Activity 6.

1. The new law had the effect of increasing insurance claims.

2. Privatisation of the telecommunications industry was announced in January 2009 and came into
effect two years later.

3. The number of components made of plastic was increased to good effect in order to bring about a
saving in weight and cost.

4. The rise in student fees begins at the end of the year and takes effect.

5. With three senior army officers in the cabinet, the government was, in effect, controlled by the
military.

6. It was felt that distractions in the classroom might have an adverse effect on children’s concentration,
so interviews were conducted in an adjoining room.

7. Fathers who were more aggressive toward their partners displayed lower positive feelings toward
their infants, with a negative effect.

8. Illustrations are used in a way that works well in the book to good effect to explain processes, which
are often very complex.

Activity 9.
1. What is the difference between invention and innovation?
- Invention refers to the initial conception of a new product or process, while innovation involves the
first practical implementation of that idea.

2. What is the relationship between invention and innovation?

- Invention and innovation are closely linked in some cases, making it challenging to distinguish one from
the other.

- A significant time gap often exists between the invention of an idea and its subsequent innovation,
with both processes sometimes occurring independently.

3. Why is there a delay between invention and innovation?

- The delay stems from distinct requirements for developing ideas and putting them into practice.

- Innovations, primarily taking place in firms, necessitate the amalgamation of diverse knowledge,
capabilities, skills, and resources.

- Delays may also result from lacking conditions for commercialization, such as an insufficient need or
the unavailability of vital inputs.

4. Who will turn your idea into a marketable product?

- To transform an invention into an innovation, a firm typically assumes the role of combining various
knowledge, capabilities, skills, and resources.
- The individual or organizational unit responsible for this amalgamation is often referred to as the
"entrepreneur."

5. What does the phrase ‘diffused widely’ mean? (line 32)

- The phrase 'diffused widely' implies that the innovations have spread extensively or gained broad
acceptance in the economy. It indicates the widespread adoption and use of the inventions or
innovations under consideration.