NAME : SALSABILA AULLYA PUTRI

SUBJECT : BAHASA INGGRIS

CLASS : SI-3K

COMPUTER HARDWARE

A. Defenition

1. In my opinion

Hardware is a device that can be seen and touched directly by humans,

Computer hardware is all the physical parts computers, distinguished by the
data contained in them or operating on them while software is a device that
can be seen but cannot be seen touched directly by humans, the software that
provides it instructions for creating hardware to complete the task. Hardware
(hardware) is one of the components of a computer whose device properties
can be seen and seen touched directly or in a tangible form that functions to
support the process computerization.

2. According to expert

a) According to R. Wilman and Riyan, the definition of hardware is a series

of electronic devices which is the most compact on a cellphone works
with devices to be one part that is not inseparable.

b) According to Rainer, hardware is a device in a computer physical form

such as a processor, monitor, keyboard, and printer.Hardware works
for receive data/information, process and displays raw information
become useful new information.

c) According to James O'Brien, hardware is all physical equipment used

in processing information, including CPU, RAM, monitor, mouse,
keyboard, printers, scanners, and others. Hardware is media
connecting communications multiple networks and processes data
packets so that data transmission is more effective.

d) According to Ali Zaki Hardware can be said to be the physical part of

the computer, including digital circuits in computer devices.

e) According to Raya Fahreza According to Raya Fahreza, hardware is

part of a computer that works according to software instructions.

Source :
https://bajangjournal.com/index.php/JIRK/article/view/807/564
B. Abstract
One of the main tasks of modern education is to discuss the role and
effectiveness of the use of new innovative technologies for the effective
organization of education. The purpose of this article is to develop
students' critical thinking and independent work skills through the use of
interactive methods in the study of computer hardware in higher education.
materials are given.

Keywords: interactive methods, case-stage technology, application

methodology.

Source : THE USE OF CASE-STUDY TECHNOLOGY IN THE

FORMATION OF STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE OF COMPUTER
HARDWARE | Open Access Repository (oarepo.org)

C. Types Computer Hardware

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

1) The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is at the core of every computer
system, performing calculations and processing data to make your
computer function.
2) Role of a CPU in a Computer System
Your computer’s CPU plays an essential role in its successful functioning
and quick response times for tasks, ranging from web browsing to video
editing. It provides the necessary support to keep all aspects running
smoothly and quickly.
3) CPU Architecture
A processor’s architecture determines its design and layout. This defines
its functions and communication with other components. Common
examples of such an architecture are Reduced Instruction Set Computing
(RISC) and Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC).

4) CPU Computer Hardware Types

There are two primary categories of processors: single-core and multi-

core. Single-core CPUs can only execute one instruction at a time, while
multi-core processors offer superior performance and multitasking
abilities.

5) Key CPU Manufacturers

Intel and AMD dominate the CPU market with their powerful and
efficient Core series processors, while AMD offers competitive
performance through their Ryzen lineup. Both companies continuously
innovate to produce top-of-the-line CPUs for consumers and businesses.
 2. Memory and Storage Devices

Memory and storage devices are integral parts of computers and other digital
devices, enabling us to store and retrieve information quickly and
efficiently.

1) Random Access Memory (RAM)

Random access memory (RAM) is an integral component of any

computer system, serving as temporary storage for data and programs
necessary for its smooth functioning. RAM allows your device to access
and process data rapidly for improved overall performance.

This memory is volatile memory, which means its contents are lost upon
power interruption or loss of connectivity. Your computer, therefore,
relies on other storage devices to safeguard essential files.

2) Storage Devices

Storage devices provide permanent solutions for the safekeeping of data

and files. There are various storage devices, including hard disk
drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and external options like USB
flash drives or SD cards.

HDDs use spinning disks to read and write data, offering large storage
capacities at lower prices while often being slower than SSDs.

SSDs rely on NAND flash memory for faster performance and durability
and have no moving parts. This makes them more resistant to damage
from physical shocks. Unfortunately, SSDs tend to be more costly than
their HDD counterparts.

Memory and storage devices play an integral part in our digital lives,
from fast access to data for smooth performance to permanently storing
essential files. Understanding their functions and differences will allow
you to make informed choices when purchasing or upgrading a computer
or digital device.

3. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

GPUs have become an indispensable part of modern computer systems,

helping manage the complex calculations that go into high-quality graphics
and 3D rendering.
 1) GPU Computer Hardware in Computer Systems

GPUs play an invaluable role in enriching user visual experiences. By

expediting image creation and processing, GPUs make gaming, video
editing, animation, and other non-graphics tasks, such as AI machine
learning, easier for users. They also provide massively parallel processing
power, which makes AI possible.

2) GPU Architecture

GPU architecture is designed to handle multiple operations simultaneously

and is comprised of thousands of small cores working in unison to process
large volumes of data quickly and efficiently. GPUs are ideal for tackling
complex, data-intensive tasks rapidly and effectively.

3) Integrated vs. Dedicated GPUs

Integrated GPUs are integrated directly into the CPU, sharing memory
with the rest of the system. While integrated GPUs may be cost-effective
for basic tasks like web browsing and document editing, they lack the
performance necessary for high-end gaming and graphics-intensive
applications.

On the other hand, dedicated GPUs are standalone components with their
own memory (VRAM). These GPUs provide gamers, graphic designers,
and video editors with superior performance.

4) GPU Applications

GPUs have many applications beyond gaming and graphics. GPUs are
invaluable in today’s modern society, from scientific research and
cryptocurrency mining to deep learning and AI/ML research. As AI
and machine learning advance rapidly, GPUs have become increasingly
essential in processing complex computations with large datasets.

GPUs have become essential in modern computing, providing enhanced

graphics and increased performance across various applications. As
technology progresses, we can expect GPUs to play even more significant
roles in shaping the future of computing.

4. The Backbone of Your Computer: Motherboards

A motherboard (commonly called a “mainboard”) is the heart and soul of a

computer system, connecting and managing all essential components.
1) Motherboard Role

Motherboards play an essential role in providing communication among

different hardware components. By facilitating efficient data transfer and
coordination, they help the computer work more effectively.

Key Components and Features

• CPU socket: An area on a motherboard where processors are installed,

ensuring proper communication between other components and the CPU
• RAM slots: Memory modules can be installed into RAM slots on a
motherboard to determine what kind and amount of RAM your system can
support
• Expansion slots: Expansion slots enable the addition of various peripherals
and devices, such as graphics cards or network cards, that enhance your
computer’s functionality
• Input/Output (I/O) ports: I/O ports connect devices such as keyboards,
mice, printers, and your computer, facilitating data transfer and
communication between these external devices and your own

2) Form Factors

Form factors refer to the size and shape of motherboards that determine their
compatibility with computer cases and components. Some common form
factors include ATX, Micro-ATX, and Mini-ITX motherboards, with each
designed specifically to meet particular needs or sizes of computer systems.

Motherboards play an integral part in connecting and managing your

computer’s components. Understanding their key features and form factors
will allow you to make educated decisions when building or upgrading your
PC. Therefore, consider your requirements when selecting a motherboard
suitable to provide a smooth computing experience.

5. Peripheral Devices

Peripheral devices are essential components that extend a computer’s

capabilities. Connected directly to its system, these peripheral devices allow it
to perform additional tasks beyond its core functions. Three main categories
exist: input, output, and combination devices.

1) Input Devices

Input devices allow users to submit data to a computer. With these input
devices, users can control the computer and input text or images directly.
Examples include keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and scanners.
 2) Output Devices

Output devices allow computers to communicate information back to users.

Monitors, printers, and speakers are examples of computer output devices;
they display processed data such as text on screens or printed documents or
play audio and videos.

3) Combination Devices

KVM switches and all-in-one printers are examples of combination devices

offering input and output functionality. All-in-one printers can print, scan,
and copy, while KVM switches allow multiple computers to be controlled
with just one keyboard, monitor, and mouse.

Peripherals enhance a computer’s functionality by enabling a range of tasks.

From input and output devices to combination devices and combination
mice, peripheral devices are integral in making computers more user-
friendly and versatile.

6. Networking Computer Hardware

Networking hardware is a computer component that is pivotal in connecting

multiple devices and facilitating smooth communication. Below are the types
of networking hardware.

1) Network Interface Cards (NICs)

NICs are essential in any networking setup, serving as the bridge between
devices and networks to enable data transfer and communication. Various
kinds of NICs, such as wired Ethernet cards and wireless Wi-Fi cards, are
available for purchase.

2) Routers

Routers are critical in managing data traffic across networks. They receive
and analyze incoming packets before forwarding them to their appropriate
destinations. In addition, routers connect multiple devices within a local
area network (LAN) and establish connections to the internet.

3) Switches

Switches work hand-in-hand with routers in a network to manage data flow

efficiently and minimize congestion by routing packets directly to their
 destinations based on destination addresses. They play an essential part in
providing efficient communication.

4) Wireless Access Points (WAPs)

WAPs extend the reach of wired networks by creating wireless links that
enable multiple devices to connect without cables, providing flexibility
and mobility.

5) Modems

Modems serve a critical function by converting digital signals generated

from computers or routers into analog ones that can be sent over phone
lines and cable TV lines for transmission over telephone networks and
cable companies, providing access to internet service providers (ISPs).
They are essential in linking home and office networks with internet
service providers (ISPs).

7. Power Supply Units are Essential Components

Power Supply Units (PSUs) are vital parts of computer hardware, providing
AC electricity from wall outlets into DC power that various parts of a computer
system can utilize.

1) Role of a PSU in a Computer System

A PSU’s primary responsibility is providing power for your computer

system’s hardware components, including the processor, graphics card, and
storage devices. A reliable and efficient PSU is essential in maintaining
stable performance and increasing system lifespan.

2) Types of Power Supplies (PSUs)

• ATX Power Supplies: ATX power supplies are among the most frequently
found in desktop computers, adhering to ATX form factor standards in size,
shape, and connector layout. They generally provide enough power for most
computer systems.
• SFX Power Supplies: SFX power supplies are smaller and more compact
than ATX supplies, making them suitable for small form factor (SFF) builds
or mini-ITX cases. They deliver similar power output in a more accessible
package size.

3) Efficiency Ratings

Efficiency is an essential aspect of PSUs. It determines how efficiently

energy is converted to usable power. The 80 PLUS certification helps users
select efficient PSUs by measuring efficiency at various load levels and
awarding different certification tiers, such as Bronze, Silver, Gold,
 Platinum, or Titanium certification tiers to significantly higher levels of
efficiency, leading to reduced energy use and operating costs.

Selecting an energy-efficient PSU type with efficiency ratings such as 80

PLUS certification will guarantee a reliable and energy-saving computer
system.

8. Cooling Solutions Computer Hardware

Cooling solutions are an integral component of computer hardware

performance, helping ensure it doesn’t overheat and lead to poor performance,
system crashes, or component damage. Available solutions range from air and
liquid; both options provide crucial cooling.

Air Cooling: the Classic Choice

Air cooling is an economical and straightforward solution for maintaining computer

hardware temperatures, employing fans to circulate cool air over components like
the CPU and GPU to dissipate heat away. Easy installation with minimal ongoing
maintenance required; however, this type of cooling may not suffice
when operating high-performance systems in warm environments.

Source : https://history-computer.com/8-different-types-of-computer-hardware/

D. Kind Computer Hardware

External hardware components, also called peripheral components, are

those items that are often externally connected to the computer to control
either input or output functions. These hardware devices are designed to
either provide instructions to the software (input) or render results from its
execution (output).

Common input hardware components include the following:

• Mouse. A mouse is a hand-held pointing device that moves a cursor

around a computer screen and enables interaction with objects on the
screen. It may be wired or wireless.
• Keyboard. A keyboard is an input device featuring a standard QWERTY
keyset that enables users to input text, numbers or special characters.
• Microphone. A microphone is a device that translates sound waves into
electrical signals and supports computer-based audio communications.
 • Camera. A camera captures visual images and streams them to the
computer or through a computer to a network device.
• Touchpad. A touchpad is an input device, external or built into a laptop,
used to control the pointer on a display screen. It is typically an alternative
to an external mouse.
• USB flash drive. A USB flash drive is an external, removable storage
device that uses flash memory and interfaces with a computer through a
USB port.
• Memory card. A memory card is a type of portable external storage
media, such as a CompactFlash card, used to store media or data files.

Other input hardware components include joysticks, styluses and scanners.

Examples of output hardware components include the following:

• Monitor. A monitor is an output device similar to a TV screen that

displays information, documents or images generated by the computing
device.
• Printer. Printers render electronic data from a computer into printed
material.
• Speaker. A speaker is an external audio output device that connects to a
computer to generate a sound output.
• Headphones, earphones, earbuds. Similar to speakers, these devices
provide audio output that's audible only to a single listener.
Source : https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/hardware

E. Benefit Computer Hardware

1. Computer Hardware Can Help Your Business Manage Customer Data

Businesses use computers to manage customer data, which is crucial for the
success of any business. They need this information in order to keep track of
their inventory and sales numbers, as well as employee information such as
benefits or payroll information. The computer hardware that you use will allow
you to store this valuable data safely so it’s not lost or corrupted over time.
There are many different types of computer hardware available on the market
today. You need to find a system that can handle all of your data needs, as well
as be flexible enough to grow with your business as it expands in the future.

2. Computers are the Most Common Business Tool

Computers are the most common business tool. They’re used in almost every
industry and for a wide range of purposes, from accounting to marketing and
everything else in between.
 Computers are also used by businesses in many different ways: computers can
be used as tools for interacting with customers, storing information about
customers and employees, tracking inventory levels, or anything else you can
think of!
Computers are an important tool for businesses because they make the process
of doing business much easier and more efficient. Computers can help you save
time by automating many tasks, such as accounting and inventory
management.

3. Computers Streamline Various Tasks in a Business

Computers can help you manage customer data. Computers are the most
common business tool, and they’re used to streamline various tasks in a
business. From payroll systems to inventory tracking, computers have made it
easier for people to do their jobs more efficiently and accurately.
Computers also improve workplace safety and security by allowing
employees to access company information from anywhere at any time without
having to leave their desks or worry about losing track of important paperwork
when they’re away from the office (or if there’s ever an emergency).

4. Computers Can Improve Workplace Safety and Security

The use of computers can help improve workplace safety and security.
Computers can be used to help manage inventory, schedule employees, train
new hires, conduct performance reviews and discipline workers who do not
meet the company’s standards. When computers are used for these tasks, there
is less chance for human error or bias. For example: if you have a warehouse
where products are kept on shelves that need to be stocked regularly with new
items as they arrive from suppliers; using a computerized system will make
sure that each item is placed in its proper place on the shelf so customers can
easily find what they need when they come into your store!

5. You Should Update Your Computer’s Equipment to the Newest One

You should update your computer’s equipment to the newest one.
• According to an experienced IT equipment vendor bigdatasupplyinc.com,
newer computers are more efficient. As technology advances, it becomes
easier for manufacturers to make smaller and faster components that use less
power and produce less heat than older models. This means you can get
more work done in less time with less effort from you or your staff
members!
• Newer computers are more secure. With each new generation of hardware
comes better security features designed not only to prevent unauthorized
access but also protect against viruses, malware and other threats that could
potentially damage or destroy data on your computer system(s).
• Newer computers are more reliable (and therefore cost less over time).
Because newer parts tend to not only be smaller but also made with
improved materials like plastic instead of metal which can expand when
heated up during operation–you’ll find yourself spending less money on
replacement parts over time as well as needing fewer repairs after accidents
occur due simply because they’re constructed differently than before.
6. Investing in Computer Hardware for Your Business Will Provide Many
Benefits for You and Your Employees
Investing in computer hardware for your business will provide many
benefits for you and your employees. Computers are the most common
business tool, and they streamline various tasks in a business. For example,
computers can improve workplace safety and security by reducing the risk of
injury from repetitive strain injuries caused by manual data entry or other
physical labor. They can also help you better manage your inventory by
enabling faster data entry, which means you’ll know exactly what inventory
supplies to order before they run out.

7. Conclusion
In conclusion, computer hardware is an investment that will provide
many benefits for your business. It can help you manage customer data,
streamline various tasks and improve workplace safety and security. By
updating your computer equipment to the newest one every few years or so,
you will be able to save money on maintenance costs while still enjoying all of
these benefits at once!

Source : https://peppervirtualassistant.com/blog/the-benefits-of-computer-
hardware-for-business/

F. Fungtion Computer Hardware

The function of computer hardware components varies depending on the
component in question. Hardware components you’ll find in any system
include things like the motherboard, CPU, RAM, hard drive and network cards.
Each of them server different purposes and have different function.

Source : https://www.answerkid.co.uk/function-of-computer-hardware-
components/

G. Advantages Computer Hardware

Some advantages of hardware in computer applications include:

1. Performance: Hardware components such as processors, memory, and

storage devices directly impact the performance of a computer application.
Faster processors and larger amounts of memory can significantly improve
the speed and efficiency of running applications.
2. Reliability: Hardware components are designed to be reliable and resilient,
ensuring that computer applications run smoothly without frequent crashes
or failures. High-quality hardware can provide a stable and dependable
environment for running applications.

3. Scalability: Hardware can be easily upgraded or expanded to accommodate

the evolving needs of computer applications. Additional storage capacity,
memory, or processing power can be added as required to support larger
datasets or more demanding application requirements.
 4. Customization: Different hardware configurations can be tailored to meet
the specific needs of different computer applications. For example,
specialized graphics cards can be used for applications that require intense
graphical processing, while high-performance storage solutions can be
chosen for applications that deal with large amounts of data.

5. Compatibility: Hardware components are designed to be compatible with

different software applications and operating systems, ensuring seamless
integration and optimal performance. This compatibility reduces the
likelihood of compatibility issues and enhances the overall user experience.

6. Security: Hardware can include security features such as bio metric

authentication or hardware encryption to protect sensitive data and ensure a
higher level of security for computer applications. These features add an
extra layer of protection against unauthorized access or data breaches.
It is important to note that the advantages of hardware can vary depending
on the specific application and the requirements of the user.

Source :https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-advantages-of-hardware-in-
computer-application

H. Disadvantages Computer Hardware

1. Too much sitting

If you are sitting for a long time and becoming a mouse potato to use a
computer, it can lead to health problems. Also, users have to turn their back
in terms of the curve when they use a computer, which also causes them to
distract their body posture. As scientists have researched that standing for a
long time is not healthy, so replacing a traditional desk for a standing desk
is not a perfect solution. But the standing desk may be better as compared
to sitting. To overcome these problems, you can take breaks where you
move stretch, around, and exercise.

2. Carpal tunnel and eye strain

A person who spends too much time on the computer can face a problem
like carpal tunnel syndrome as a computer requires a lot of repetitive
movement.
As you are required to move your body parts to operate the computer, for
example, typing and moving hand to the mouse are repetitive actions that
can cause injuries. Understanding computer ergonomics, keeping the proper
posture, and taking breaks can all help delay or prevent these injuries.

3. Short attention span and too much multitasking

Today's almost all people have become hooked on instant gratification with
computers, computer devices, and the Internet. It has become a reason to
 use a computer every day. As you surf the Internet on the computer or
computer devices and ask any question, it gives you immediate answers to
your questions that become habituated to getting quick dopamine fix. You
can get frustrated easily when you are not getting an answer in a timely
manner, or something does not work speedily.
Also, it is not uncommon to work on more than one task at the same time
with a reduced attention span. Because it has been studying that multitasking
is not more productive can be caused bad for your brain and more mistakes
in the work.

4. Potential of loss of privacy

As the computer can store a large amount of data and if you store your
personal data, or information on the computer, it can be at risk of getting
into the hands of others. Once your personal information has been stolen by
any malicious person, they can use the information to access your online
accounts or use identity theft to open other accounts, such as a new debit or
credit card under your name.

5. Can limit learning and create a dependency

If you use a computer that has an Internet connection, it can be a perfect

place to get information about any topic. Getting knowledge about anything
makes you dependent on the computer and other electronic devices. For
example, to find spelling errors, an auto-correct or spell checker is a perfect
tool that offers the benefit of finding mistakes and make the correct spelling
of a word. However, if you always depend on the spell checker or auto-
correct tools and never learn the proper spelling of a word, you are more
likely to make spelling errors.
Also, there are many other helpful tools available, such as GPS, grammar
checkers, and calculators. However, you may be helpless when they are not
working if you are overly dependent on these tools.

6. Time sink and lots of distractions

Although a computer can be a great creation to increase your productivity,
it can also be harmful in terms of wasting too much time. For example,
you are learning about any particular topic and see any other interesting
link, such as playing games. Then, you click on the link and spend more
time playing games. After two hours, you realize you have wasted your
time and not achieved your original goal. Furthermore, you can get
distracted while trying to work with the popularity of social networks and
notifications

7. Can reduce jobs

Computers can also become the reason to replace the need for many jobs
as they are more capable and smarter. For example, if a human can do any
work within one hour, the computer can do that work in very few times.
 Thus, computers are reducing the requirement for many jobs that are also
becoming inappropriate for the future.

8. Increases waste and impacts the environment

Computers and other electronics are increasing rapidly and replacing old
devices. People get thrown all the old devices that have a substantial
impact on the environment.

9. You could become anti-social or depressed

It is very easy for users to become anti-social with the computer as it has
the ability to perform almost all work speedily. For example, if you are
playing any game like World of Warcraft or other, they can consume too
much time to end up. Also, there are many people who mostly depend on
online shopping; they rarely go out to shop with others and that you
become easily introvert.
Social networks can also be the reason to become your anti-social. There
are many social networking applications like Facebook, Instagram, and
more that offer you the option to make more than thousands of friends.
You will spend a lot of time with your social network friends, but you may
rarely communicate with your real-life friends. It has been studying; the
social networking sites can be depressing as people tend to compare their
lives with others on social networking sites and people believing that other
people's lives are so much better than theirs.

10. Trolls, abuse, stalking, and exploitation

A person who spends more time on the Internet can face abusive or trolls'
people. Over the years, another issue cyberbullying is also increasing
speedily. Unfortunately, it is much easier to encounter these types of
people with the anonymous nature of the Internet. With more and more
people sharing information on the Internet, you can be tracked on the
Internet by hackers or unauthorized persons in terms of stealing your
personal information. There are also some online services available that
can be used by hackers to find information about people.

11. Heavy Reliance in the Workforce

Sometimes the computer can be devastating due to power loss or system
crash for many businesses as they heavily rely on the computer. They can
lose valuable files permanently that can have an effect for a long time.

Source : https://www.javatpoint.com/what-are-the-disadvantages-of-a-
computer
I. Pictures Computer Hardware

1. CPU

2. Motherboard

3. Monitor

4. Keyboard
5. Mouse

6. RAM

7. Harddisk
8. Processor

9. Power Supply

10. Land Card

 11. AGP Card

12. VGA Card

13. FDD ( FloppyDisk Drive)

Source : https://blog.unnes.ac.id/srirahayu/2016/02/19/macam-macam-
perangkat-keras-pada-komputer-hardware/