CEREBRUM

DR PREMANAND B.
 WHAT IS CEREBRUM ..?
• The cerebrum is home to many smaller structures
that regulate numerous core functions in the entirety
of the human body.
• Functions controlled by minor structures of the
cerebrum are the interpretation of sensory
information, emotions, learning, problem-solving,
motor control, and much more.
• The outer layer of the cerebrum, the cerebral cortex,
is referred to as “the hub of thought” and is integral
to cognitive function.
• Two hemispheres (the left, and right) make up
the whole of the cerebrum.
• They control the symmetrical divisions of the
body opposite to them: the left hemisphere
controls the muscles on the right side of the
body, and the right hemisphere controls the left
muscles.
• The two regions are connected by the corpus
callosum and together compose what is
considered to be a part of key characteristics
setting humans apart from non-human animals.
 Location:-
• The cerebrum or telencephalon is a large part
of the brain located in the upper part of the
cranial cavity, which is a space inside the top
of the skull.
 Partes of it…
• Each cerebral hemisphere divided into
A. 3 poles
B. 3 surfaces
C. 3 borders
D. 6 lobes
3 poles :- frontal; occipital and temporal

3 surfaces :- supero-lateral, medial,

inferior ( subdivided into orbital
and tentorial )

3 borders:- superomedial; inferolateral;

inferomedial

6 lobes :-frontal; parietal; temporal; occipital;

insular; limbic
• Now lobes – sulci-gury and blood supply of
whole brain has been already taught by
me in class so I am moving towards some
deep structures of cerebrum
 The Amygdala

• This is another part of the cerebrum that is a

functional component of the limbic system.
• The amygdala is located in the temporal lobes
and is involved in many autonomic nervous
system functions including physiological
responses to fear (the “Fight or Flight”
response) and the secretion of hormones.
• There is one amygdala in each hemisphere
(plural: amygdalae).
• As you can see, the processes and hormonal
secretions that originate in the amygdala are all
deeply reactive and instinctual in nature, however, it
is involved in more sophisticated functions as well.
• The amygdala is the structure that determines what
memories are stored and where in the brain they are
stored. This process is thought to be influenced by
what emotions were evoked during a particular
event.
• A memory of your first kiss will be stored somewhere
completely different than the one where you were
horrified at the Six Flags Fright Fest (at least, I hope
so).
 Basal Ganglia

• The basal ganglia is a collective term that refers to a

group of subcortical nuclei that are integral to motor
control, learning, learning, and executive functions
and behaviors .
• The parts which collectively make up the basal
ganglia are the putamen, caudate, globus pallidus,
subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra.
• The caudate and putamen together are referred to as
the striatum.
We have already learn this at the time of thalamus
lecture
 Surface Area of the Cerebrum

• what makes humans so intelligent is

the amount of surface area we have for
neurons.
• intelligence is not a measure of the size of the
brain but correlated to the ratio of surface
area to volume.
• That’s why we have many sulci and gyri..
This chart is from my neuroanatomy textbook
Please mug up this chart completely
White matter of the cerebral hemispheres

• There are three categories of fiber

components in the cerebral hemispheres:
commissural, projection, and association
fibers.
• Commissural fibers :- these fibers are bundles
of axons that connect the right and left
cerebral hemispheres
There are four bundles of commissural fibers:-
1) the corpus callosum,
2) anterior commissure,
3) posterior commissure, and
4) hippocampal commissure
• Projection fibers:- fibers are restricted to a single
hemisphere and connect the cerebral hemispheres with
lower levels.
The projection fibers may be subdivided into corticopetal
and corticofugal fibers.

Corticopetal fibers are afferent fibers that bring

information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex. They
consist of thalamocortical fibers.
Corticofugal fibers are efferent fibers that transmit
information from the cerebral cortex to lower centers of
the brain and spinal cord. They consist of the corticobulbar,
corticopontine, corticospinal, and corticothalamic fibers.
• Association fibers Association fibers connect
regions of a hemisphere to other regions of
the same hemisphere
• Association fibers, also known as arcuate
fibers, are restricted to a single hemisphere
and are subdivided into two major categories,
short arcuate fibers and long arcuate fibers.
 Clinical anatomy
• Traumatic injury (aagantuj vrana):-

1) hematomas
2) blood clots
3) contusions, or bruising of brain tissue
4) cerebral edema, or swelling inside the skull
5) concussions
6) Strokes
7) vomiting
8) nausea
9) speech difficulty
10)bleeding from the ear
11)numbness
12)paralysis
13)memory loss
14)problems with concentration
 Clinical anatomy
• Neurodegenerative diseases (Nij vrana)
1) Huntington’s disease
2) ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), or Lou
Gehrig’s disease
3) Parkinson’s disease
4) all forms of dementia
 Clinical anatomy
• Mental disorders
1) depression
2) anxiety
3) bipolar disorder
4) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
5) schizophrenia
• Questions please (if any….)