Atom and Nuclei Rutherford’s Alpha Scattering Experiment

Distance of Closest Approach

Atom Impact Parameter

“Plum-Pudding model”
Thomson Electrons in positive
sphere charge

Positively charged
nucleus Electrons Rutherford’s Atom Model
Rutherford
randomly move around On the basis of the results of ⍺-scattering experiments, Rutherford
suggested the following picture of the atom:
1. Atom may be regarded as a sphere of diameter 10-10 m but whole of
the positive charge and almost the entire mass of the atom is
concentrated in a small central core called nucleus having diameter
Electrons move
of about 10-14m.
Bohr spherical orbits at fix 2. The nucleus is surrounded by electrons. In other words, the
distance electrons are spread over the remaining part of the atom leaving
plenty of empty space in the atom.
 Atom and Nuclei

BOHR ATOMIC MODEL

Postulates
(i) The electron in a stable orbit does not radiate
Radius of the Orbit - energy i.e.

(ii) A stable orbit is that in which the angular momentum

Velocity of the electron - of the electron about nucleus is an integral (n)
multiple of

(iii) The electron can absorb or radiate energy only if the

electron jumps from a lower to a higher orbit or falls
Total energy of the electron - from a higher to a lower orbit.
(iv) The energy emitted or absorbed is a light photon of
frequency v and of energy E = hv.
Atom and Nuclei

Spectral Series
 Atom and Nuclei
CONSTITUENTS OF NUCLEUS
● Protons and neutrons collectively known as Nucleons.
● Atomic Number (Z) = number of protons
● Mass Number (A) = number of nucleons
● Number of neutrons (N) = A - Z
Mass Defect and Binding Energy of the Nucleus
The difference between the sum of the masses of the nucleons
constituting a nucleus and the rest mass of the nucleus is known as
mass defect. It is denoted by Δm.
Mass Defect = Δm = (m1 + m2) - m3
Binding Energy = (Δm)c2
The binding energy per nucleon is the average energy required to extract
one nucleon from the nucleus.
Binding energy per nucleon =
R = R0A1/3