5 Functions of The Skeletal System

1. Body support.

2. Organ protection.

3. Body movement.

4. Mineral storage.

5. Blood cell production

3 Functions of the human skeleton:

1. Protection & support: It protects the internal organs, supports and gives shape to the body and allows for
movement.

2. Hematopoiesis: The production of all types of blood cells which occurs in the marrow of some bones.

3. Mineral homeostasis: Calcium / Phosphorus / Carbonate /Magnesium

5 Functions of the Bones

1. Support body and cradle soft organs

2. Protect vital organs
3. Movement: muscles move bones
4. Storage of minerals (calcium, phosphorus) & growth factors
5. Blood cell formation in bone marrow
6 Function of Muscles

1. Body movement
2. Maintenance of posture
3. Respiration
4. Production of body heat
5. Constriction of organs and vessels
6. Heart beat

6 Cartilages Function:

1. Acts as a shock absorber.

2. Plays a role in bone repair.
3. A template for the rapid growth and development of the musculoskeletal system.
4. Provide flexibility for joints to be able to bend.
5. Prevent collapse and damage of the airways, where cartilage rings around the trachea.
6. Allows the ribcage to swing upwards and outwards during inspiration.

4 Ligaments:

1. Connect bone to bone

2. Either limit or enhance movement
3. Provide joint stability
4. Enhance joint strength
Tendons
1. Enable bones to move when muscles contract
3 The functions of the blood:
1. Transportation of:
▪ Oxygen and nutrients to the tissues for use and storage.
▪ Metabolic wastes to the kidney, liver and skin.
▪ Hormones from the glands to the target tissues.
▪ Enzymes.
▪ Processed molecules: (e.g. Vitamin D & Lactate).
2. Regulation:
▪ Osmosis: (proper concentrations of ions).
▪ pH (Acid base balance).
▪ Body temperature.
3. Protection:
▪ Against excessive loss (Hemostasis).
▪ Against disease: WBCs, phagocytosis, antibodies,…etc.
Function of RBCs (Erythrocytes):
1. transport O2 from the lungs to the various tissues of the body and to help transport CO2 from the tissues to
the lungs.
2 Function of hemoglobin
1. Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the body cells
2. The major breakdown product of hemoglobin is bilirubin.

3 Platelets (Thrombocytes):
1. Involved in the clotting process
2. Seal wounds and prevent blood loss
3. Help repair damaged vessels
2 White Blood Cells (Leucocytes)
1. Primary cells of the immune system
2. Fights disease and foreign invaders

2 Functional anatomy of respiratory system

1. Conducting zone (Gas passages): Anatomical dead space: space within the conductive airway, with NO gas exchange, consists of:
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
Functions: Cleanse, warm, & humidify the incoming air.
2. Respiratory zone (Site of gas exchange): Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

5 Functions of Respiratory System

1. Gas exchange: Oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves.
2. Regulation of blood pH: Altered by changing blood carbon dioxide levels
3. Voice production: Movement of air past vocal folds makes sound and speech
4. Olfaction: Smell occurs when airborne molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity
5. Protection: Against microorganisms by preventing entry and removing them

7 Different Functions of the Kidneys:

1. Regulate water & electrolyte balance.
2. Regulate arterial pressure.
3. Regulate extracellular fluid pH (acid-base balance).
4. Regulate red blood cell synthesis (erythropoietin).
5. Excrete metabolic wastes and foreign substances such as drugs or toxins.
6. Converting vitamin D to its active form.
7. Gluconeogenesis: During prolonged fasting
6 Functions of Digestive System
1. Ingestion and mastication: Ingestion is the consumption of solid or liquid food, usually through the mouth.
Mastication is chewing.
2. Propulsion and mixing: The movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other. Mixing is the
movement of food back and forth in the digestive tract
3. Digestion: Breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. Digestion occurs
through mechanical and chemical means.
4. Secretion: The addition of liquids, enzymes, and mucus to the ingested food.
5. Absorption: The movement of molecules out of the digestive tract and into the blood or lymphatic system.
6. Elimination: Elimination is the removal of undigested material, such as fiber from food, plus other waste products
from the body as feces.
6 Functions of Each part of Digestive System
1. Mouth: Bite and chewing (teeth).
2. Pharynx and esophagus: Transport food from mouth to stomach.
3. Stomach: Chemical & mechanical digestion; absorption of water & alcohol
4. Small intestine: Chemical & mechanical digestion & absorption
5. Large intestine: Absorption of electrolytes & vitamins (B and K)
6. Rectum and anus: Eliminate undigested food (Defecation)

4 Functions of Saliva
1. Cleanses the mouth
2. Dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted
3. Moistens food and helps compact it into a bolus
4. Contains “amylase” that begins the digestion of starchy foods
5 Functions of Stomach secretions
1. Hydrochloric acid (HCL):
a. Helps in protein digestion.
b. Kill bacteria in food into the stomach
c. Helping Fe2+、Ca2+ absorption.
2. Mucus:
a. Soluble mucus: Helps to lubricate chyme.
b. Insoluble mucus: Forms a protective barrier against the high acidity of the stomach content.
3. Intrinsic Factor:
a. Helps absorption of vitamin B12
4. Pepsin: Digests protein into smaller peptide chains
5. Gastric lipase: Starts to break down triacylglycerols.

4 Functions of The gall bladder

1. Storage of bile: ( the main function)
2. Concentration of bile: The maximum volume of the gall bladder is about 20-60 ml, but it can store up till 450
ml of bile
3. Acidification of bile: This maintain the properties of bile, Keep it in solution, Prevents stone formation
4. Prevention of marked increase in the biliary pressure: increase the biliary pressure to 320 ml of bile in 30
minutes due to stopping of bile secretion.
6 Functions of the liver
1. Produce bile
2. Store absorbed nutrients & vitamins
3. Produce Plasma proteins
4. Regulate blood levels of amino acids
5. Convert poisonous ammonia to urea
6. Detoxification: Clearing the blood of drugs and other poisonous substances