MUFULIRA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

In association with
THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA

2021 ACADEMIC YEAR

FINAL EXAMINATIONS
DISTANCE EDUCATION

PHY 472: RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT

THEORY PAPER MARKING SCHEME

Page 1 of 11
MUCE 2021 DE PHY 472
Q1. (a) any 5 of the following

1. Sun
2. Wind
3. Hydropower
4. Biomass
5. Geothermal
6. Ocean energy
7. Waste to energy
[5]
(b)

Sun
Energy from sun directly or indirectly produce energy.

Radiation; for heating (2)

Radiation for photo electricity (2)

e.t.c

(Any 1 well explained scores 2 marks)

Wind

-Energy from moving air

-powering turbine/other (2)

Biomass
-Any organic substances used as source of energy
E.g wood, biofuels, fossils, fuels;
( well described scores (2) mark)
Hydropower
-Running water- water in motion
-Energy to power turbine or any other
(well described scores 2 marks)
Geothermal
Energy from massive heat within earth
Energy from hot springs or any other
(well described scores 2 marks)

Ocean energy
Energy from ocean due to temperature gradient
Energy from ocean tides
(Sound description 2 marks)
Waste to energy

Page 2 of 11
MUCE 2021 DE PHY 472
 Organic waste to energy 2 marks

Any correct five scores [10 marks]

(c)
sun
Advantages:
-pollution free
-Largely in abundance 1 mark
Disadvantage:
-Not cost effective
-Storage required
-Depends on sunlight 1 mark
Wind

Advantages:
-free source of energy
-Pollution free
-Loud around wind farm can have other use
1 mark
Disadvantage:
-Requires significant amount of wind speed
-Requires significant amount of land
-Significant visual impact on landscape 1 mark

Biomass
Advantages:
-Plenty, clean and safe
-Easy to store in reservoirs
-Cheap way to produce electricity
-Also offers reacreational like boating, fishing e.t.c
1 mark

Disadvantage:
-can have significant environmental impact
-Can be viable only where there is water supply
-May require huge capital to start with
1 mark

Geothermal
Advantages:
- provides unlimited supply of energy
-pollution free
1 mark
Disadvantage:
-limited development cost can be high

Page 3 of 11
MUCE 2021 DE PHY 472
 -maintenance cost can be high.
1 mark

Ocean energy
Advantages:
-Free energy.
1 mark
Disadvantage:
-Not widely exploited

** for Q1. (c) each correct answer on advantage and disadvantage respectively scores 1 mark.

[25 Marks]

Q2. (a)
[2]
λ 1 T =0. 4 μm×5000 K =2000 μ mK ⇒ f λ 1=0 .067
λ 2 T =0 .76 μm×5000 K=3800 μ mK ⇒ f λ 2 =0 . 443 [2]
f =f λ 2−f λ 1=0. 376 or 37 . 6 %.
[2]
(b) -This means only about 38% of the radiation emitted by the bulb is in the visible range
-and 62% of radiation emitted is in infrared region or the “invisible light”. [2]
(c)
i. Absorptivity is the ratio of radiation absorbed by a body and the radiation emitted by a
black-body. [2]
ii. Reflectivity is the ratio of radiation reflected by a body and the radiation emitted by a
black-body. [2]
iii. Emissivity is the ratio of radiation emitted by a body and the radiation emitted by a
black-body. [2]

(d) (i) For Venus, have

2
4 Rs
I sc =σ T s 2
[2]
r0
Where T 4=5777 K , r 0 =1.08× 1011 m∧R s=6.96 ×10 8 m
2
( 6.96 ×10 8 )
−8 4
I sc =5.67 ×10 × (5777 ) × 2
( 1.08 ×1011 )
7 17 25
6.315 × 10 × 4.844 × 10 3.059 ×10 W
I sc = 22
= 22
=2624 2 [2]
1.166 × 10 1.166 × 10 m

(ii) For Mars, have

Page 4 of 11
MUCE 2021 DE PHY 472
 2
4 Rs
I sc =σ T s 2
[2]
r0

Where T 4s =5777 K , r 0=1 . 08×1011 m and R s=6 . 96×108 m

2
( 6.96 ×10 8 )
−8 4
I sc =5.67 ×10 × (5777 ) × 2
( 2.28 ×1011 )
7 17 25
6.315 × 10 × 4.844 × 10 3.059 ×10 2
I sc = 22
= 22
=588 W /m [2]
2.28× 10 5.198 ×10
1
(iii) Solar constant for Mars I sc is about that of Venus / solar constant for Venus is
3
1
about 5 times that of Mars – Radius is the effective factor since I sc = 2 . [3]
r
[25 Marks]

Q3. (a) (i) α =e− Kd/ cos θ [1] r

Using Snell’s Law we have;

ni sin θi=nr sin θr → sin30=1.5 sin θr
1
sin θr = [1]
3

cos θ r= √1−sin θ r= 1−

−0.1 × 0.5 /0.943

1 2
3
2
=0.9428
√ ()
α =e =0.948 [1]

2
α ( 1−r )
( ii ) T = [1]
1−α 2 r 2
2
0.948 ( 1−0.04 ) 0.874
T= 2 2
= =0.875[2]
1−( 0.948 ) × ( 0.04 ) 0.9986

[ ]
2 2
α ( 1−r )
( iii ) R=r 1+ 2 2
[1]
1−α r

[ ] [ ]
2 2
0.948 ( 1−0.04 ) 0.8282
R=0.04 1+ =0.04 1+ =0.0732[2]
1−0.948 ×0.04
2 2
0.9986

A pT g
( iv ) η opt = [1]
1−( 1− A P ) T g

Page 5 of 11
MUCE 2021 DE PHY 472
 0.9 ×0.875
η opt = =0.789[1]
1−( 1−0.9 ) × 0.875

( v ) η=ηopt ×η thermal [1]

η=0.789 ×0.7
η=0.552∨55 % [1]

(b) ∅ =17 0 S or ∅ =−170 , and L=25 E

0
or L=25
0

(i) For June 22nd n=173

δ=23.45 sin
[ 360
365 ]
( 284 +173 ) =+23.450 [2]

(ii) From the table, EOT =−2 minutes for June 22nd
Solar time=clock time+4 ( Llocal−L standard ) + EOT
Solar time=10 :00 hrs +4 ( 25−30 )−2 minutes [1]
Solar time=10 :00 hrs + (−22 ) minutes
Solar time=10 hrs−22 minutes
Solar time=9 hrs 38 minutes∨9.63 hrs [2]

[
( iii ) ω=15 ( ST −12 ) +
mm
60
[2]
]
ω=15 [ ( 9.63−12 )+ 0 ]
ω=15 [ −2.37 ] =−35.55
0

0
ω=−36 [1]

(iv) For horizontal surface, θi=θz and hence;

cos θ z =sinδsinθ+ cosδcosθcosω [1]
cos θ z =sin 23.45 sin−17+ cos 23.45 cos−17 cos−36
cos θ z =−0.1163+ 0.7098
cos θ z =0.5935 [1]
−1
θ z=cos ( 0.5935 )
0
θ z=53.6 or 54 0 [2]
[25 Marks]

Page 6 of 11
MUCE 2021 DE PHY 472
Q4. (a) (i) Solar absorbers that strongly absorb in the short wavelength (solar radiation) region and
low emittance in the infra-red (long wave) region are called selective coatings. [3]
They are used in solar heating panels to make them more efficient absorbers of energy.

(ii) Green house effect in solar heating panels: When a glazing is placed above an absorber
plate, it allows solar energy to pass through and be absorbed by the plate. However, the
thermal radiation emitted by the plate is trapped and re-emitted by the glazing to the absorber
plate thereby increasing the temperature of the plate. This is green house effect. [3]

(b) (i) The steady –state absorber plate temperature is given by:
4 W
σ T p =1367 2 [2]
m
Emitted thermal absorbed flux

( )
1
1367
∴ T p= 4
σ

( )
1
1367
∴ T p= −8
4
[2]
5.67 ×10
∴ T p =394 K∨121 ℃ [1]

(ii) The steady-state absorber plate temperature is given by: (i.e. after placing a glazing)
4 W
σ T p =2× 1367 2 [2]
m

( ) ( ) [2 ]
1 1
2× 1367 4 2× 1367
∴ T p= = −8
4
σ 5.67 × 10
∴ T p =469 K∨196 ℃ [1]

( )
1
α I sc 4
( c ) ( i ) ¿ show that T ¿ p=
ϵσ
Consider a grey selective surface, at stead-state,
solar flux absorbed = thermal flux emitted i.e,
∞ ∞

∫ a λ ( I sc ) d λ=∫ ϵ λ B λ ( T p ) d λ
0 0

f ( λc T s ) a λ I sc =f ( λc T p ) ϵ λ σ T p [2] where T s=5777 K . But f ( λc T s ) ≈1 for λc ≫ 2 μm.

4

If there is no cutoff , then λc → ∞ , thenf ( λc T p ) →1 ,∧hence

4
a λ I sc =ϵ λ σ T p [1]

( )
1
a λ I sc 4
∴ T p= shown[2]
ϵλ σ

Page 7 of 11
MUCE 2021 DE PHY 472
 ( ) for αϵ =1
1
I sc 4
( ii ) T p=
σ

( )
1
1367
T p= −8
4
=394 K [2]
5.67 × 10

( ) (
0.9 I sc 14
) ( )
1 1
0.9 ×1367 1230.3
( iii ) T p= = −8
4
= 4
0.2 σ 0.2 ×5.67 ×10 1.134 ×10−8

T p=573.9 K∨301 ℃ [2]

[25 Mark]
Q5.

(i) For thin glass, we neglect the temperature across window. Similarly, for vertical surface,
symmetry suggests that glass temperature Tg is equal to average of temperature of the room and
the outside air.

20+ (−10 )
T g= =5 o c
2 (1+1)

Using equation
1 5
h∞ =c ( T −T a ) 4 horizontal
, c=c =2 .5 W / m2 o c 4

5
vertical
C=C ==1 . 77 W / m2o c 4
(1+1)
∴ For vertical surface, interior and exterior convection coefficients are equal and
given by
1
h∞ =1. 77 ( 20−5 ) 4
≈3 . 48 W / m 2 o c (1+1)

Thus convected flux

Q
J= =h∞ ( T −T g )
A (1+1)

=3 . 48 ( 20−5 ) (1)

=52 . 2W /m2 (1)

(ii) At steady state, the flux must equal to conducted heat through glass

Q ΔT 0 . 84× ΔT
∴ J = =K g =52. 2=
A d 0 . 0034
Page 8 of 11
MUCE 2021 DE PHY 472
 ΔT =0 .21 o c (1+1+1)
∴ The inner and outer faces are at
0 .21
T ext
g =5− =4 . 90 c
2 (1+1)
0 .21
T int
g =5+ =5 . 1o c
2 (1+1)

(iii) At steady state, interior and exterior fluxes are the same.

Let Tg = temperature of glass

J int =h∞ ( T −T g ) (1+1)

−3 . 48 ( 20−T g )
(1)

J ext =20(T g +10) (1)

Equating these two we have

3.48(20-Tg) =20(Tg+10) (1)

Tg=-5.6oc (1)

And J=3.48(20-(-5.6)) (1)

J=89W/m2 (1)
[25 Marks]

Q 6.(a) .

2 πk 1 2 π (0 . 8)
U L 1= = =12 . 4 W / mo c

( ) ( )
ro 0 . 75
In In
rL 0.5
(2)
2 πk 2 2 π ( 0 . 04 )
U L 2= = =0. 36 W /m o c

() ( )
ro 1. 5
In In
r o2 0. 75
(2)

Page 9 of 11
MUCE 2021 DE PHY 472
 Overall UL value is
I I I I I
= + = +
ul u LI u L2 12 . 4 0. 36

12.4+0.36¿
uL=12.4×0.36¿ o
¿
=0.3498W/m c¿ (2)

hc
( b ) E= , where λ=0.5 μm ,[2]
λ
−34 8
6.63 × 10 ×3 ×10 −20
E= −6
=39.6 × 10 J [3 ]
0.5× 10

F 400 21
Photon flux= = =10 [4 ]
hc 39.6 ×10−20
λ

( c ) ( i ) T =300 K , A=100 cm2 , J 0=6 ×10−10 mA /cm2 , J sc =2 A at 1 Sun

I sc 2A 2
J p=J sc = = =0.02 A /cm [2]
A 100 cm2

J p J sc 0.02 A/cm2 200 A/m

2
U= = = =
F F 1000 W /m2 1000W /m2=¿ 0.2 A /W [3]¿

(ii)V oc =
kT
e
ln
[ ]
Jp
J0
+1 [2]

[ ]
−23
1.38× 10 ×300 0.02
V oc = −19
ln −13
+1 [2]
1.6 ×10 6 × 10
−23
1.38× 10 ×300
V oc = −19
× 24.2
1.6 ×10

V 0 c =0.63 V [2]

[25 Marks]

Page 10 of 11
MUCE 2021 DE PHY 472
 ---- END OF THE MARKING SCHEME ----

Page 11 of 11
MUCE 2021 DE PHY 472