating w. r. t. x, we get
√
m−1  
 x
y1 = m x± −1 1± √
x2
x2 − 1
 √ m−1  √x2 − 1 ± x 
⇒ y1 2
= m x± x −1 √ .
x2 − 1
Squaring both sides, we get
(x2 − 1)y12 = m2 y 2 .
Differentiating again w. r. t. x, we get
2(x2 − 1)y1 y2 + 2xy12 = 2m2 yy1 ⇒ (x2 − 1)y2 + xy1 − m2 y = 0.
Applying Leibnitz rule, we get
n(n − 1)
(x2 − 1)yn+2 + nyn+1 · 2x + yn · 2 + xyn+1 + nyn − m2 yn = 0
2

⇒ (x2 − 1)yn+2 + 2nxyn+1 + n2 yn − nyn + xyn+1 + nyn − m2 yn = 0

⇒ (x2 − 1)yn+2 + (2n + 1)xyn+1 + (n2 − m2 )yn = 0. 

Sec 1.2 Leibnitz Rule 13

Exercises

Exercise 1.2.1. Find the nth derivative of the following functions:

(i) x2 log 3x (iii) x2 ex (v) x3 sin x

x x
(ii) x2 cos x (iv) ex (3x + 2)3 (vi) 2(x + 1)2 ex cos sin
2 2

Exercise 1.2.2. If y = tan−1 x, prove that

(1 + x2 )yn+1 + 2nxyn + n(n − 1)yn−1 = 0.

−1
Exercise 1.2.3. If y = em cos x
, prove that

(1 − x2 )yn+2 − (2n + 1)xyn+1 − (n2 + m2 )yn = 0.

−1
Exercise 1.2.4. If y = ea sin x
, prove that

(1 − x2 )yn+2 − (2n + 1)xyn+1 − (n2 + a2 )yn = 0.

Exercise 1.2.5. If y = sin(m sin−1 x), prove that

(1 − x2 )yn+2 − 2(n + 1)xyn+1 + (m2 − n2 )yn = 0.

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