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Land Subsidence in Coastal Areas of Indonesia: Existence, Impacts,

and Risk Reduction

Presentation · June 2021

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24481.53603

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Hasanuddin Z. Abidin Heri Andreas

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1

Land Subsidence in Coastal Areas of Indonesia:

Existence, Impacts, and Risk Reduction

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin ,
Heri Andreas, Irwan Gumilar, Teguh P. Sidiq, Mipi A. Kusuma, M. Gamal
Geodesy Research Group, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology,
Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB), Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung

International Webinar “Coastal Management for Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience”,
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University,
Makassar, 9 June 2021
2
Ref: Polland (1984)
Land Subsidence
• Land subsidence is the downward displacement
of the land surface relative to certain reference
surface, such as mean sea level (MSL) or reference
ellipsoid.
San Joaquin Valley
subsidence
• It may occurs in active volcanic and tectonic
areas, mining areas, oil and gas exploration areas,
and large urban areas.
• Can be caused by natural and/or human activities.
• Land subsidence is a silent type hazard.
It realized after its damaging impacts appeared.

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2012, 2021)

3
Land
Land subsidence
Subsidence prone area
Stable point

MSL (Mean Sea Level) H

Geoid

Reference Ellipsoid

LS(t1,t2) is 𝐿𝑆 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 = 𝐻 𝑡2 − 𝐻 𝑡1 , or 𝐿𝑆 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 = ℎ 𝑡2 − ℎ 𝑡1
land subsidence between
the two epochs of t1 and t2: 𝐿𝑆 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 = 𝑑𝐻 𝑡2 − d𝐻 𝑡1 , or 𝐿𝑆 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 = 𝑑ℎ 𝑡2 − 𝑑ℎ 𝑡1

Geodetic methods • Leveling Survey • TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanner)

for measurement of • GNSS Survey and CORS • Microgravity
land subsidence • InSAR • Geometric-Historic

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2015, 2021)

4

Causes of Land Subsidence

Causative factors of land subsidence
in several regions of Indonesia (including urban areas):
ANTHROPOGENIC

1. excessive groundwater extraction,

2. load of buildings and constructions
(i.e. settlement of high compressibility soil),
3. natural consolidation of alluvium soil, and
NATURAL

4. tectonic activity. Land subsidence is usually caused

by combination of these factors

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2015, 2021)

5
Land Subsidence in Northern Coast of Java

Tanggerang Jakarta
Blanakan, Indramayu Pekalongan Demak
Heri Andreas et al. (2016) Semarang

Cirebon, Brebes, Tegal,

Pemalang, Pekalongan
Bekasi
Surabaya
Bandung Sidoarjo

Ref: Amelung et.al (2010), Estelle et.al 2012

Impacts of land subsidence can be seen in the forms of coastal inundation,

coastal flooding, and sinking & cracking of infrastructures.
Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2016, 2021)
6
Land Subsidence in Northern Coast of Java
Pekalongan area
Jakarta area
Typical rates: 3 – 10 cm/year
LUSI area
Ref: Andreas et al. (2018)
Semarang area
Blanakan,
Pondok Bali area

Demak area
Kendal
Cikarang area
Surabaya
Cirebon, Brebes, Pekalongan, Pemalang area area
Bandung area

Ref: Amelung et.al (2010), Estelle et.al 2012

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2021)

7

Coastal Watch out subsidence along

Subsidence the coastal areas of North Java
and Flooding
Sea Level Rise:
0.1 – 0.5 cm/year (IPCC)

Coastal Subsidence:
3 - 10 cm/year

• Tidal Flooding
• Surface water degradation
• Environmental degradation
• Decrease in livelihood quality
Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2016, 2021)
8
Sea Level Rise in mm/year (1993-2015)
from Satellite Altimetry

The map of sea level trend

(unit in mm/year)

around the Indonesian

seas, estimated from three
different satellite altimeters
(T/P, Jason-1 and Jason-2)
over 1993 to 2015 period.

Eko Y. Handoko et al. (2017)

Ref: Eko Y. Handoko et al. (2017)

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2021)

9
Land Subsidence and Coastal Development
LAND SUBSIDENCE INFORMATION
Magnitudes, Rates, Spatial and Temporal Variations)

Spatial Planning Consideration Groundwater Extraction Regulation

Infrastructure Design and Construction Sewerage and Drainage System Design

Sub-surface Utility Planning Environmental Conservation

Inland and Coastal Flood Mitigation Sea Water Intrusion Control

Other Spatial dan Non-Spatial SUSTAINABLE COASTAL DEVELOPMENT

Data and Information (Economy, Environment, Social)

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2015, 2021)

10

Impacts of Land Subsidence

11
Typical Impacts of Land Subsidence in Urban Areas
Typical long-term impacts
Typical field representation of land subsidence
of land subsidence
Increasing the
• Cracking of buildings and
maintenance costs for
infrastructure
the affected buildings
• The wider expansion of inland and infrastructure
and coastal flooding areas
Lowering the quality
• Malfunction of drainage system
of living environment
• Changes in river canal and and life (e.g. health and
drain flow systems sanitation condition)
in the affected areas

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2012, 2021)

12

Connected Impacts of Land Subsidence

• Buildings Infrastructural Economic
• Facilities Impacts Impacts
• Infrastructures

Social
LAND Impacts
SUBSIDENCE

• Land Surface • Riverine and

Enivironmental
• River, Canal, and Coastal Flooding
• Inundation Impacts
Drain Flow Systems

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2015, 2021)

13
No. Category Representation of impact Level of impact
• cracking of permanent constructions and roads direct
• tilting of houses and buildings direct
• ‘sinking’ of houses and buildings direct
1. Infrastructural • breaking of underground pipelines and utilities direct
• malfunction of sewerage and drainage system indirect
• deterioration in function of building and
indirect
infrastructures
Land • changes in river canal and drain flow systems indirect
• frequent coastal flooding indirect
Subsidence 2. Environmental
• wider expansion of flooding areas indirect
• inundated areas and infrastructures indirect
Impacts • increased inland sea water intrusion indirect
• deterioration in quality of environmental condition indirect
• increase in maintenance cost of infrastructure indirect
• decrease in land and property values indirect
3. Economic
• abandoned buildings and facilities indirect
• disruption to economic activities indirect
• deterioration in quality of living environment and life
indirect
4. Social (e.g. health and sanitation condition)
• disruprion to daily activities of people indirect

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2015, 2021)

14

Land Subsidence and Flooding (1)

subsidence

Flooded area Flooded area

(without subsidence) (with subsidence)

Expanded coverage and deeper water depth

of flooded (inundated) areas.

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2013, 2021)

15

Land Subsidence and Flooding (2)

Sea Level Rise + High Tide Sea Level Rise + High Tide

MSL MSL
subsidence

Coastal flooded area Coastal flooded area

(without subsidence) (with subsidence)

Expanded coverage and deeper water depth

of coastal flooded (inundated) areas.

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2013, 2021)

16

Land Subsidence and Flooding (3)

subsidence

Water flow Water flow

(without subsidence) (with subsidence)

Changes of water flow pattern in drainage, canal

and river systems passing the subsidence area.

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2013, 2021)

17
Examples of Land Subsidence Impacts in Jakarta

Impacts on
Infrastructure

Ref: KK Geodesi dan

Ardito Y. Bimantara (2012)

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2014, 2021)

18
Examples of Land Subsidence Impacts in Jakarta
Impacts on
Bridge Lowering
Ref: Brinkman (2011)

Bridge at Kamal Muara Bridge Lowering at Mangga Dua Bridge Lowering at Ancol

Bridge at Kamal Muara

Bridge Lowering at Pluit Bridge Lowering at Pantai Mutiara Bridge at G. Sahari Bridge at Mangga Dua

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2014, 2021)

19
Examples of Land Subsidence Impacts in Jakarta

Impacts on
Cracking
Houses

Ref: KK Geodesi dan Ardito Y. Bimantara (2012)

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2014, 2021)

20
Examples of Land Subsidence Impacts in Jakarta

Impacts on
“Sinking”
Houses

Ref: KK Geodesi dan

Ardito Y. Bimantara (2012)

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2014, 2021)

21
Examples of Land Subsidence Impacts in Jakarta
“Sea level versus River and Sea Wall”
Ref: Brinkman (2011)

Sea Wall at Dadap Sea Wall at Pasar Ikan Sea Level vs. River in Ancol

Sea Level Vs. River in Kamal Muara

Sea Wall at Pluit Sea Wall

Sea Level at Muara
vs. River Baru
in Pluit Sea Wall at Muara Baru Sea Level vs. River in Pasar Ikan

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2014, 2021)

22
Examples of Land Subsidence Impacts in Jakarta

Impacts on
Sea Water
Intrution

Ref: KK Geodesi dan

Ardito Y. Bimantara (2012)

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2014, 2021)

23
Examples of Land Subsidence Impacts in Jakarta

Impacts on
Tidal
Flooding

Ref: KK Geodesi dan

Ardito Y. Bimantara (2012)

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2014, 2021)

24
Distribution of Subsidence Impacts in Semarang

Semarang

Significant
land subsidence
related losses

-15 cm/year 0

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2016, 2021)

25
Examples of Subsidence Impacts in Semarang
Lead to infrastructural, economic, environmental and social losses
Coastal Flooding

Infrastructure Damage Coastal Flooding

Sinking House
Coastal Flooding

Coastal Flooding

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2016, 2021)

26

Maximum Reach of Coastal Flooding (Rob)

in Semarang (2009 And 2012)

Coastal Flooding in Semarang (mid April 2009)

courtesy of Kompas photo, 2 July 2009

Java sea and

Coastal Flooding
occurred
sedimentation
Ref: Bambang D. Yuwuno (2012)
Coastal Flooding

Land Subsidence and

Coastal Flooding in Semarang Ref. : Hilmi (2009)

Tidal Flooding (Rob) in Semarang (SPOT Image 2000)

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2016, 2021)

27

Examples of Subsidence Impacts in Semarang

(Coastal Flooding)

Ref: Gumilar et al. (2011)

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2016, 2021)

28

Examples of Subsidence Impacts in Semarang

(Tilted and Sinking Houses)

Ref: Gumilar et al. (2011)

Gumilar et al. (2011)

29

Examples of Subsidence Impacts in Semarang

(Cracks in Buildings)

Ref: Gumilar et al. (2011)

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2016, 2021)

30

Examples of Subsidence Impacts in Semarang

(Damage to Road/Bridge Infrastructure)

Ref: Gumilar et al. (2011)

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2016, 2021)

31

Disaster Risk Reduction

of Land Subsidence
32
Land Subsidence Risk Reduction
Disaster Risk: The potential loss of life, injury,
or destroyed or damaged assets which could
occur to a system, society or a community in
a specific period of time, determined
probabilistically as a function of hazard,
exposure, vulnerability and capacity.
Exposure depends on duration
and/or extent of a hazard.
Exposure: The situation of people,
infrastructure, housing, production
capacities and other tangible human
assets located in hazard-prone areas
Vulnerability: The conditions determined
by physical, social, economic and
environmental factors or processes
which increase the susceptibility of an
individual, a community, assets or systems
to the impacts of hazards.

Vulnerability
Disaster Risk = Hazard x Exposure x
Capacity

Hazards may be natural,
anthropogenic or socionatural in
origin: biological, environmental,
geological, hydrometeorological
and technological hazards
Ref: United Nations (2016) “Report of the open-
ended intergovernmental expert working group
on indicators and terminology relating to disaster
has the potential to cause disasters
risk reduction”
Version: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2021)
Hazard: A process, phenomenon or human
activity that may cause loss of life, injury
or other health impacts, property damage,
social and economic disruption or
environmental degradation.
Land subsidence in coastal areas
with considerable related losses.
Capacity: The combination of all the strengths,
attributes and resources available within an
organization, community or society to
manage and reduce disaster risks and
strengthen resilience.
Capacity may include infrastructure,
institutions, human knowledge and skills,
and collective attributes such as social
relationships, leadership and management.
33

Losses due to Land Subsidence

DIRECT EFFECTS
Primary
Damage, Costs and Adjustments and their
Subsidence Phenomena
Other Impacts Costs and Impacts
▪ Vertical subsidence
▪ Man-made system ▪ Studies
▪ Tilting
▪ Natural system ▪ Subsidence control
▪ Horizontal strains
▪ Damage Mitigation
▪ Ground breaks
▪ Subsurface deformation
Ref. : Viets (2010)

• Development Cost
Aggravation of • Maintenance Cost
Damage, Costs and
Other Hazards
Other Impacts • Social Cost
▪ Flooding
▪ Faulting ▪ Man-made system • Environmental Cost
▪ Dam failures ▪ Natural system
▪ Induced seismicity

INDIRECT EFFECTS
Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2012, 2021)
34

Preventation
(From ADPC, 2009)

Measures taken to avert a disaster

from occurring, if possible
ADPC (2009) (to impede a hazard so that
it does not have any harmful effects).

CAUSATIVE FACTORS PREVENTION MEASURES

• Stop groundwater extraction in subsidence prone
Excessive
areas.

for Land Subsidence

groundwater extraction
• Establish a 100 % surface water supply condition.

Load of buildings • Strict implementation of sustainable urban

and infrastructures development and spatial planning system.
Natural consolidation
None
of alluvium soil
Tectonic activities None

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2016, 2021)

35
Mitigation
(From ADPC, 2009)

Measures taken prior to the impact of

a disaster to minimize its effects
(sometimes referred to as structural
ADPC (2009)
and non-structural measures)

CAUSATIVE FACTORS MITIGATION MEASURES

• Limit or prohibit groundwater extraction in subsidence
Excessive prone areas; and increase surface water supply.
groundwater extraction • Enforcement of strict regulation and punishment for

for Land Subsidence

Load of buildings and
infrastructures
Natural consolidation
of alluvium soil
Tectonic activities
Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2016, 2021)
groundwater extraction in subsidence prone areas.
• Urban development planning and building codes take into
account the land subsidence characteristics in the areas.
• Urban development rate in subsidence prone areas is
properly controlled.
• Spatial planning and building codes take into account the
land subsidence characteristics in the areas.
36

Adaptation/
ADPC (2009)
Preparedness
(From ADPC, 2009)

Measures taken in anticipation of a disaster

to ensure that appropriate and effective
actions are taken in the aftermath.
CAUSATIVE FACTORS ADAPTATION MEASURES
Excessive • Increase the surface groundwater supply and resources.

for Land Subsidence

groundwater extraction
Load of buildings and
infrastructures
Natural consolidation
of alluvium soil
Tectonic activities
• Continuous monitoring of subsidence characteristics.
• Implementation of special building codes for land
subsidence prone areas.
• Continuous monitoring of subsidence characteristics.
• Implementation of subsidence-adaptive urban
developmen and spatial planning system.
• Continuous monitoring of subsidence characteristics.

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2016, 2021)

37

Closing Remarks
38
Causes, Risks and Impacts of
Land Subsidence in Coastal Areas
LAND SUBSIDENCE IN COASTAL AREAS

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2016, 2021)

39

Urban Development and Subsidence

Land subsidence in coastal areas contributes

to coastal inundation and flooding phenomena, and should be
properly considered in the coastal development process.
Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2015, 2021)
40

Priorities in How about

Disaster Risk Reduction in the case of
LAND SUBSIDENCE
Management in the coastal areas ?
(Sendai Framework 2015)

P-1: Understanding disaster risk. A broad range of activities

P-2: Strengthening disaster risk
governance to manage disaster risk.
P-3: Investing in disaster risk reduction
for resilience.
P-4: Enhancing disaster preparedness
for effective response and to
“Build Back Better” in recovery,
rehabilitation and reconstruction.
may also include:
• Prevent the loss of lives.
• Minimize human suffering.
• Inform the public and authorities of risk.
• Minimize infrastructure and property
damages; and social, environmental,
and economic losses.
• Improve the prevention, mitigation, and
adaptation initiatives and processes.

Versi: Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2016, 2021)

41

Thank you for your attention

ITB Campus, Bandung, Indonesia

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