PUBLIC SPEAKING
communication process in which messages
 Public speaking is a process, an act and
an art of making speech before an
audience.
 Public speaking involves communicating
information before a large audience.
 What makes public speaking different
than, just talking to a crowd of people,
is in the way information is conveyed.
 In public speaking, the information is
purposeful and meant to inform,
influence or entertain a group of
listeners.
DALE CARNEGIE AND ESENWEIN (2007) an
acclaimed public speakers
“Public speaking is public utterance, public
issuance, of the man himself; therefore, the first
thing both in time and importance is that the
man should be and think and feel things that
are worthy of given forth.”
 The importance of public speaking cannot
be denied.
 Great speeches have moved nations to war
and revolution for they inspire and move
people to act.
 Also, the most successful and most
powerful people over the centuries have
mastered the ability to communicate
effectively.
PUBLIC SPEAKING
 Human’s ability to communicate using
formalized systems of language sets us
apart from other living creatures on the
earth.
 It requires you to both know content
and be able to perform a skill well.
 For the Greeks, it was a political in
nature and the spoken word was
thought to be such important skill that
citizens were taught the art of rhetoric.
 Early theories of communication viewed
public speaking as a series of one-way
messages sent from speaker to audience.
 In fact, however, the audience participates
along with the speaker in creating shared
meaning and understanding.
 The speaker’s ideas and values are tested
and refined through interaction with the
audience, and listener’s knowledge and
understanding are modified through
interaction with the speaker.
 Thus, public speaking is a continuous
and signals circulate back and forth
between speaker and listeners.
Great speeches have created hope in perilous
situations, and have people change their
minds about the world and their places in it.
HISTORY OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
 Most well-known public speaking
traditions come from the West, specifically
Greco-Roman tradition.
 The Greeks studied the art of rhetoric on
the island of Sicily, and it began with a
practical need.
 Their government had been overthrown, a
new democracy was formed, and the
Greek courts was filled with clashing
property claims.
CORAX (GREEK TEACHER OF RHETORIC)
TISIAS (CORAX’S STUDENT)
 Proceeded to help citizens when it came to
speaking persuasively in courts of law and
this led to the expansion of the teaching of
rhetoric to mainland Greece.
A BASIC SPEECH HAS THREE PARTS:
 The introduction;
 Evidence; and
 Conclusion
and this simple organization of speeches has
endured throughout the ages.
PROTAGORAS
 A famous Greek philosopher
 The father of debate
 Who made his students argue for and
against issues of the day, to sharpen their
reasoning skills and appreciate different
sides of an issue.
ARISTOTLE
 A famous Greek philosopher
 The father of modern communication
 Wrote a treatise entitled “Rhetoric”, in the
use of persuasive speaking.
1. Logos – “Logical argument”
2. Pathos – “emotional argument”
3. Ethos – “speaker’s credibility”
GRENVILLE KLEISEN (2009) in successful  “Huwego de Prenda” – is a game used to
methods in public speaking entertain guests and the bereaved family
during wakes.
“The great orators of the world did not regard
 During the American period “Balagtasan” –
eloquence as simply an endowment of nature,
became more widely known, in order to
but applied themselves diligently to cultivating
honor Francisco Balagtas, as well-known
their powers of expression”
Filipino Poet.
DEMOSTHENES
BALAGTASAN
 The most famous Ancient Greece Orator
 Is an ordinary debate except that one has
 Had many flaws in public speaking,
to reason and argue in verse.
especially his stammer and weak voice.
 Two master poets are assigned to defend
CICERO the pros and cons of an issue.
 And a board of judges sits to determine the
 The most famous Roman Orator
winner.
 Whose eloquence was described as a
“resistless torrent” THE SPEECH WRITING PROCESS
 A stateman who argued that the teaching
of rhetoric should be considered an art
form, and that this could be useful in “all
practical and public affairs”
 Believed that in order to prepare a speech,
one should first think of one’s listeners and
their interest and to use certain strategies
to engage the audience.

QUINTILIAN

 Roman lawyer and educator

 Public speakers should be ethical
AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
MORREALE (2010)
Profile of your target audience
“The ideal speaker was a good man speaking
well… a good speaker is ethical and of high  Demography
character, and speaking well meant being well-  Situation
informed and presenting the speech effectively.”  Psychology
Women were not allowed to speak publicly PURPOSE
during these times for a long time.
 Informative speech
The babaylan are allowed to speak in public for  Entertainment speech
the purpose of religious rituals.  Persuasive speech
These babaylan are women priestesses of the TOPIC
community.
 Main point of your speech
However, during the pre-colonial times in the  Can be determine after determining the
Philippines purpose
PHILIPPINES NARROWING DOWN THE TOPIC
 Has its own tradition of public speaking  Make the main idea more specific and
 It is called differently from different regions focused.
 Among the tagalogs “Karagatan” – is a
game wherein young men and women duel DATA GATHERING
with each other using words when it comes  Collect ideas, information, sources, and
to talking about love. references relevant to your specific topic.
WRITING PATTERN
 Structures that helps organize the ideas
related to the topic.
OUTLINE
 Hierarchical list that shows the relationship
of your data.
BODY OF SPEECH
 Focus on one central idea gives examples,
explanation, and details.
INTRODUCTION
 Foundation of the speech first impression.
CONCLUSION
 Restates main idea summarizes the speech
EDITING/REVISING
 Correcting errors
LESSON 2: THE TOOLS NEEDED IN CRITICAL IN
CRITICAL/ CREATIVE REPORTS
BEST PRACTICES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
 Great speakers have been called hypnotic,
magnetic, and charismatic and it’s not just
because of the compelling message but
because of the captivating manner they
deliver these speeches, as well.
INTRODUCTION
 FIRST IMPRESSION LASTS
 The beginning of your public speech is the
most important part.
 The first 5-10 seconds of you and your
speech are crucial.
 It is the foundation of your speech
 Primary goal is to get the attention of your
audience.
PERFORMANCE
 Speeches and performances
 Delivered best if they have authenticity and
earnestness.
 Honest + Sincerity = Response
 Response + Relate = Strongly response
 Sense of humor helps break the ice
 Showing of vulnerability and concern
makes the audience feel closer to the
speaker.
PLAN THE SPEECH
 It is important to express oneself in an
expressive and articulate manner.
 Choose words carefully. BE SENSITIVE
 Builds on the foundation of LOGOS, PAHOS,
AND ETHOS.
 One must also nurture a speaking style that
is effective.
 Speaking style varies from one person to
another.
EYE CONTACT
 One way to be authentic is to make eye
contact with the audience and to speak in a
manner that touches them.
 It helps engaging the audience.
 If one is having a hard time making eye
contact, try to pick out 3 people from the
audience and make a mental triangle from
one's position and make eye contact with
them instead of the rest of the people in
the room.
 If one is truly hesitant on making eye
contact, one may look at people's forehead
which creates the illusion of making eye
contact without actually doing it
 If one is comfortable making eye contact,
pick out people who seem friendly or
accommodating to look at so that one feels
confident and at ease.
SPEAKING STYLE
 DIFFERENT PEOPLE HAVE DIFFERENT STYLE
 One can only find one’s personal style
through constant practice
 One can be as calm, trustworthy and
reasonable with their hand gestures seem
more open and thoughtful.
 Or one can bursts with passion and
bombast, with pointing and punching in the
air to make a strong impression.
HAND GESTURES
 Hand gestures can create as much of an
impact as the content of the message.
 Must always look smooth and natural than
stiff and robotic.
 Can be useful signposts in making a point.
 Although intuitive in nature, it can be
extremely useful if use effectively.
 Note that it is culturally informed.
 Some of the gestures are rude.
 It is important to be able to match the
gestures to one's audience.
RECORDING THE SPEECH
 Videotape speakers is one of the best
practices in public speaking, then let them
watch themselves for feedback.
 They can watch for flaws and mannerisms
so they can correct it.
 They'll observe their fillers such as "uhms"
and "uhhs" that are distracting.
 One can see gestures that need to be
eliminated.
 Also, to see if one is smiling.
PEER EVALUATION
 Feedback from people is important and a
great tool to improve one’s speech and
speaking style.
 Teachers, coaches and peers could provide
feedback when it comes to the effectivity
and impact of one's speech.
 Observations can range from one's posture,
facial expression and general appearance.
 Can be done alone while rehearsing in front
of a mirror.
APPEARANCE
 It is important to look credible and worthy
of respect.
 One's dresses should match the kind of
audience one wants to impress.
 FIRST IMPRESSION LASTS
 THE FIRST FIVE TO TEN SECONDS OF
PRESENTING ONESELF IS CRUCIAL
CLOTHING
 Usually, suit and tie for men at the most
formal level or at the very least, long-
sleeves button-down shirts, slacks and
leather shoes. While for women, a pantsuit
or formal coat and skirt ensemble or a long
dress for formal events.
 Could also depends on the tradition and
culture of one's country or region.
 In our country, the use of slack and barong
for men, and filipiñana for women are
acceptable.
GOOD GROOMING
 It is a MUST
 Extends from one's hair to one's nails.
 As long as one looks neat and clean, should
satisfy most of the audience's
requirements.
 Also, one should know the cultural
expectations of the audiences.
 Some audiences may require heavy make-
up for women, don a hijab or high heels.
VISUAL AIDS
 We’re living in a 21st century era wherein it
has become de rigueur to have visual aids.
 Such as infographics, PowerPoint
presentations, video or audio clips which
are acceptable and commendable as long
as it is relevant to the topic.
PPT PRESENTATION
 It is good to use animation but it would be
best if this feature would not be overuse.
 One slide for every 2 minutes is a good rule
of thumb.
 One must rehearse while using the
presentation.
 Check first the equipment before the
speech.
 Ensure that the TEXT is not too small.24 is
the acceptable font size or largerShould be
in dark colors for easy reading
 NOT TEXT-HEAVY
 Visually oriented with the use of
photographs, illustrations, charts and other
visual.
 SIX by SIX rule, no more than 6 bullets and
each bullets should be no more than 6
words.
HANDOUTS
 It would be best for the audience so that
they could follow your speech.
 In case they are lost their attention during
the speech, they could go back to the topic
by looking at the handouts.
FEEDBACK
 The speaker should give attention to the
non-verbal language of the audience.
 The non-verbal language of the audience
are their feedback to the speaker.
 Through their non-verbal language, the
speaker could see if the audiences are
enjoying the speech or getting bored or
they're agreeing or not.
 The speaker should be more responsive
and sympathetic to match the audience's
visual cues.

CONCLUSION

 Restates main idea

 Emphasize the message
 Primary goal is to leave the audience with
memorable statement.

Public Speaking is a dynamic performance that

is meant to disseminate information, create
greater awareness and evoke emotions in the
audience.

It has been used to promote human rights on

the street and to create policies in the
government.

Most important speeches in the world have had

material effects and made a significant change
in the world and these still affect the world
today, long after the speakers have already
gone.