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Purdue University

Purdue e-Pubs
International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering

2008

The Tribological Performance of Self-Lubricating


Bearings Following Secondary Sizing Adjustment
Michael R. Kim
GGB Bearing Technology

Yuanyang H. Peng
GGB Bearing Technology

Christopher D. Small
GGB Bearing Technology

Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/icec

Kim, Michael R.; Peng, Yuanyang H.; and Small, Christopher D., "The Tribological Performance of Self-Lubricating Bearings
Following Secondary Sizing Adjustment" (2008). International Compressor Engineering Conference. Paper 1889.
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/icec/1889

This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact epubs@purdue.edu for
additional information.
Complete proceedings may be acquired in print and on CD-ROM directly from the Ray W. Herrick Laboratories at https://engineering.purdue.edu/
Herrick/Events/orderlit.html
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