Group 3

CHAPTER
CONSTRUCTING
THE ROADBED
GROUP 3 PRESENTOR
CHAPTER
7-1
SOIL AS STRUCTURE
Presentor: Macky Huavas

7-1
SOIL AS A STRUCTURE
Early road constructions have
concentrated mainly on the road
surface pavement. Little attention
was given to the subgrade, the
base materials, and the manner of
construction more particularly, the
placing and compacting of the
pavement foundation.

7-1
SOIL AS A STRUCTURE
As a result, too many road failures
past and present were recorded
with an endless maintenance and
rehabilitation activities.

7-1
SOIL AS A STRUCTURE
THREE MAJOR STRUCTURAL PARTS
OF ROADWAY:
1. THE SUB-GRADE- OR SUB-BASE

2. THE BASE COURSE
3. THE PAVEMENT

7-1
SOIL AS A STRUCTURE
OF ROADWAY:
1. Sub-grade or Sub-base - The Sub-grade
or Sub-Base is the earth beneath the road,
properly arranged and graded, compacted
and stabilized. It is defined as the
"Supporting structure on which the
pavement surface and its special
under-courses rest."
7-1
SOIL AS A STRUCTURE
OF ROADWAY:
2. The Base Course – is the materials laid on
top of the sub-grade consisting of crushed
stone or gravel, sometimes mixed with
asphalt binders.
3. The Pavement – is the material laid over
the base course consisting of Asphalt

CHAPTER
7-2
TYPES OF BASE COURSE

7-2
TYPES OF BASE COURSE
TWO TYPES OF BASE COURSE:
1. The granular base course or
untreated soil mixture.
2. Treated base course.

7-2
CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS OF UNTREATED
GRAVEL ROAD SURFACE
1. That, the road must be stable, to support the super imposed loads
without detrimental deformation. It must be resistant against various
traffic activities and could withstand the abrasive action of traffic.
2. It must shed the large portion of rain that falls on the surface
because water penetrating the sub grade might soften it and loosen
the surface stability.
3. It must be free from large rocks or stones over one inch in diameter
so that it could be regularly maintained by blading or dragging.
4. Gravel road must possess capillarity properties sufficient enough to

replace the moisture lost through the surface evaporation. The road
must maintain the desired damp condition that is required to bind the
7-2
CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS OF UNTREATED
GRAVEL ROAD SURFACE
5. On dry weather, the moisture film on the clay particles should bind
the entire mass together, and in wet weather, the first rain that fall on
the surface, should expand the clay and close the pores to prevent
water from entering and softening the materials.
6. An excessive amount of highly expansive clay materials should be

avoided because clay will swell and unseat the coarser materials when
wet and ultimately will weaken the stability of the road.
7. Gravel road must be low cost. Funds for low traffic road is very
limited that most of the time overlooked in the list of appropriation
priorities except on election period.
8. Use local materials. Meaning, those materials that could be found

7-2 ELEMENTS OF ROADS AND HIGHWAYS

CHAPTER
7-3
TREATED BASE COURSE
Presentor: Nikka Infante

7- 3
TREATED BASE COURSE
To stabilize the base course, it is
sometimes treated with Asphalt,
lime, Portland Cement or other
materials as binders mixed with
aggregate base course. Treated Base
Course is adopted if in the study or
analysis of the highway agency, a
better road can be produced at a
minimal overall cost.
7-3
ASPHALT TREATMENT
Asphalt or bituminous treatment is
employed to waterproof and bind
the granular aggregate to the sand
and clay. Thus, the primary function
of the asphalt in a treated
aggregate, is waterproofing. Asphalt
treated base allows a thinner overall
depth of the pavement.

7-3
SAND AND ASPHALT BASE
COURSE
The sand and asphalt base course is composed of
either, loose beach sand, dune pit or river sand
cemented with asphalt materials. In the early road
construction, sand and clay mixture is not only
used as road surfaces but also for base courses.
But lately, the Cutback asphalt, Emulsified asphalt
or Tars have been introduced as substitute for the
clay inders to produce quality base courses for
Presentor: Nikka Infante roads and highways.
7-3
FINE GRAIN ASPHALT TREATMENT
An asphalt stabilized base and sub-grade
constructed with fine grained has a controlled
Plastice Index of 6 to 10 respectively.
Aggregates with Plasticity Index up to 30 are
processed with lime. Those with up to 50%
passing the No. 200 sieve and Plasticity Index
up to 18 can be stabilized without
pretreatment.

7-3
SOIL AND BASE COURSE STABILIZED WITH CEMENT
The use of Portland cement in stabilizing soils and aggregates was
initially practiced after World war 1 in 1914
• Cement stabilization by mixing natural

materials and portland cement compacted at
optimum moisture content and cured to
hydrate the cement is considerably strong
and stable base. It is less susceptible to
deformation and temperature changes.

7-3
The stabilized cement mixture is called "Soil
Cement“ produced by using abundant native local
materials subdivided into three types:
• Sandy and gravelly soils containing less

than 25% silt and clay.
• Sand with lesser amount of fines like
beach sand, glacial and windblown sand.
• Silty and Clayey Soils

CHAPTER
7-4
GRADING AND
MAINTENANCE OF
Presentor: Joy Marie Labian
7-4 GRADING AND
MAINTENANCE OF UNTREAD
UNTREATED ROAD SURFACES
REQUIRE CONSISTENT ATTENTION
AND MAINTENANCE TO ENSURE
USABILITY AND SAFETY. REGULAR
INSPECTIONS AND PROACTIVE
MEASURES CAN SIGNIFICANTLY
EXTEND THE LIFE AND USABILITY OF
THESE ROADBEDS.
Presentor: DANVER LONGCOP

GRADING AND MAINTENANCE OF UNTREAD
Grading and maintenance an untreated roadbed surface involves several key steps to ensure its stability,
usability, and longevity:
1. Assessment: Evaluate the current condition of the roadbed to identify areas needing attention.
2. Clear Debris: Remove any obstructions or debris that might impede the grading process.
3. Rough Grading: Use heavy machinery to initially shape and redistribute materials, creating a more
uniform base.
4. Fine Grading: Precisely level the surface to eliminate bumps, ruts, and irregularities, creating a smooth
and even roadbed.
5. Ensure Proper Sloping: Establish a slight crown on the road to promote water drainage and prevent
ponding and erosion.
Presentor: Danver Longcop

GRADING AND MAINTENANCE OF UNTREAD
6. Compaction: Compact the surface material adequately to enhance stability and reduce settling..
7. Regular Maintenance: Implement a consistent schedule for ongoing maintenance grading due to the
susceptibility of untreated surfaces to erosion and degradation.
8. Environmental Considerations: Use eco-friendly erosion control methods and natural materials where
possible to minimize environmental impact.
9. Monitor Drainage: Regularly inspect and maintain drainage features to prevent erosion and ensure
proper functionality.
10. Weather Adaptation: Be prepared to adjust grading schedules based on weather conditions that may
impact the road surface.
Presentor: Danver Longcop

7-5
CHAPTER
DPWH Standard Specifications
on Aggregate Sub-Base Course

Presentor: Jake Lim
7-5
CONDITIONS:
1. The Fraction passing the 0.75 mm (no. 200) sieve
should not be greater than 0.66 (2/3) of the portion
passing the o.425 mm (no. 40) sieve.
2. The fraction passing the 0.425 mm (no. 40) sieve
should have a liquid limit not greater than 35 and
plastic index not more than 12 as deetermined by
AASHT0 R-89 and T-90 respectively.
3. The coarse portion retained on a 3.0 mm (no. 10)
sieve shall have a mass percent of wear not to exceed
50 by the Los Angeles Abrasion Tests as determined
by AASHTO T-180 method D.
Presentor: Jake Lim

7-5
CONDITIONS:
1. That the fraction passing the 0.075 mm (no. 200)
50.
2. The fraction passing the 0.425 mm (no. 40) sieve
should have a liquid limit not greater than 25 and
plastic index not greater than 6.
3. The coarse portion retained on a 2.0 mm (no. 10)
50.
Presentor: Jake Lim

7-5
Item - 203 Lime Stabilized Road Mix Base Course
Presentor: Jake Lim

7-5
Presentor: Jake Lim

7-5
STEPS IN EACH CATEGORY:
• Preparation of the Soil Aggregate
• Application of Lime
• Mixing
• Spreading Compacting and Finishing
• Protection, Curing and Maintenance
Presentor: Jake Lim

CHAPTER
7-6
CLEARING AND
GRUBBING
Presentor: Agapito Ilustre
Clearing and Grubbing
7-6
Clearing and Grubbing is categorized under

item-100 of the DPWH standard
specifications. It consists of clearing
grubbing, removing and disposing of all
vegetable matter and debris except those
objects that are designated to remain in
place or are to be removed in consonance
with other provisions of the specifications. It
also includes preservation from injury or
defacement of all objects designated to
Clearing and Grubbing
7-6
Clearing it is refers to the removal of all vegetation

from the construction site including trees, grass and
any other plants.
Grubbing in addition to removing vegetation, it

involves the extraction of roots, stumps, rocks and
other organic or inorganic materials that may be
present in the soil.

Clearing
7-6

Grubbing
7-6

Methods of Measurement
1. Area Basis - The cost is calculated based on the total area of a project
or specific components within it.
2. Lump Sum Basis - It is a fixed, pre- determined cost for entire project
or a specific scope of work, regardless of the actual quantity or extent
of work performed.
3. Individual Unit Basis - Cost are determined by the quantity or units of

specific items or components involved in the construction project.

CHAPTER
7-7
EXCAVATION
7-7
EXCAVATION
It is the process of loosening and
removing earth or rock from its
original position in a cut and
transporting it to a fill or to waste
deposit.

7-7
ROADWAY EXCAVATION IS CLASSIFIED INTO:
1. Unclassified Excavation
-The excavation and disposal of all

materials regardless of its nature, or not
classified and included in the Bill of
Quantities under other pay items.

7-7
2. Rock Excavation
Consists of igneous, sedimentary, and

metamorphic rocks that cannot be
excavated without blasting or the use of
rippers and all boulders or other detached
stones each having a volume of 1 cubic
meter.

7-7
3. Common Excavation
-are those that are not included in the Bill of Quotations under
rock excavation or other pay items.
4. Muck Excavation
-consists of the removal and disposal of deposits of saturated or
unsaturated mixtures of soils and organic matter not suitable for
foundation materials regardless of moisture contents.
5. Borrow Excavation
-is the excavation and utilization of approved materials for the
construction of embankment or for other portions of the work
obtained from approved sources.

7-7
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
1. When there is evidence of discrepancies between the actual elevations and that shown on the plans, a pre- construction
survey with reference to the datum plane used in the approved plan is undertaken by the contractor or agency to serve as
basis for the computation of the actual volume excavated.
2. All excavations should be finished to smooth and uniform surface. As much as possible, no materials shall be turned to
waste. Materials outside the limits of slope should not be disturbed by the excavation operations. Excavations should be
done only after the clearing and grubbing in the area.
3. Top soil encountered in excavation and on areas where embankment is to be placed should be removed to the depth as
the Engineer may determine and should be trans- ported and deposited in storage pile designated area sepa- rated from
other excavated materials for later use.
7-7 THE USE OF EXCAVATED MATERIALS:
1. Embankment
2. Sub grade
3. Shoulders
4. Slope
5. Bedding
7-7 PRE-WATERING AND PRE-SPLITTING
▪ Pre-watering
It refers to the process of saturating the

ground in an area where excavation is
about to occur.
▪ Pre-splitting
Is drilling and blasting procedure that may

be employed to control over break and to
give a uniform face to the back slope or
rock cuts.
7-7
Pre-Splitting is performed by:
1. Drilling holes at uniform intervals along the

slope line.
2. Loading and stemming the holes with

appropriate explosives and stemming materials.
3. Detonating the holes simultaneously.

CHAPTER
7-8
Free Haul - Overhaul

7-8
Free haul and Overhaul
Free haul distance is the specified distance wherein an excavated
material will be hauled without additional cost. The free haul
distance is 600 meters unless otherwise specified in the contract.
The overhaul is an authorized hauling in excess of the free haul

distance. For example, if the hauling distance of materials is 800
meters, considering that the free haul is 600 meters, then the
excess 200 meters is considered the overhaul.

CHAPTER
7-9
CONSTRUCTION OF FILL AND
EMBANKMENT
Presentor: Karl Vincent Magbanua
7-9
An stable embankment is attained by

spreading the materials into a thin
layer then compacted at a moisture
content closer to optimum. These
layered process of compaction
produces uniformity and higher density
of the material and moisture content.

7-9 The AASHTO-ARBA Joint Committee on Compaction of
Earthwork proposed the following amendment to the original
AASHTO density requirements to wit:
1. Granular aggregates or those with only slight degree of plasticity, should

be compacted to 95%-100%.
2. Fine grained aggregate possessing a low degree of plasticity is compacted
to approximately 100%at a moisture content near laboratory optimum.
3. Densities for aggregate possessing moderate to high plasticity should not
be so high as to lead to subsequent swelling.
4. Clay soil should not be over compacted beyond about 90% to avoid post
construction swelling.

7-9 EMBANKMENT CONTROL
Basically, there are two procedures employed to assure specified

embankment density.
1. To specify the expected value to the minimum acceptable amount of
relative compaction and to ascertain from the fill density tests that the
specified value is obtained.
2. To specify the manner and methods of constructing the embankment
particularly the layer thickness, moisture control and the number of
passes by a roller of specified type and weight.


The problems encountered in the control of embankment construction

are:
1. Difficulties in maintaining uniform moisture content. This is due to:
a. Variable wetness of the soil.
b. Problems in evenly distributing and mixing in water.
c. Evaporation or rainfall during compaction.
2. Some soil may not easily assimilate water unless wetting agent is
employed.
3. Materials rehauled from different sources and segregation of the same
type is difficult in the actual work.
7-9 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
a.) DENSITY TEST REQUIREMENTS- The embankment

materials shall be constructed of selected borrow
materials having compacted density of at least 95 %
maximum dry density.
b.) MOISTURE CONTROL- The moisture

content of soil is important in
the construction of buildings because it relates to
the stability of the ground on which
the buildings are built. Too dry or too wet
can impact the stability of built structures.
c.) COMPACTION EQUIPMENT LIKE:
7-9 4. Smooth Tired Roller
1. Tamping Roller 2. Grid Rollers 3. Pneumatic Tire Roller
5. Vibratory Compactor

7-9 EMBANKMENT ON SWAMPY AREAS
Conventional construction of roadways in swampy area is not advisable

because record shows that muck and plate provide unstable support for
fills causing failure of highways and railroads. Construction of roadway
through swampy area requires either of the following methods:
1. REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENT OF UNSTABLE MATERIALS- it is applicable

where the unstable material is shallow or thin. Unstable materials are
removed to the level of the underlying materials before filling.

7-9
Displacement Method
Imported materials are carefully placed along the advancing
slope allowed to flow under the dense muck to displace it.
Where muck is deeper or thick, the under-fill method of displacement is

applied. the trench is blasted and a large volume of the fill material is
dropped to settle into the peak.
The Relief Method is also employed after the fill materials are dumped in
place. Relief ditches are blasted along the side of the fill to displace the
Presentor: Oliver
underlying Jatap
muck.
7-9
Displacement Method
Surcharging Method is applied on low fill over shallow muck up to
30 or 40 centimeters depth. Where top of the muck is soft,
displacement through careful filling is done. The fill is then built-up in
compacted layers to its elavation allowing settlement to its final grade.
The Vertical Sand Drain Method provides rapid consolidation of

deep layer muck. Sand drains are vertical columns os sand that
penetrate the muck almost to solid materials. Across this top is a
horizontal blanket extending through the side slope of the fill.
Presentor: Oliver F. Jatap

7-9
Displacement Method
The Fabric Reinforcement Method is covering the muck with

permeable fabrics.
Weight Reduction method is installing a block of styrofoam over

the muck to reduce the weight of the fill.

7-9
DPWH
Specifications
on
Embankment (Item-104)
Embankment shall be constructed of suitable materials defined as:
7-8
1. Suitable Materials are materials acceptable that could be

compacted in accordance with the contract as specified.
Selected Borrow for topping. Soils graded particles that passes a
75 mm (3’’) sieve square openings and not more than 15 mass%
will pass the 0.075 mm (no. 200)sieve. The material shall have a
plastic index not more that 6 and liquid limit not more than 30.

Embankment shall be constructed of suitable materials defined as:
7-9
2. Unstable Materials are materials other than suitable

materials such as:
a.) Materials containing detriminal quantities of organic substances like

grass, roots and sewage.
b.) Highly organic soils like peat and muck.
c.) Soils with liquid limit exceeding 80 and or plastic index exceeding 55.
d.) Soils with natural water content exceeding 100%
e.) Soils with very low natural density of 800 kg./cu.m or lower.

7-9 Methods of Construction
1. Where embankment lower than 120 centimeters below the

sub-grade is to be made, all sods and vegetable matters are
removed from the surface. The cleared surface should be totally
broken-up by plowing, scarifying or steeping to a minimum depth
of 15 centimeters. Sods not required for removal should be disc
harrowed or scarified before the construction of embankment.

2. Roadway embankment on earth materials are placed in

horizontal layers not exceeding 20 centimeters loose volume than
compacted as specified before the next layer is placed.

3. When excavated materials contains more than 25 mass

percent of rock larger than 15 centimeters in greatest diameter
and cannot be placed in layers of the thickness prescribed
without crashing, pulverizing of further breaking down into
pieces, such materials may be placed on the embankment in the
layers not exc eeding in thickness the approximate average size
of the larger rocks but not greater than 60 centimeters.

4. Lifts of materials containing more than 25 mass percent of

rock larger than 15 centimeters in greatest dimension should not
be constructed above an elevation of 30 centimeters below the
finished sub-grade. The balance of embankment should be
composed of suitable material placed in layers not exceeding 20
centimeters in loose thickness and compacted as specified for
embankment.

5. Hauling and leveling equipment should be routed and

distributed over each layer of the fill to make use of compaction
efforts affording and to minimize rutting and uneven compaction

7-9 Compaction
The contractor shall carry out full-scale compaction trials on

areas not less than 10 meters wide and 50 meters long.
Compaction trials with the m ain types of fill materials to used in
the work should be completed before any work with the
corresponding materials is allowed to start.

7-9 Protection of Roadbed During
Construction
During the construction of roadway, the roadbed should be well

maintained and drained at all times. Slide ditches or gutters
emptying from cuts to embankment or otherwise should be
constructed to avoid damages to embankment by erosion.

7-9 Rounding and Warping Slope
Rounding. Except solid rocks, the top and

bottom of all slopes including the slopes of drainage,
ditches, are rounded as planned. A layer of earth
overlapping rock is rounded above as it was done in
earth slope.

7-9 Rounding and Warping Slope
Warping. Adjustment in slopes are made to

avoid injury to standing trees or marring of weather
head rock or to harmonize with existing landscape
features adjusting to the graual slope. At the
intersections of cuts and fills, slope are adjusted
and warped to flow into each other or into the
natural ground surface without noticeable break

CHAPTER
7-10
Sub-Grade Preparation
Presentor: Jhovanni Mendoza
7-10
SUB-GRADE
Sub-grade is the foundation of the
pavement. It is also known as the
existing soil. Sub-grade is prepared
for the support of overlying
structural layers extended to full
width of the roadway.

7-10
SUB-GRADE PREPARATION
Item 105 of DPWH Standard Specifications
105.1 DESCRIPTION
This item shall consist of the preparation of the subgrade for the support
of overlying structural layers. It shall extend to full width of the roadway.
Unless authorized by the Engineer, subgrade preparation shall not be done
unless the Contractor is able to start immediately the construction of the
pavement structure.
7-10
105.2 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
Unless otherwise stated in the Contractor and except when the subgrade is
in rock cut, all materials below subgrade level to a depth of 150 mm or to
such greater depth as may be specified shall the requirements of Section
104.2, Selected Borrow for Topping.

7-10
105. 3 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
105.3.1 PRIOR WORKS

Prior to commencing preparation of the subgrade, all culverts, cross drains,
ducts, and the like (including their fully compacted backfill), ditches, drains
and drainage outlets shall be completed. Any work on the preparation of
the subgrade shall not be started unless prior work herein described shall
have been approved by the Engineer.
7-10 SUB-GRADE PREPARATION
105.3.2 SUB-GRADE LEVEL TOLERANCES
The finished compacted surface of the subgrade shall conform to the allowable tolerances as
specified hereunder:

7-10 DIFFERENT SUB-GRADE
PREPARATION
SUB-GRADE IN ROCK EXCAVATION
Surface irregularities under the subgrade level remaining after trimming of the rock excavation shall be leveled by placing specified
materials and compacted.

PREPARATION
SUB-GRADE ON EMBANKMENT
After the embackment has been completed, the full width shall be conditioned removing any soft or unstable material that are not
compacted properly. The resulting areas and all other low sections, holes, or depressions shall be brought to grade with suitable materials

PREPARATION

PREPARATION
SUB-GRADE ON EXISTING PAVEMENT
Where the new pavement is to be constructed immediately over an existing Portland Cement concrete pavement and if so specified in the
contract the slab be broken into pieces with greatest dimension of not more than 500 mm and the existing pavement material compacted,
as directed by the Engineer.

7-10 SUB-GRADE PREPARATION
PROECTION OF THE COMPLETED WORK
The contractor shall be required and maintain at his

own expense the entire work within the limits of hos
contract in good condition satisfactory to the enigneer
from the time he frist started work until all work shall
have been completed. Maintenance shall include
repairing and recompacting ruts, ridges, soft spots and
deteriorated section of the subgrade caused by the traffic
of the cotractor’s vehicles/equipment or that of the
public.

7-11
COMPACTION
AND
STABILIZATION
Presentor: Prince & Keanu
7-11 Compaction & Stabilization
Compaction . occurs when

particles are pressed together to
reduce the air space between
them, highly compacted soils
contain very few spaces resulting
in soil with higher unit weight.

Stabilization . It refers to
road subgrade improvement
where the physical properties of
the subgrade soil are modified by
the addition of a stabilising
component: usually lime, cement,
or other chemical agents,
combined and mixed in-situ.

Whether the soil is used as foundation material to support
vertical structures, roads or other structures it is important to
know if the in-place materials possess the following properties:
1. That, the soil must have adequate strength.

2. The soil must be relatively incompressible to avoid
insignificant future settlement.
3. The soil must be stable against volume change as water
content or other factors vary.
4. The soil must be durable and save against deterioration.
5. The soil must possess proper permeability.
7-11 Equipment For Compaction
1.) The Pneumatic or rubber-tired rollers.
2.) The drum type roller with projecting feet or
logs called the sheep’s foot roller.
3.) Vibratory compactors.
4.) Smooth drum rollers.

The Pneumatic Tire Roller:
Can be used effectively on all types of soils. It
compacts by kneading available as self-propelled
unit or as towed units. Load sizes vary from 20
tons to 200 tons of which, 50 tons is commonly
used.
20 tons type can compact 6 inches thick layer with

few passes. The 40 to 50tons roller can compact 12
inches thick layer with 3 to 4 passes. The heavy
200 tons type was proven to compact layers up to
The Sheep’s Foot Roller :
Is limited to cohesive soils. Its

pressure varies from 700 KN/m^2
to 4,200KN/m^2.

The Vibratory Compactor : is the most effective
compactor on non-cohesive soils available as:
Vibrating drum type Vibrating pneumatic tire Vibrating plate equipment.

The Smooth Drum Roller :
has limited depth of compaction. This is

not suited for compacting earth fill due to
the size of the drum and the large soil
contact. This type can be utilized for
compacting limited thickness such as
granular base course on highways and the
like.

7-11 COMPACTION EQUIPMENT AND
DENSITY CONTROL ROLLER
Compaction equipment should be capable of obtaining
compaction requirements without detrimentally affecting the
compacted materials. The compacting unit may be of any
type, provided that they are capable of compacting each lift
of material as specified and meet the minimum requirements.

7-11 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR ROAD ROLLER
1.) Pneumatic Tire Roller - must have smooth thread tires of equal size that will
provide uniform compacting pressure for the full width of the roller and capable of
exerting ground pressure of at least 550 KN (psi).
2.) Sheep foot Tamping - as grid roller should be exerting a force of 45 Newton per
millimeter (250 psi) of the length of roller.
3.) Vibratory Steel Wheel Roller - must have a minimum mass of 6 tons. The
compactor is equipped with amplitude and frequency controls.
4.) Steel Wheel Roller - Other than vibratory should be capable of exerting a force
not less than 45 Newton per millimeter of width of the compression roll or rolls.
7-11 TABLE 7-7

Group 3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Group 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER

Presentor: Macky Huavas

Presentor: Macky Huavas

Presentor: Macky Huavas

1. THE SUB-GRADE- OR SUB-BASE

Presentor: Macky Huavas

or Sub-Base is the earth beneath the road,

properly arranged and graded, compacted

and stabilized. It is deﬁned as the

"Supporting structure on which the

pavement surface and its special

top of the sub-grade consisting of crushed

stone or gravel, sometimes mixed with

3. The Pavement – is the material laid over

the base course consisting of Asphalt

Presentor: Macky Huavas

Presentor: Macky Huavas

4. Gravel road must possess capillarity properties suﬃcient enough to

6. An excessive amount of highly expansive clay materials should be

8. Use local materials. Meaning, those materials that could be found

Presentor: Macky Huavas

Presentor: Nikka Infante

Presentor: Nikka Infante

Presentor: Nikka Infante

• Cement stabilization by mixing natural

Presentor: Nikka Infante

• Sandy and gravelly soils containing less

Presentor: Nikka Infante

Presentor: DANVER LONGCOP

Presentor: Danver Longcop

Presentor: Danver Longcop

DPWH Standard Speciﬁcations

on Aggregate Sub-Base Course

should not be greater than 0.66 (2/3) of the portion

passing the o.425 mm (no. 40) sieve.

2. The fraction passing the 0.425 mm (no. 40) sieve

should have a liquid limit not greater than 35 and

plastic index not more than 12 as deetermined by

AASHT0 R-89 and T-90 respectively.

3. The coarse portion retained on a 3.0 mm (no. 10)

sieve shall have a mass percent of wear not to exceed

50 by the Los Angeles Abrasion Tests as determined

by AASHTO T-180 method D.

Presentor: Jake Lim

sieve shall have a mass percent of wear not to exceed

2. The fraction passing the 0.425 mm (no. 40) sieve

should have a liquid limit not greater than 25 and

plastic index not greater than 6.

3. The coarse portion retained on a 2.0 mm (no. 10)

sieve shall have a mass percent of wear not to exceed

Presentor: Jake Lim

Presentor: Jake Lim

Presentor: Jake Lim

• Preparation of the Soil Aggregate

• Spreading Compacting and Finishing

• Protection, Curing and Maintenance

Presentor: Jake Lim

Clearing and Grubbing is categorized under

Clearing it is refers to the removal of all vegetation

Grubbing in addition to removing vegetation, it

Presentor: Agapito Ilustre

Presentor: Agapito Ilustre