Spotting

SPOTTING
A) ROOT NUDULES OF LEGUMINOUS PLANTS
[MUTUALISM]
1.Root nodules of plant and Rhizobium in soil are
mutually benefitted.
2.Rhizobium fixes atmospheric nitrogen into organic
compounds of nitrogen which are useful for plants.
3.Plant provides shelter, nutrients to rhizobium.
4. Both cannot live without each other.
B) AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE TRAIT
1. It is expressed only when the trait is homozygous
condition.
2. Both males and females are equally affected.
3. It appears occasionally such as if parents
genetically related or cousins.
4. Both the Alleles should be affected for the
expression of trait.
C) MEIOSIS1 PROPHASE 1 DIPLOTENE
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1. Bivalents which are formed will be separated.

2. The points at which homologous chromosomes are
seen sticking together that point is called as
chiasmata.
3. It appears as cross structure with single or multiple
loops.
D) TS OF MAMMALIAN OVARY [MICROSCOPE]
1. Ovary consists of developing follicles, blood
vessels, mature follicles and connective tissue.
2. The primary oocytes present in the ovary
surrounded by granulosa cells to form primary
follicle.
3. Primary follicle surrounded by more layers of
granulosa cells to form secondary follicle later
develop into tertiary follicle.
4. Tertiary layer later form into Graafian follicle,
which release secondary oocyte or ovum.
E) ASCARIS [PATHOGEN: ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES]
1. It lives in the lumen of small intestine.
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2. Sexes are separate in which females are longer

than males.
3.It is the largest and most common parasitic worms
in humans.
4. Symptoms: fever, indigestion, internal bleeding
abdominal pain.
F) POLLINATION BY WIND [MAIZE IS THE EXAMPLE]
1. The form of pollination in which wind distributes
pollen is called anemophily.
2. Pollen grains are light in weight, non-sticky and
dry.
3. Stigma is sticky, large and feathery to trap pollen
grains.
4.Examples are maize and grass.
G) ANALOGOUS ORGANS:
1. The organs in which their origin and anatomically
structure is different but has same functions are
called analogous organs.
2. This is due to convergent evolution.
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3. They are functionally similar because of similar

adaptive features.
4. Example wings of bat, bird and insect.