Quick Guide

to APA 6th
Referencing

For more information see the full APA 6th Referencing Guide: Index:
APA Basics 1

libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-6th Journal Articles

Books & eBooks
2
3

Produced by the University of Newcastle Library, June 2019. Web Resources 5

Based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition. Other Sources 7
APA BASICS
GENERAL
• APA is an in-text referencing style. This means that short referencing information (Author, Date) must be included in the text of your assignment
when you quote information from outside sources. Full details of references used are then included in a reference list at the end of the document.
• References cited in-text must appear in the reference list and vice versa. The only exceptions are personal communications and classical works –
see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-6th/reference-list for more information.
• For more information on APA 6th see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-6th
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
• When inserting a citation into the text of your document, include the authors’ surnames and the year of publication, enclosed in parentheses, e.g.
(Smith & Jones, 2016). This brief citation allows the reader to find the appropriate full reference in the list at the end of the document.
• If you include a direct quote (word-for-word), the in-text citation must include the page number/s where the quotation appeared, e.g. … “correct
referencing is a necessity” (Smith & Jones, 2016, p. 16).
• For multiple in-text citations within parentheses, alphabetise citations by first author and add a semi-colon (;) between them to differentiate
citations, e.g. (Smith & Jones, 2016; Williams, 2014).
• Use “and” when citing authors’ names in sentences and “&” for parentheses. E.g. Smith and Jones (2016) … versus … (Smith & Jones, 2016).
• For more on in-text citations see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-6th/in-text

REFERENCE LIST
• The reference list starts on a separate page and is always organised in alphabetical order. Do not use numbers or bullet points.
• The second and subsequent lines of each reference in the list must have a hanging indent.
• For more on the APA reference list see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-6th/reference-list
THINGS TO LOOK OUT FOR
• When you have multiple resources from exactly the same authors in the same year, alphabetise by title for your reference list and then add a, b, c,
and so on after the year to differentiate the references for the in-text citations. For example:
NSW Health. (2014a). Care facilities for the elderly [Brochure]. Sydney, N.S.W.: Author.
NSW Health. (2014b). Hand hygiene [Pamphlet]. Sydney, N.S.W.: Author.
The in-text references would then be (NSW Health, 2014a) or (NSW Health, 2014b), depending on which document you cite.
• Capitalise all names and proper nouns as appropriate. Examples include Generation Y, YouTube, iPad, and PowerPoint.
• If you see a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) listed on your cited resource, you should include it as part of the reference for APA. Examples in this guide
show which resources are likely to include DOIs. For more information see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/referencing/DOIs
• Remove the University of Newcastle proxy (.ezproxy.newcastle.edu.au) from any URLs so that links used provide general access, as required by APA.

Quick guide to APA 6th referencing. University of Newcastle Library. Updated June 2019. 1
JOURNAL ARTICLES
For more information and examples see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-6th/journal-articles
TYPE
One author
Two authors
Three to five authors
For the first in-text citation,
use all author’s names. For
each subsequent use the first
author followed by ‘et al.’
Six to seven authors
Use only the first author’s
name, followed by ‘et al.’
Eight or more authors
For all in-text citations, use
only the first author’s name,
followed by ‘et al.’
Corporate author
Written by an organisation,
government body, or a group
Quick guide to APA 6th referencing. University of Newcastle Library. Updated June 2019.
IN-TEXT REFERENCE
… notes its prominence (Acciari, 2014).
OR
Acciari (2014) notes that …
… has surfaced (Marra & Edmond, 2014).
OR
Marra and Edmond (2014) describe …
… support frameworks (Wilson, Cordier,
& Wilkes-Gillan, 2014).
OR
Wilson, Cordier, and Wilkes-Gillan (2014)
state that …
Subsequent usage:
… (Wilson et al., 2014)
OR
Wilson et al. (2014) …
… a change (Chamberland et al., 2015).
OR
Chamberland et al. (2015) suggest …
… through further research (Koskan et
al., 2014).
OR
Koskan et al. (2014) prefer …
… trial (SPRINT Research Group, 2015).
OR
The SPRINT Research Group (2015)
concluded that …
REFERENCE LIST
Acciari, M. (2014). The Italianization of Bollywood cinema: Ad hoc films. Studies
in European Cinema, 11(1), 14-25.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17411548.2014.903099
Marra, A. R., & Edmond, M. B. (2014). New technologies to monitor healthcare
worker hand hygiene. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 20(1), 29-33.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12458
Wilson, N. J., Cordier, R., & Wilkes-Gillan, S. (2014). Men's Sheds and mentoring
programs: Supporting teenage boys' connection with school.
International Journal of Men's Health, 13(2), 92-100.
https://doi.org/10.3149/jmh.1302.92
Chamberland, M., Mamede, S., St-Onge, C., Setrakian, J., Bergeron, L., &
Schmidt, H. (2015). Self-explanation in learning clinical reasoning: The
added value of examples and prompts. Medical Education, 49(2), 193-
202. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12623
List the first 6 authors, insert an ellipsis (...), then add the last author's name.
Koskan, A., Klasko, L., Davis, S. N., Gwede, C. K., Wells, K. J., Kumar, A., …
Meade, C. D. (2014). Use and taxonomy of social media in cancer-
related research: A systematic review. American Journal of Public
Health, 104(7), e20-e37. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301980
SPRINT Research Group. (2015). A randomized trial of intensive versus standard
blood-pressure control. New England Journal of Medicine, 33(22), 2103-
2116. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1511939
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Systematic Reviews
‘Online first’ articles
Also known as ‘in-press’,
‘advance publication’, etc.
-This example follows the
pattern for 2 authors-
Reference within an article
(secondary source)
Where possible, try to access
the work being cited,
otherwise follow this pattern
For Cochrane and JBI examples, see the guide at libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-6th/health
For other systematic reviews, reference as a journal article as appropriate.
… supports the evidence (Mackey & Mackey, A., & Bassendowski, S. (2016). The history of evidence-based practice
Bassendowski, 2016). in nursing education and practice. Journal of Professional Nursing.
OR Advance online publication.
Mackey and Bassendowski (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2016.05.009
suggest that …
For this example, Baker’s work from 2008 Reference the article you have, not the one being quoted.
is being quoted in Bail’s 2016 article.
Bail, C. A. (2016). Emotional feedback and the viral spread of social media
Baker’s study (as cited in Bail, 2016) messages about autism spectrum disorders. American Journal of Public
suggested a higher prevalence for ... Health, 106(7), 1173-1180. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303181

BOOKS
For more information and examples see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-6th/books or libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-6th/chapters
TYPE IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST
One author … notes its prominence (Weller, 2011). Weller, M. (2011). The digital scholar: How technology is transforming
OR academic practice. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Weller (2011) notes that …
Two authors … has surfaced (DeWit & O’Neill, 2014). DeWit, S. C., & O’Neill, P. A. (2014). Fundamental concepts and skills for nursing
OR (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
DeWit and O’Neill (2014) describe …
Three to five authors … support frameworks (Haralambos, Haralambos, M., Holborn, M., Chapman, S., & Moore, S. (2013). Sociology:
Holborn, Chapman, & Moore, 2014). Themes and perspectives (8th ed.). London, England: Collins
For the first in-text citation, OR Educational.
use all author’s names. For Haralambos, Holborn, Chapman and
each subsequent use the first Moore (2014) state that …
author followed by ‘et al.’ Subsequent usage:
… (Haralambos et al., 2014)
OR
Haralambos et al. (2014) …
Six to seven authors … needs a change (Ball et al., 2015). Ball, J., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., Stewart, R. W., & Seidel, H. M.
Use only the first author’s OR (2015). Student laboratory manual for Seidel’s guide to physical
name, followed by ‘et al.’ Ball et al. (2015) suggest … examination (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

Quick guide to APA 6th referencing. University of Newcastle Library. Updated June 2019. 3
Eight or more authors
For all in-text citations, use
only the first author’s name,
followed by ‘et al.’
Corporate author
Written by an organisation,
government body, or a group
Book without a date
Use (n.d.) instead of a year
eBook with DOI
As with books but replace the
place / publisher with DOI
eBook with URL
As with books but replace the
place / publisher with
retrieval statement and URL
Chapter in a book
Where the same authors
have written the whole book,
reference the book, not the
chapter
Chapter in an edited book
Where each chapter has
separate authors listed,
reference the chapter. Each
chapter cited gets a separate
entry in the reference list
Chapter in a book with
separate chapter authors,
and no editors listed
-Example using single author-
Quick guide to APA 6th referencing. University of Newcastle Library. Updated June 2019.
… through further research (Barry et al.,
2014).
OR
Barry et al. (2014) prefer …
… in their guide (American Psychological
Association, 2010).
OR
The American Psychological Association
(2010) states that …
… about Nelson (Southey, n.d.).
OR
Southey (n.d.) suggests …
… notes its prominence (Ellis, 2012).
OR
Ellis (2012) notes that …
… makes a start (Wood, 2011).
OR
Wood (2011) notes that …
… has surfaced (Lumby & Probyn, 2003).
OR
Lumby and Probyn (2003) describe …
… has a problem (Ashman, 2009).
OR
Ashman (2009) notes that …
… notes its importance (Hales, 2018).
OR
Hales (2018) notes that …
List the first 6 authors, insert an ellipsis (...), then add the last author's name.
Barry, J., Vaughan, B. E., Hope, E., Smith, E., Burmeister, T., White, A., … James,
T. (2013). Nursing fundamentals. London, England: Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins.
-In this example the author and the publisher are the same-
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the
American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Southey, R. (n.d.). The life of Nelson. London, England: Blackie.
Ellis, R. (2012). Language teaching research and language pedagogy.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118271643
Wood, K. (2011). Education: The basics. Retrieved from
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
As the whole book is written by the same authors, reference the book.
Lumby, C., & Probyn, E. (2003). Remote control: New media, new ethics. Port
Melbourne, Vic.: Cambridge University Press.
As the chapter has specific authors listed, reference the chapter in the book.
Ashman, A. (2009). Contemporary cultures and education. In A. Ashman, & J.
Elkins (Eds.), Education for inclusion and diversity (3rd ed., pp. 3-34).
Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Education Australia.
Hales, M. (2018). Community health. In A. Berman, S. Snyder, T. Levett-
Jones, T. Dwyer, M. Hales, N. Harvey, … D. Stanley, Kozier and Erb’s
fundamentals of nursing (4th Aust. ed., Vol. 1, pp. 127-140).
Melbourne, Vic.: Pearson.
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Entries in reference works
(dictionaries, etc.)
Treated like they are chapters
from edited books.
Use an editor if listed,
otherwise leave out
Syllabus documents
Follow the same pattern as
books and ebooks.
Be careful to use the author
name listed on each syllabus
Brochures & pamphlets
Reference within a book
(secondary source)
Where possible, try to access
the work being cited,
otherwise follow this pattern
No author listed:
… is tailor-made (“Bespoke”, 2009).
Author listed:
… unfortunate condition (Opitz, 2015).
OR
Opitz (2015) contradicts …
… changed its structure (Board of Studies
NSW, 2012).
OR
The Board of Studies NSW (2012)
dictates …
For physical see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-6th/health. For online see Online document under Web Resources.
For this example, Grieve and Gear’s
work from 1996 is being quoted in
Kirtley’s 2006 book.
Grieve and Gear (as cited in Kirtley,
2006) suggest a pattern of ...
No author listed:
Bespoke. (2009). In B. Moore (Ed.), Australian concise Oxford dictionary (5th
ed., p. 127). South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press.
Author listed:
Opitz, J. M. (2015). Congenital disorder. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved
from http://academic.eb.com/topic/132266/congenital-disorder
Online:
Board of Studies NSW. (2012). Mathematics K-10 syllabus. Retrieved from
http://educationstandards.nsw.edu.au/wps/portal/nesa/
Print:
Board of Studies NSW. (2012). Mathematics K-10 syllabus: Vol. 2. Mathematics
years 7-10. Sydney, N.S.W.: Author.
Reference the book (or chapter) you have, not the resource being quoted.
Kirtley, C. (2006). Clinical gait analysis. Edinburgh, Scotland: Elsevier.

WEB RESOURCES
For more information and examples start with libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-6th/web
TYPE IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST
Web page with author/s For in-text citations use the year only For the reference list, include the month and day (if provided)
listed … notes its prominence (Palmer, 2008). Palmer, L. F. (2008, July 17). Insufficient milk syndrome: A fallacy becomes a
Follows the same author OR reality. Retrieved from http://babyreference.com/insufficient-milk-
formatting as other resources Palmer (2008) notes that … syndrome-a-fallacy-becomes-a-reality/
Web page with corporate For in-text citations use the year only For the reference list, include the month and day (if provided)
author ... in their care (HealthTimes, 2015). HealthTimes. (2015, May 27). The future of aged care nursing in Australia.
Created by an organisation, OR Retrieved from https://healthtimes.com.au/hub/aged-
government body, or a group HealthTimes (2015) suggests ... care/2/news/nc1/the-future-of-aged-care-nursing-in-australia/495/
Web page without author/s For in-text citations use the year only For the reference list, include the month and day (if provided)
Title becomes main entry – … its demise (“$250m funding boost”, $250m funding boost for malaria vaccine. (2003, September 22). Retrieved
use the first few words in 2003). from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2003-09-22/250m-funding-boost-
quotes for the in-text citation for-malaria-vaccine/1482220
Quick guide to APA 6th referencing. University of Newcastle Library. Updated June 2019. 5
Web page with no date
If a proper date cannot be
found on the page, use (n.d.)
instead of a year
Online document
Provide description as
required, e.g. [Brochure],
[Pamphlet], [Policy brief]
Government document
Use the name of the
department as noted on the
document
Research report
This example follows the
corporate author pattern
Conference paper with DOI
-This example follows the
pattern for 3-5 authors-
Conference paper with URL
-This example follows the
pattern for 1 author-
Critical appraisal tools
Evidence-based resources -
MIMS, UpToDate, etc.
Author information may be
listed under ‘Contributors’ (or
similar)
Quick guide to APA 6th referencing. University of Newcastle Library. Updated June 2019.
… in their guide (Australian College of Australian College of Midwives. (n.d.). Midwifery practice review. Retrieved
Midwives, n.d.). from https://www.midwives.org.au/mpr
OR
The Australian College of Midwives (n.d.) In this case there is a copyright date at the bottom of the page, but it is a
states that … footer repeated across every page on the site – it is not a true creation date
… is important (Hand Hygiene Australia, Hand Hygiene Australia. (n.d.). Hand hygiene [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from
n.d.). https://www.hha.org.au/UserFiles/file/Hand%20Hygiene%20Fact%20Sh
OR eet%284%29.pdf
Hand Hygiene Australia (n.d.) state …
… in bats (Queensland Health, 2014). Queensland Health. (2014). Lyssavirus in bats prompts reminder not to touch
OR the animal: Care and treatment (Report 432). Retrieved from
Queensland Health (2014) suggests … https://www.health.qld.gov.au/news/stories/140313-lyssavirus.asp
… that year (United Nations, 2015). United Nations. (2015). The Millennium Development Goals report 2015.
OR Retrieved from http://www.mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/
The United Nations (2015) report … Products/Progress2015/English2015.pdf
… cloud (Liu, Zhang, Lin, & Qin, 2014). Liu, L., Zhang, M., Lin, Y., & Qin, L. (2014). A survey on workflow management
OR and scheduling in cloud computing. In P. Balaji, I. Forster, X.-H. Sun, K.
Liu, Zhang, Lin, and Qin (2014) suggest … W. Cameron, & D. S. Nikolopoulos (Eds.), 2014 14th IEEE/ACM
Subsequent usage: International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (pp.
… (Liu et al., 2014) 837-846). https://doi.org/10.1109/CCGrid.2014.83
OR
Liu et al. (2014) …
… notes its prominence (Bland, 2010). Bland, D. (2010). Drawing on imagination: Primary students’ ideal learning
OR environments. In J. Wright (Ed.), AARE 2010 Conference proceedings
Bland (2010) notes that … (pp. 1-22). Retrieved from
https://aare.edu.au/data/publications/2010/1744Bland.pdf
For CASP, JBI, STROBE, PEDro, and other appraisal tools, see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-6th/health
… has side-effects ("Lipitor", 2015). No author listed:
Lipitor. (2019). In MIMS Online. Retrieved from
https://www.mimsonline.com.au
… in adults (Rosenson & Kastelein, 2019). Author listed:
OR Rosenson, R. S., & Kastelein, J. J. P. (2019). Hypertriglyceridemia. In UpToDate.
Rosenson and Kastelein (2019) Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com
summarises …
6
Social media
YouTube and other
streaming video
Podcasts
Producer is preferred. If not
available, use other creator/s
OTHER
For more information and examples on other resources such as apps, art works, data sets, film & TV, graphic novels, images, intranet documents,
newspapers, poetry, standards, statistics, theses, and more - start with libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-6th/
TYPE
Lectures and PowerPoints
These can also be referenced
as ‘personal communication’
Course outlines and notes
-This example follows the
pattern for 3-5 authors-
These can also be referenced
as ‘personal communication’
Forum posts in Blackboard
These can also be referenced
as ‘personal communication’
Personal communication
Interviews, letters, emails,
material not publicly
available, etc.
Quick guide to APA 6th referencing. University of Newcastle Library. Updated June 2019.
For Blogs, Facebook and Twitter, see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-6th/web
… colour (Vsauce, 2013).
OR
Vsauce (2013) posits that …
… has ended (Spotify Labs, 2019).
OR
Spotify Labs (2019) notes …
IN-TEXT REFERENCE
… notes its prominence (Bowen, 2014).
OR
Bowen (2014) notes that …
… in education (Bowe, Lyell, & Parkes,
2015).
OR
Bowe, Lyell, and Parkes (2015) suggest …
Subsequent usage:
… (Bowe et al., 2015)
OR
Bowe et al. (2015) …
… was important (Smith, 2015).
OR
Smith (2015) noted that …
C. Brisden (personal communication,
June 4, 2018) commented …
… theories and guidelines were
significantly aligned (J. Bowen, email,
February 25, 2018).
Vsauce. (2013, February 17). Is your red the same as my red? [Video file].
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evQsOFQju08
Spotify Labs. (Producer). (2019, April 11). Dope labs. Lab 005: Wakanda forever
[Audio podcast]. Retrieved from https://open.spotify.com/
REFERENCE LIST
Bowen, L. (2014, March 3). Clinical placement and evidence [PowerPoint slides].
Retrieved from NURS1171 Blackboard course.
Print:
Bowe, J., Lyell, A., & Parkes, V. (2015). EDUC1751: Knowledge and
communication technologies. Course outline, Semester 1, 2015.
Callaghan, N.S.W.: School of Education.
Online:
Bowe, J., Lyell, A., & Parkes, V. (2015). EDUC1751: Knowledge and
communication technologies. Course outline, Semester 1, 2015.
Retrieved from EDUC1751 Blackboard course.
Smith, J. (2015, May 6). Reflection journal entry on Wilson's theory [Assignment
1 post]. Retrieved from NURS4321 Blackboard course.
Personal communication is not included in your reference list.
Be sure to check with your lecturer if these kinds of resources are suitable for
use in your assignments.
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