Guyton-and-Hall-Textbook-of-Medical-P

hysiology
Unit 11
Chapter 56

Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal

Ganglia to Overall Motor Control

https://www.physio-pedia.com/Cerebellum
 Cerebellum and Its Motor Functions
• The cerebellum is important for making postural adjustments
to maintain body balance.
• Through its input from vestibular receptors and
proprioceptors, it modulates commands to motor neurons to
compensate for shifts in body position or changes in load upon
muscles.
• The cerebellum may be better characterized as a tracking
system, with an important role in the control and coordination
of movements which arise because of an animal's need to track
moving objects,
• To track its own movements, and
• to analyze the sensory consequences of movements to control
movements.
Anatomical Functional Areas of Cerebellum
• There are three functional areas of the cerebellum –
• the cerebrocerebellum,
• the spinocerebellum and
• the vestibulocerebellum
 Anatomical lobes of the cerebellum
• There are three anatomical lobes that can be distinguished in the
cerebellum;
• the anterior lobe,
• the posterior lobe and
• the flocculonodular lobe.
• These lobes are divided by two fissures – the primary fissure and
posterolateral fissure.
 Neuronal Circuit of the Cerebellum
• There are three main neuronal circuits in the cerebellum:
• two in the cortex, which relate to the two afferent systems
• and one main circuits involving the cerebellar nuclei

https://doctorlib.info/anatomy/atlas-anatomy/17.html
 Basal Ganglia—Their Motor Functions

• The “basal ganglia” refers

to a group of subcortical
nuclei responsible primarily
for motor control, as well
as other roles such as
motor learning, executive
functions and behaviors,
and emotions. Present
deep in cortex.

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ck/Teamwork/Physiology/26-%20Physiology%20of%20basal%20ganglia%20%26%20regulat
ory%20mechanisms.pdf
 Neuronal Circuitry of the Basal Ganglia.
• To understand the circuitry required in the basal ganglia, its nuclei
must be divided into input nuclei, output nuclei, and intrinsic nuclei.

https://doctorlib.info/anatomy/textbook-clinical-neuroanatomy
/13.html
Function of the Basal Ganglia in
Executing
Patterns of Motor Activity
 Functions of Specific Neurotransmitter
Substances in the Basal Ganglial System
• The appropriate functioning of the basal ganglia system
requires dopamine to be released at the input nuclei.
• Dopamine dysfunction is associated with several basal ganglia
movement disorders such as the parkinsonian syndrome (i.e.,
Parkinson's disease), dystonia, chorea, and tics.
 Integration of the Many Parts of the
Total
Motor Control System
Spinal level
• The level is denoted by the letter-and-number name of the
vertebra at the injury site (such as C3, T2, or L4). There are
seven cervical vertebrae (C1 through C7), which are in the
neck. There are 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1 through T12), which
are located in the upper back
 Integration of the Many Parts of the
Total
Motor Control System
• Hindbrain Level
• The hindbrain (developmentally derived from the
rhombencephalon) is one of the three major regions of our
brains, located at the lower back part of the brain. It includes
most of the brainstem and a dense coral-shaped structure
called the cerebellum
 Integration of the Many Parts of the
Total
Motor Control System
• Motor Cortex Level
• The motor cortex is part of the frontal lobe of the brain. It is
located on top of the brain in both left and right hemispheres
where the frontal lobe meets the parietal lobe. It is located
anterior, or in front of, the central sulcus and posterior to, or
behind, the precentral gyrus.
Associated Functions of the Cerebellum.

• The cerebellum is important for making postural adjustments

in order to maintain balance.
• Through its input from vestibular receptors and proprioceptors,
it modulates commands to motor neurons to compensate for
shifts in body position or changes in load upon muscles.