FERNANDO AIR BASE INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Utilization of Biowastes as a Sustainable

Material for the Generation of Seedballs in
Urban Gardening

A Research Presented to the DSTF 2023

LIBREA, BRENT EILMAN D.

OCTOBER 2023
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Table of Contents

Chapter

I. INTRODUCTION

Introduction

Objectives

Significance of the Study

II. METHODS

Project Approach

Procedures

Research Design

Project Locale

III. RESULTS

IV. DISCUSSIONS

V. CONCLUSIONS

VI. REFERENCES
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the project background, conceptual framework, objectives

of the project, and significance of the project.

Introduction

Biowastes are organic materials that come from plants or animals, such as food
scraps, garden waste, animal manure, human excreta, etc. Biowastes can be a valuable
resource for producing compost, biogas, or biofertilizers, but they can also pose serious
threats to human health and the environment if they are disposed of untreated.

Sawdust or wood shaving is a by-product or waste product of woodworking

operations such as sawing, sanding, milling, planning, and, routing. It is a waste of
industry and agriculture, is found in large quantities, and has disposal problems. In the
last decades, it was mostly utilized in livestock farms and paper mills, and the rest was
discarded into the surrounding land without treatment. 1000 board feet of lumber
produces one ton (2000 lb.) of clean chips and 3/4 ton (1500 lb.) of bark and sawdust.
The volume would be similar but the weight would be less for softwoods. (woodweb,
2005).

This type of waste poses a significant environmental problem since it

contributes to deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, and pollution. Working with
wood produces sawdust, and on an industrial scale, tons of it. The traditional way for
sawmills to get rid of sawdust was to dump it. After all, it's a natural material that can't
do any harm. But it seems that dumping this natural material onto the ground, in
decidedly unnatural volumes, may harm the environment. The production of wood
utilizes natural resources like water, wood, and energy, and the disposal of wood wastes
such as sawdust can result in the overuse of landfills and environmental pollution.

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This can spread to nearby water sources. Any sawdust in landfill – whether
chemically treated or not – adds to pollution levels and takes up space when it could be
reused or recycled. Improper storage, management, and disposal of sawdust can pose a
fire risk too due to its dry and flammable nature if the conditions are right.

Therefore, it is important to treat biowastes properly before disposing of them or

using them for other purposes. Some of the methods of treating biowastes include
composting, anaerobic digestion, vermicomposting, pyrolysis, gasification, incineration,
and landfilling. These methods can reduce the volume and weight of biowastes,
eliminate or reduce the pathogens and pollutants in biowastes, recover energy and
nutrients from biowastes, and produce useful products from biowastes. However, these
methods also have their own advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, efficiency,
environmental impact, social acceptability, and regulatory compliance. Therefore, it is
necessary to choose the most appropriate method for treating biowastes based on the
local conditions and needs.

To minimize the negative effects of these wastes, it is crucial to encourage

recycling, reduce wood consumption by opting for innovative alternatives, and use eco-
friendly by-products. By taking steps to minimize wood waste, individuals can help
protect the environment and conserve natural resources..

The expected outcome of the proponents entitled “Utilization Biowastes as a

Sustainable Material for the Generation of Seed Balls in Urban Gardening” is
repurposing and optimizing sawdust, a readily available bio-waste: to valuable materials
for sustainable urban farming. This product serves multiple purposes. It not only aids in
reducing woodworking waste but also provides urban farmers with a range of essential
items. These items include a potting mix that effectively retains moisture and keeps
plants healthy and weed-free. Additionally, it provides plant mulch, fertilizer, and seed
balls.

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Conceptual Framework
 This research project conforms to the existing scientific concepts and components
that are considered and merged. It is anchored to the conceptual framework shown
below that will serve as the guide throughout the entire process of the project.
Input Process Output

- Sawdust Seedballs - Seed balls

- eggshell Gather or harvest seeds.

- loam soil
Soak the seed in warm
- water
water overnight to assess
- seed
which are healthy
- leaf litter
- sand Using Sawdust, loam soils
- wood barks and water create a golf-ball
- warm water sized ball of soil

Sprinkle the seeds as you

shape the ball.

Prepare the seed balls

Allow it to dry for 24 hours.

Figure 1: Research Paradigm of the Study

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Conceptual Framework

This research project conforms to the existing scientific concepts and components
that are considered and merged. It is anchored to the conceptual framework shown
below that will serve as the guide throughout the entire process of the project.

Input Process Output

- Sawdust Potting mix - Potting mix

- eggshell Potting mix
Prepare 2-part sawdust and
- loam soil
1-part Loam soil
- water
- seed
Save 3-part brown leaves
- leaf litter
and 1-part green leaves
- sand cutting or litter
- wood barks
- warm water Acquire sand, Get wood
barks or peat moss

Get Crushed eggshells

Using a trowel, mix the

materials together.

Using wire mesh, filter and

remove large chunks from
your mixture

Store your potting mix in a

container with Lid.

Figure 2: Research Paradigm of the Study

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The input phase of the research project contains the title, "Utilization of SAWDUST and
other Biowastes as a Sustainable Material for the Generation of Seedballs and Soil Amendment
in Urban Gardening" and the materials which includes Sawdust, manure, eggshell, loam soil,
water, and seeds. The second phase in the figure 1 pertains to the process wherein the Seeds are
gathered and then Soaked the seed in warm water overnight to assess which are healthy. Using
Sawdust, loam soils and water create a golf-ball sized ball of soil. Sprinkle the seeds as you shape
the ball. Prepare the seed balls. Allow it to dry for 24 hours. In figure 2 Prepare 2-part sawdust
and 1-part Loam soil. Save 3-part brown leaves and 1-part green leaves cutting or litter. Acquire
sand, Get wood barks or peat moss. Get Crushed eggshells. Using a trowel, mix the materials
together. Using wire mesh, filter and remove large chunks from your mixture. Store your potting
mix in a container with Lid. Finally, the last phase consists of the final product which is/are
seedballs and a potting mix that effectively retains moisture and keeps plants healthy and weed-
free.

Objectives

The research study aimed to address environmental problems. Specifically in

urban gardening. Moreover, this intended to fulfill the following objectives:

- To create valuable items using sawdust as the main ingredient, specifically

for urban farming.

- To analyze the negative and positive effects of throwing wood scraps

instead of recycling these bio wastes to a new item.

- To present/explore the different uses of Sawdust by producing available

Fertilizers and Potting mix.

- To come up with seedballs and other useful items, from biowastes.

Significance of the Study

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This study attempted to transform Sawdust and other forms of Biowastes
into sustainable seedballs, and soil amendments specifically for urban farming. The
resulting paper products were designed to serve as convenient references for the
following target groups, who are thought to benefit from them:

Environment. The results of the research could have positive implications for
the environment as it proposes an environmental method of recycling harmful
biowastes, which would otherwise end up in landfills and contribute to pollution.

Local Government. The study's results may offer valuable perspectives and
recommendations for the local government regarding an innovative approach to utilizing
and optimizing sawdust and other forms of biowastes, particularly from Urban areas,
with the goal of maintaining and enhancing the community, as indicated by the findings.

Urban cities stand to benefit from this study as it has the potential to
supply seedballs, biofertilizers, potting mix, specifically for urban farming made from
recycled materials.

Future researchers. Futures Researchers can utilize the findings to deepen their
understanding of the significance of recycling and waste reduction on a global scale.

Researchers. Researchers conducting the study could also promote the

importance of continuing to recycle and utilize wastes.

CHAPTER II

METHODS

This chapter represents the project approach, procedures, project design, and

project locale.
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Project Approach

The researchers have used experimental methods in this research project that

focuses on Utilization of sawdust and other Biowastes to create Seedballs and Soil

Amendment in Urban Gardening.

As stated in Dimewiki, (n.d.), experimental methods are study strategies in

which the researcher purposely and explicitly introduces exogenous variation in the

intervention assignment to aid in causal inference. Directly randomized variation of

programs or interventions is a common experimental strategy. Furthermore, as Cherry,

K. (2022) mentioned that experimental method involves manipulating one variable to

determine if this causes changes in another variable. This method relies on controlled

research methods and random assignment of study subjects to test a hypothesis. When

using the experimental method, researchers first identify and define key variables. Then

they formulate a hypothesis, manipulate the variables, and collect data on the results.

Unrelated or irrelevant variables are carefully controlled to minimize the potential

impact on the experiment outcome.

Procedures

The following are the procedures made by the researchers throughout the
conduct of this project:
Seedballs
1. Gather or harvest seeds.

2. Soak the seed in warm water overnight to assess which are healthy
 3. Using Sawdust, loam soils and water create a golf-ball sized ball of soil

4. Sprinkle the seeds as you shape the ball.

5. Prepare the seed balls

6. Allow it to dry for 24 hours.

Potting mix
1. Prepare 2-part sawdust and 1-part Loam soil
2. Save 3-part brown leaves and 1-part green leaves cutting or litter
3. Acquire wood ash
4. And bone meal
5. Get Acquire sand
6. Crushed eggshells
7. Using a trowel, mix the materials together.
8. Using wire mesh, filter and remove large chunks from your mixture
9. Store your potting mix in a container with Lid.

Research Design

The proponents of the research design entitled "Utilization of SAWDUST and

other Biowastes as a Sustainable Material for the Generation of Seedballs and Soil

Amendment in Urban Gardening" used a quantitative approach with an experimental

research tool. The primary goal was to determine the effectiveness and durability of the

newly generated seedballs and potting mx from biowastes to urban farming. The data
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collection design involved gathering Wood scraps from wood shops, and gathering

locally available materials and a small farmland.

The data analysis design used a comparative approach to evaluate the

performance of the generated potting mix and the significant difference between the

commonly used soil or commercial potting mix and the product. The same approach is

used to see the difference between the growth rate of plants grown from seedballs and

from ordinary and commonly used seeds. Overall, the study aimed to promote eco-

friendliness and provide alternatives to traditional techniques used in urban farming.

CHAPTER III

RESULTS

This chapter presented significant observations throughout the conduct of the

experimentation process. Data were presented by utilizing tables with textual
descriptions.

Table 1. Seedball Making

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Seeds Soaking Sawdust Loam Wood Bone Water Drying
Time soil ash meal Time

1st 1/2 tbsp 5 1/2 cup 1/3 ½ ½ 5 5 hours

of hrs. cup tbsp tbsp sprays
mustard
seed
2nd ½ tbsp 8 1/3 cup ¼ cup 1/3 1/3 5 8 hours
of hrs. tbsp tbsp sprays
mustard
seed

As can be seen from the table trials for seedball making, there were three trials

conducted in the process of making the seedballs from the materials gathered. For the

first trial, ½ tbsps. Of mustard seeds are soaked for 5 hours, which was added to ½ cup

of sawdust that is mixed with 1/3 cup of loam soil with 5 sprays of water as a binder,

that was then dried for 5 hours. It was found out that the number of seeds, soaking time,

the amount of sawdust, loam soil, water and drying time can affect the quality of the

material. The first trial was less effective compared to the second trial. It was

determined that the second trial was the most durable and effective, compared to the

previous trials. The number of constituents affect the quality of the product, in the

second trial, the amounts were considered to develop a more balanced and effective

nutrients for the produce.

Table 2. Potting mix Making

Saw Brown Loam Sand Wood ash Bone Egg

dust & soil meal shells
green
leaves
1st 8 cups 4 cups 10 cups 8 1/3 tbsp 1 tbsp ½ tbsp
cups

2nd 10 cups 5 cups 10 cups 8 1/2 tbsp 1.5tbsp 1 tbsp

cups
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The data in the table revealed the observations of creating the potting mix based on

tests conducted on two trials: first with 8 cups of saw dust, 4 cups of crushed brown and

green leaves, 8 cups of sand, 10 cups of loam soil, 1/3 tbsp of wood ash, 1tbsp of bone

meal and ½ tbsp of egg shells. Regarding the longevity of moisture, the commercial

potting soil is 2 – 3 hours while the potting mix holds moisture for about 3 – 4 hours

which is the general guideline in watering plants. Lastly In terms of soil quality and

nutrients, the commercial paper potting soil have standardized soil quality, while the

product exceeds the standard and the nutrients that it constitutes is better than ordinary

potting mix, the Sawdust not just retains moisture, it also creates an airy soil, causing for

the plant roots to be able to move more and branch more freely. Overall, the product

compared to the existing potting mix appear to be more environmentally friendly and

sustainable. The commercial potting mix, on the other hand, may have a more consistent

soil quality but may not be as environmentally friendly.

commercial soil, ordinary soil

vs. product

Soil fertility Moisture longevity Organic matters

Ordinary soil The soil lacks The soil could hold The soil is rich in
nutrient but could water for 2 – 3 days organic matter
still sustain plant
growth
Commercial The soil is The soil could hold The soil lacks organic
soil standardized and water for 3 – 4 days matter
could sustain life
 product The soil is fertile The soil could hold The soil is rich and
and could provide all water for 4 – 5 days abundant of organic
the essential matter
nutrients of the plant
as well as sustain its
life

commercial seeds, ordinary seeds

vs. product

Growth rate Health Color

Ordinary Grew two leaves The plant is in good The plant is vibrant
seeds within 6 weeks condition and vivid
(jackfruit)
Product Grew three leaves The plant is thriving The plant is vibrant,
(jackfruit in within 6 months and vivid
seedball)

Results

1. The combination of sawdust, leaf litter, loam soil, sand, wood ash, bone

meal, and egg shells, was found to be a successful mixture for producing seedballs and a

soil for all plants.

2. Bone meal was found to be an effective fertilizer and source of phosphorous

and calcium

3. Sawdust is proven to lower the soil pH and increase the soil organic matter

and its efficacy to hold and retain moisture.

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4. The produced Potting soil was found to effectively retain moisture, and work

well with all kinds of plant as well as to have all the essential nutrients that the plant

need, not too much nor lacking in nutrients, a seemingly perfect mix for a soil for urban

gardening

5. The produced seedballs was found and proven to be effective and the

additional sawdust to it effectively helps the seedballs remain moist, airy and increase its

soil organic matter.

6. The two products produce, seedballs and potting mix, are found to be

effective and perfect for urban farming as it only requires minimum space and already

has its nutrients, adding its efficacy to retain moisture.

CHAPTER IV
DISCUSSIONS

The results of the research: "Utilization of SAWDUST and other Biowastes as a

Sustainable Material for the Generation of Seedballs and Soil Amendment in

Urban Gardening" shows remarkable results and potential, The quality of the soil is

good in the potting mix, due to the fact that it retains moisture for a longer time compared

to traditional commercial potting soil. The product compared to the existing potting mix

appear to be more environmentally friendly and sustainable. The commercial potting

mix, on the other hand, may have a more consistent soil quality but may not be as
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environmentally friendly. Sawdust, leaf litter, loam soil, sand, wood ash, bone meal and

egg shells are some of the materials that can be used as soil amendments to improve the

physical and chemical properties of the soil and provide nutrients for plant growth. Here

are some of the nutrients that we can get from these materials and their nutritive

properties in soil:

Sawdust: Sawdust is a wood waste that contains carbon and can lower the soil pH

and increase the soil organic matter. Sawdust can be used as a mulch to conserve soil

moisture and suppress weeds, but it should be well decomposed before mixing with the

soil.

Leaf litter: Leaf litter is the layer of dead leaves that accumulates on the soil

surface. It is rich in organic matter and can provide nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,

calcium, magnesium and other micronutrients to the soil as it decomposes. Leaf litter

can improve the soil structure, water-holding capacity, aeration and drainage, and

stimulate microbial activity in the soil. Leaf litter can be used as a mulch or composted

before adding to the soil.

Loam soil: Loam soil is a mixture of sand, silt and clay particles that has a balanced

texture and good fertility. Loam soil can provide various nutrients to the plants

depending on its mineral composition and organic matter content. Loam soil has a good

water-holding capacity, aeration, drainage and tilth, and is suitable for most crops.

Sand: Sand is a coarse-textured soil that has low water-holding capacity, low

nutrient availability and low organic matter content. Sand can provide some silicon to

the plants, which can enhance their resistance to pests and diseases. Sand can also

improve the drainage and aeration of heavy clay soils when mixed with organic matter.

Wood ash: Wood ash is the residue left after burning wood. It is alkaline and can

raise the soil pH and provide calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and other
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micronutrients to the soil. Wood ash can also increase the cation exchange capacity of

the soil, which means it can hold more nutrients for plant uptake. Wood ash should be

used sparingly and only on acidic soils.

Bone meal: Bone meal is an organic fertilizer made from ground animal bones. It is

high in phosphorus and calcium, which are essential for plant growth, flowering and

fruiting. Bone meal can also provide some nitrogen and other micronutrients to the soil.

Bone meal is slow-release and can last for several months in the soil.

Egg shells: Egg shells are mainly composed of calcium carbonate, which can

increase the soil pH and provide calcium to the plants. Calcium is important for cell wall

formation, enzyme activity and nutrient transport in plants. Egg shells can also deter

some pests such as slugs and snails from feeding on the plants. Egg shells should be

crushed or ground before adding to the soil.

The quality of the plant in the seedball is better in comparison with the
ordinary or commercial products, because seedballs provide protection and
nourishment for the seeds. Seedballs are balls of clay, soil, and compost that contain
seeds inside. They have several advantages over planting seeds directly in the
ground, such as:

Seedballs protect the seeds from being eaten by animals, birds, or insects.
The dried clay acts as a protective barrier that will prevent damage to the seeds from
common seed predators (ants, mice and birds.)

Seedballs prevent the seeds from being washed away by water or blown
away by wind. The clay helps the seedballs stick to the ground and prevents them
from being displaced by natural forces.

Seedballs conserve water and moisture for the seeds. The clay absorbs water
when it rains and releases it slowly to the seeds. The clay also prevents evaporation
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and keeps the seeds moist until they germinate.

Seedballs provide nutrients and minerals for the seeds. The soil and compost
inside the seedballs contain organic matter and humus that enrich the soil and help
the seeds grow. The humus also improves the soil structure and porosity, allowing
better water infiltration and aeration.

Seedballs allow natural selection and adaptation of the plants. The seeds
inside the seedballs germinate only when there is enough rain and suitable
temperature for them. This ensures that only the plants that are adapted to the local
conditions will survive and thrive.

Therefore, seedballs are an effective and eco-friendly way of growing plants

without tilling or plowing the soil. They can be used for various purposes, such as
gardening, landscaping, agriculture, reforestation, or guerrilla gardening

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS

This chapter presents the summary of research which laid foundations to the

creation of conclusions and recommendations.

Summary of Findings

The research worked on the title Utilization of SAWDUST and other Biowastes as a
Sustainable Material for the Generation of Seedballs and Soil Amendment in Urban Gardening.
This study examined and determined the key components required to produce Seedballs and Potting
mix.

1. To acquire different types of biowastes to create valuable items such as

seedballs and a water retaining nutrient rich potting soil. The proponents

accomplished to create a moist retaining potting soil specifically for urban

gardening and sustainable eco-friendly effective seedballs.

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2. To analyze the negative and positive impacts of throwing biowastes instead of

recycling them into new valuable items. The proponents studied and understood

the negative and positive impacts of throwing different kinds of biowastes

instead of recycling them into valuable items.

3. To present/explore the different uses biowastes by producing available urban

farming items. The proponents competently present/explore the different

uses of biowastes and the nutritive properties of these biowastes to soil by

producing efficient and innovative items that helps our environment.

Conclusions

Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were formulated and
drawn:

1. The combination of sawdust, leaf litter, loam soil, sand, wood ash, bone

meal, and egg shells, was found to be a successful mixture for producing

seedballs and a soil for all plants.

2. Bone meal was found to be an effective fertilizer and source of phosphorous

and calcium

3. Sawdust is proven to lower the soil pH and increase the soil organic matter

and its efficacy to hold and retain moisture.

4. The produced Potting soil was found to effectively retain moisture, and

work well with all kinds of plant as well as to have all the essential nutrients

that the plant need, not too much nor lacking in nutrients, a seemingly

perfect mix for a soil for urban gardening

5. The produced seedballs was found and proven to be effective and the
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additional sawdust to it effectively helps the seedballs remain moist, airy

and increase its soil organic matter.

6. The two products produce, seedballs and potting mix, are found to be

effective and perfect for urban farming as it only requires minimum space

and already has its nutrients, adding its efficacy to retain moisture.

7. The research describes a successful mixture of organic materials for

producing seedballs and potting soil for urban gardening.

8. The research explains the benefits of each ingredient, such as bone meal for

fertilizer, sawdust for lowering pH and retaining moisture, and wood ash for

potassium.

CHAPTER VI

REFERENCES

https://www.core77.com/posts/45618/Is-Dumping-Sawdust-Bad-for-the-Environment

https://woodweb.com/knowledge_base/Quantity_of_Sawmill_ByProducts.html

The Advantages Of Farming With Seed Balls | YALI Network (state.gov)

https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/uses-for-sawdust/

https://www.thisoldhouse.com/woodworking/21172553/10-alternative-uses-for-sawdust

https://www.thisoldhouse.com/woodworking/21172553/10-alternative-uses-for-sawdust

https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/biomass/sawdust

https://projectrebound.inquirer.net/7014/fmcgs-government-and-private- sector-partner-to-
implement-zero-waste-to-nature-road-map-for-2030/

Seed balls: The benefits of using them in your garden (housing.com)

https://waster.com.au/recycling-in-the-philippines/

https://gardeninguru.com/coffee-grounds-and-wood-ash-are-they-suitable-fertilizers/
#google_vignette
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https://www.gardeningetc.com/news/coffee-grounds-fertilizer-fact-or-myth

https://balconygardenweb.com/how-to-make-bone-meal-fertilizer-at-home/

https://www.permaculturenews.org/2014/06/18/making-seedballs-ancient-method-till-
agriculture/

Planting Time For Seed Balls: When And How To Plant Seed Bombs (gardeningknowhow.com)

https://www.purdue.edu/hla/sites/yardandgarden/wood-ash-in-the-garden/

https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/using-wood-ash-in-the-home-garden/

https://www.thespruce.com/bone-meal-fertilizer-pros-and-cons-5093936

https://balconygardenweb.com/how-to-make-bone-meal-fertilizer-at-home/

DOCUMENTATION