UNITS AND DIMENSIONS & ERRORS IN MEASUREMENTS VECTORS MOTION INA STRAIGHT LINE MOTIONIN A PLANE NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION FRICTION CIRCULAR MOTION WORK ,POWER & ENERGY COLLISIONS SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL. MOTION OSCILLATIONS GRAVITATION MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER THERMODYNAMICS KINETIC THEORY OF GASES Su 12-15 16-23 24-28 29-38 | 39-40 41-51 52-54 55-62 63-75 76-83 84-102 103-106 107-113 14-119 120-121ct RE CONCEPT OF PHYSICS PART- Cora rH » The word science originates from the Latin verb ‘Scientia’ meaning ‘to know’. ICAL WORLD The word physics comes from a Greek word ‘phusis’ meaning ‘nature’ > > — Physics is the study of basic laws of nature and their manifestation in different natural phenomena. > — Johannes Kepler introduced the concept of elliptical orbits for the motion of planets around the sun. > — a- Particle scattering experiment conducted by Rutherford that leads to the basis of the quantum theory of hydrogen atom proposed by Niel’s Bohr. > — The concept of antiparticle was first introduced theoretically by Paul Dirac and confirmed later by the experimental discovery of positron by Carl Anderson. Positron is the anti-particle of electron. > — Classical Physics deals with macroscopic phenomena and includes subjects like mechanics, electro dynamics, optics and thermodynamics. Modern Physics deals with the constitution and structure of matter at the minute scales of atoms and nuclei. oa Gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force are the fundamental forces in nature. > — Acceleration duc to gravity has no symmetry but law of gravitation has symmetry. > Gravitational force is the force of mutual attraction between any two objects by virtue of their masses. It is a universal force. Electromagnetic force is the force between charged particles. The electric force between two protons is 10° times the gravitational force between them for any fixed distance. > — Strong Nuclear Force: © Strong nuclear force binds protons and neutrons in a nucleus, Strong nuclear force is the strongest of all fundamental forces, about 100 times the electromagnetic force in strength. Strong nuclear force is charge independent and acts equally between a proton and proton, a neutron and neutron, and a proton and neutron. Strong nuclear force range is extremely small, it is about 10m . v v vv ° > Weak Nuclear Force: The weak nuclear force appears only in certain nuclear processes such as the 6 decay of a nucleus. ©The range of weak nuclear force is exceedingly small and in the order of 10-'*m . > Kinstein’s mass (m ) energy (E) relation : > E=me?, where cis speed of light in vacuum. . > The Raman Effect deals with scattering of light by molecules of a medium when they are excited to vibrational energy levels and it is discovered by C. V. Raman. > S- Chandrasekhar contributed Chandrasekhar limit, structure and evolution 8f stars. > Neutron is discovered by James Chadwick. > — Conservation law is a statement that some physical quantity remains unchanged during all possible physical phenomena. ; ' > — The law of conservation of linear momentum is based on uniformity of space. > Invariant principle is a statement that all laws of nature remain unchanged for some particular change of physical condition. AJEE MAIN CORE CONCEPT OF PHYsics party UNITS AND DIMENSIONS bel Vig AND ERRORS IN MEASUREMENTS > Mean value: If a,,a, , are the observed value of a quantity, then its true value is =_a,ta,t given by a= “1**2 =| Absolute error = true value-observed value. or |4a\|=la,-a| Mean absolute error = _ |da,|+|Aa,|+ |_1¢ da = Pelt A, ==> Aa, - aga > Relative error = 42. a > percentage error = > — Combination of Errors If +AX and +AY be the absolute errors in X and Y respectively and @ if Z=X+Y, then maximum possible error in Z is AZ = +(AX+AY) Gi) If Z=X— Y, then maximum possible error in Z is AZ = 4 (AX+AY) ii) If Z=XY, then fractional change in Z is ‘a 7x ta eh (iv) If Z= Y’ then fractional change in Z is () If Z=x", then fractional change in Z is , then fractional change in Z is save Aw xy ow Percentage error in Z. is 71002 | EA AW | 09 The absolute error has the same unit as the quantity itself, but fractional error has no unit. then fractional change in Zis 42 _ | AX AY | (AX+AY) 32)JEE MAIN >» Vernier calipers - Upper Jaw \ ee ais — TTT TTT lana tuncta alana 2 f Thumb Screw Lower Jaw L.C = Length of one division of main scale- length of one division of Vernier scale _ Length of onedivision of mainscale or LC= number of divisions on Vernier scale Length of the object = M.S.R +(V.S.R«L.C) +Correction Cicgytar (Head) al Lihear (Pitch) scale c Pitch -____ ee [total number of divisions on the Vernierscale] Diameter d= P.S.R+(H.S.RL.C)+Correction Units and Dimensions > Plane angle and solid angle have units but no dimensions. L > Resistance R, capacitance C and inductance L then CR, VLC and — have dimensions of time. > Dimensional formula of and E/B ( E is the electric field and B is the magnetic field) Ho € are of dimensions of speed , M’LT" 1 E? or = is ML'T? > — Dimensional formula of 7 0 > — Dimensions of | € ne re of resistance R ,JEE MAIN CORE CONCEPT OF PHYSICS PaRT.1 > Dimensions of CB'l? are of mass m. (C is capacitance, B is magnetic field and | is length), > Dimensions of qvB, qE and Bil are of force, MLT*.(q-> charge, v-> velocity ,B—» magneticfield , i> current , / ->length, E -> electric field ) Dimensional Constants: > Dimensions of gravitational constant (G):[M™'L'T™ | > Dimensions of Plank’s constant (h):[ML?T"] > Dimensions of gas constant (R):{ MLT*K"'mol”’ ] > Dimensions of coefficient of viscosity (7 ):[ML"T™ | ensionless constants: > Reynolds number(R,, ), Mach number (M), Refractive index (2), Relative density, Relative permittivity(¢, ), Relative permeability (1, ). Mathematical Ratios are Dimensionless > — Trigonometric ratio : sin, cos, tan etc. > [log x] - Dimensionless 6]- Dimensionless > — [e*] -Dimensionless PHYSICAL QUANTITIES HAVING SAME DIMENSIONS: > Distance, displacement, height, width, radius, wavelength, radius of gyration [L]. > Force, weight, tension, thrust, energy gradient { MLT~ | > Work, energy, moment of force [ ML’T ] > — Force constant, surface tension [ MT~ | » Angular momentum, angular impulse, Plank’s constant [ ML?T~ ] > — Angular velocity, frequency, velocity gradient, decay constant (r'] > Stress, pressure, modulus of elasticity, energy density [ML"T?] > — Wave number, power of lens, Rydberg’s constant | L-' | [eelJEE MAIN RE CONC! priate VECTORS > Vectors ; The physical quantities which have both magnitude and direction and also obey laws of vector addition are called vectors. > Null or Zero vector - A vector having zero magnitude, The direction of zero vector is indeterminate 4+ (-4)=6 > Unit Vector :- vector having unit magnitude. It is used to specify direction Unit vector in the direction of 4 is 4= 7 |a i, jandk are the unit vectors along x, y and z directions respectively (Mutually perpendicular) . » Triangle Law of Vector addition == R=A+B. R=JA? +B? +2AB Cos Ro = A+B for @=0° Rain =|4-B| for @ = 180) > Parallelogram law of addition of two vectors:- ed by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram which are directed If two vectors are represents away from their common point then their sum (ic. resultant vector) is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing away through that common point. D Cc A B AB + BC = AC = AB+ AD A+B=R R= Tana = 297 ant = "4+ Boos8 » Special Cases ACEgma RE CONCEPT OF PHYSICS PAR’ JEE MAIN vv v > When @=0° (ie, Same direction), Rygx = A+B When 9=180° (ie, Opposite direction) Rr |4-Bl ) Rava +B When 6=90" (ie, Perpendicular direction /@) If A=B Then R = 24Cos' a=p= 2 (ie. resultant of two vectors of equal magnitude bisects the angle between them. ) 2 |A-BlsR< A+B Unit vector parallel to resultant of two vectors is Addition of more than two veetors (Law of polygon): If some vectors are represented by sides ofa polygon in same order then the: ir resultant vector is represented by closing sides of polygon taken in opposite order S é R=A+B+C4+D If N number of vectors equal in magnitude are acting simultaneously on a particle are such an that each veetor subtends “* angle with its former vector the magnitude of their resultant is zero, If (N-1) number of vectors equal in magnitude are acting simultaneously on particle are such an that each vector subtends na angle with its former vector the magnitude of their resultant is equal to the magnitude of given vector. Ms yt ion :- R=A-B » R= VA +B -2ABe0s0 ee PAGES