PUBLIC SPEAKING

Public speaking is an important life skill, yet few

people master it. In fact, many people are afraid of
speaking in public.
- Dale Carnegie and Joseph Berg Esenwein (2007)
 It is a process of communicating purposeful
information in front of an audience. It is usually face-
to-face and in a formal setting where the aim of the
speaker is to influence the listeners.
SHORT HISTORY OF PUBLIC
SPEAKING
 PUBLIC SPEAKING HISTORY

CLASSICAL THE
MEDIEVAL
PERIOD ENLIGHTENMEN
PERIOD
(500 BCE-400 BCE) (400 CE-1400 CE) T
(1600 CE-1800 CE)

THE
RENAISSANC NEW SCHOOL
E
THE ROMANS (1400 CE-1600 CE) (1900s TILL
PRESENT)
 1.

CLASSICAL
PERIOD
 Theory 1 Theory 3

The most well-known The Greek teacher of

Theory 2
rhetoric, Corax, and his
public speaking
student, Tisias, proceeded to
traditions come from
help citizens when it came
the West, specifically The Greeks studied to speaking persuasively in
from the Greco- the art of rhetoric on courts of law, and this led to
Roman tradition. the island of Sicily, the expansion of the
and it began with a teaching of rhetoric to
practical need. mainland Greece.
 According to Corax a basic
speech has three parts, the
introduction, evidence, and
conclusion, and this simple
organization of speeches has
endured throughout the ages

CORAX
 He is the father of debate, who
made his students argue for and
against issues of the day, to
sharpen their reasoning skills
and appreciate different sides of
an issue

PROTAGORAS
Aristotle, also known as the father of
modern communication. Aristotle
wrote a treatise entitled "Rhetoric,"
where he discussed the use of logos
(logical argument). pathos (emotional
argument), and ethos (the speaker's
character and credibility), in the use
of persuasive speaking (Morreale,
2010)

ARISTOTLE
 LOGOS
mean supporting your
speech with logical
reasoning in the form of
ETHOS facts, figures, and PATHOS
evidence and one of the
refers to ethics, meaning a refers to adding an
most effective ways of
speaker must radiate moral emotional touch to your
helping the audience to
characters to create an aura speech, so as to cater to
get to the conclusion of an
of trust and authority in the the audience’s emotions.
argument on their own.
audience.
 The most famous orator in Ancient Greece was
Demosthenes. In the beginning, he had many flaws
when it came to public speaking, chief among them
were his stammer and weak voice.

According to Kleiser (2009), Demosthenes

practiced earnestly by "declaiming on the seashore
with pebbles in his mouth, walking up and
downhill while reciting." and that his speeches
were known for their deliberation and forethought.

DEMOSTHENES
 2.

THE ROMANS
the most famous Roman orator whose eloquence was
described as a "resistless torrent“

Cicero was a statesman who argued that the teaching

of rhetoric should be considered an art form, and that
this could be useful in "all practical and public
affairs."

He believed that in order to prepare a speech, one

should first think of one's listeners and their interests,
and to use certain strategies. (Morreale, 2010)

CICERO
 He developed a theory called the
Five Canons of Rhetoric– a five-step process for
developing a persuasive speech that we still use while
teaching public speaking today.

i) Invention

ii) Arrangement

iii) Style

iv) Memory

v) Delivery

CICERO
 The Roman lawyer and educator, Quintilian,
also forwarded the idea that public
speakers should be ethical.

According to Morreale (2010), the ideal

speaker was "a good man speaking well...
a good speaker is ethical and of high
character and speaking well-meant being
well-informed and presenting the speech
effectively."

QUINTILLIAN
 3.

MEDIEVAL
PERIOD
A Christian clergyman, and a renowned
rhetorician continued to develop
ideas and considered the study of
persuasion that had originated during
the Classical Period.

ST. AGUSTINE
 4.

THE
RENAISSANC
E
 Petrus Ramus challenged the theories of the
great scholars from the Classical Period
and focused on logic rather than rhetoric.
According to him, logic falls under two
parts- invention and judgment.
He also challenged much of what the great
scholars thought about ethics, morals,
and the way they tied it up to
communications.

PETRUS RAMUS
 5.

THE
ENLIGHTENMEN
T
A Scottish minister, and educator used scientific and
moral reasoning to understand how persuasion in
speech works, meaning how people use speech to
persuade others.

Elocutionary approach was developed that mainly

focused on the delivery aspect of public
speaking, namely- tone of voice, gestures, body
language, facial expressions, and pronunciations.

GEORGE CAMPBELL
 6.

NEW SCHOOL
The New School considered public speaking as a
separate field of study. Communication
departments have professors or instructors to
teach about classical and modern rhetoric.

For instance, Toastmasters is one such training

organization that aims at teaching its members
public speaking skills.
PHILIPPINE TRADITION IN
PUBLIC SPEAKING
 BABAYLANS
During pre- colonial times, the
Philippines was one of the few places
that allowed women to speak in
public for the purpose of presiding
over religious rituals.

Along with the warriors of the

community, the mandirigma, they
were the leaders of pre-colonial
Philippines (Mallari, 2013).
 KARAGATAN
be game wherein young men
and women duel with each
other using words when it
comes to talking about love
BALAGTASAN
was also staged, on order to
honor Francisco Balagtas, a
well-known Filipino poet.

Like an ordinary debate,

except that one has to reason
and argue in verse. Two
master poets are assigned to
HUEGO DE PRENDA defend the pros and cons of
a game used to entertain an issue, and a board of
guests and the bereaved judges sits to determine the
family during wakes winner.