Inhalation Hazard Assessment

Inhalation Hazard Assessment –
Quantitative and
Qualitative Assessment for
Gas and Vapour
By,
Dr Ahmad Rasdan Ismail
Associate Professor
College of Health Sciences, UOS, UAE
1
1 Gather information
2 Divide into work unit
Assign HR Hazardous properties

(inhalation) 3 Determine degree of hazard of CHTH/IDLD in each work by dermal or ingestion
unit
4 Evaluate exposure from all possible routes of exposure
Inhalation Dermal Ingestion
Determine ER Extent & duration of c ontact
5 Determine level of risk
Assess adequacy of existing control measures 6 Assess adequacy of existing control measures
7 Conclude assessment
8 Identify action to be taken
9 Recommendation and assign action priority (AP)
10 Prepare, present and submit report
Steps in conducting Chemical Health RiskMalaysia.

©2020 NIOSH Assessment (CHRA)
All rights reserved. 4
Evaluate Exposure For Inhalation
• Intensity or magnitude of exposure,

• Frequency of exposure
• Duration of exposure
• Rating of 1 - low degree ; rating of 5 - highest degree
• Assessment of inhalation exposure
• quantitative evaluation (more preferred)
• qualitative evaluation
©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. 3

Select a work unit
Go through task
YES Monitoring NO
data
QUANTITATIVE available QUALITATIVE
Analye Result Assign FDR

(Table 5,6,7)
NO YES
Additive Assign MR
effect? (Table 8 – Table 13)
Table 3 Table 4 Use Table 14
Obtain ER
The Procedure for Determining Exposure Rating for Inhalation Exposure

Quantitative Evaluation
Quantitative evaluation of exposure is carried out for

inhalation exposures if personal air sampling data for the
exposed workers or the work unit assessed are available.
Where exposure data is limited or unavailable, the

assessor should assess the exposure qualitatively
The evaluation of inhalation exposure is to be done

without regards to the use of respiratory protection.

Based on:
• Current measurement of personal

exposure monitoring
• Estimation from previous measurement
of personal exposure monitoring
• Estimation of personal exposure from
ambient or general air levels for total
work duration.

Acute exposure Chronic Exposure
• Effect which occurs rapidly as a • Effects normally occur as a result

result of short-term exposure of prolonged, repetitive
• Effects may manifest within exposures and of long duration.
minutes or hours • carcinogens, reproductive
or days (up to 2 weeks) toxicants, mutagens and
• irritation, corrosion, sensitization, systemic toxicants.
narcosis or even death.
Rating for acute exposure Rating for chronic exposure
• based on 15 minutes time- • based on TWA total work or task

weighted average (TWA) for duration in a typical working
chemical with short term day
exposure limit (STEL)
• 10 minutes TWA for chemicals
with ceiling limit.

SCL
• Determine the 14 steps for Qualitative
Chemical Health Risk Assessment (CHRA).
Table 3: Inhalation Exposure Based on Airborne Exposure Measurement
Time-weighted average (TWA) or

Exposure
Short term exposure limit (STEL) or Ceiling
Rating
Limit
 PEL 5
 0.75 PEL but < PEL 4
 0.5 PEL but < 0.75 PEL 3
 0.1 PEL, but < 0.5 PEL 2
< 0.1 PEL 1

Example 1
Name Chemical Sample Duration Concentration
ID (min) (mg/m3)
Respirable P1-1 240 0.3

crytalline
Ali silica - P1-2 240 0.2
quartz
PEL( 8-hr TWA) for respirable crystalline silica-quartz is 0.1mg/m3

1. Calculate the 8-hrTWA
2. Determine Exposure Rating based on Table 3
10
Answer for Example 1
1. Calculate the 8-hr TWA
8-hr TWA = C1t1+C2t2

t1+t2
=0.3(240)+0.2(240
240 +240
= 0.25 mg/m3
Exposure rating =5

SCL 2
Name Chemical Sample Duration Concentration

ID (min) (mg/m3)
S1 300 0.03
Abu Lead
S2 180 0.1
PEL( 8-hr TWA) for lead is 0.05 mg/m3
1. Calculate the 8-hrTWA

SCL 3
A laboratory assistant is performing the analysis of
crude oil content. The n-hexane is used to extract
the oil content in the extraction process. The
laboratory assistant is exposed to n-hexane during
the analysis for a period of 30 minutes. Chemical
monitoring of n-hexane indicates that the personal
exposure based on 8hr-TWA is 15 ppm, while MEL is
350 ppm. PEL (8hr-TWA) for n-hexane is 50 ppm and
PEL (MEL) is 150 ppm
Determine Exposure Rating based on Table 3

SCL 4
An operator in charged on cleaning of product by
xylene. The cleaning operator conduct the task
though out 8 hour work shift. Chemical monitoring
of xylene indicates that the airborne concentration
based on 8hr-TWA is 95 ppm. PEL( 8-hr TWA for
xylene is 100 ppm)
Determine Exposure Rating based on Table 3

Qualitative CHRA
Qualitative Evaluation
Isestimated by the degree of chemical release or
presence at the exposure boundary.
a) Frequency of exposure, F
b) Duration of exposure, D
c) Frequency-duration rating, FDR
d) Intensity or magnitude of exposure
• degree of chemica l released
• degree of chemical inhaled.

Qualitative Evaluation
Frequency-duration rating
estimated by:
• frequency of exposure
• duration of exposure.
The frequency and duration ratings are then

combined to obtain the FDR.

Qualitative Evaluation: FR
Table 5: Frequency Rating
Rating Description Definition

5 Frequent Exposure one or more time per shift or per
day
4 Probable Exposure greater than one time per week
3 Occasional Exposure greater than one time per
month
2 Remote Exposure greater than one time per year
1 Improbable Exposure once per year or less

Qualitative Evaluation: FR
Table 6: Duration Rating

Rating Duration of Exposure per shift (x)
5 x ≥ 7 hours
4 4 ≤x <7 hours
3 2 ≤ x <4 hours
2 1 ≤ x <2 hours
1 x < 1 hours

Qualitative Evaluation: FDR
Table 7: Frequency-Duration Rating (FDR)
FREQUENCY RATING (FR)

1 2 3 4 5
1 1 2 2 2 3
DURATION RATING
2 2 2 3 3 4
3 2 3 3 4 4
4 2 3 4 4 5
5 3 4 4 5 5

Qualitative Evaluation: MR
Estimation of magnitude rating:
• Degree of chemical released or presence

• Degree of chemical inhaled

Estimation of Degree of chemical release or presence
• Observation (Table 8)
• Using direct reading measurement (Table 9)

Estimation of Degree of chemical release or presence through
observation
• physicochemical properties,
• process characteristics,
• quantity used
• method of handling
• atmospheric conditions.
This information is obtained from the SDS, process descriptions,

and from observation of environmental conditions.
Please refer to Appendix 8:Qualitative Estimation of Exposures

Table 8: Degree of Chemical Release or Presence
Degree Observation
Low Low or little release into the air.
• No contamination of air, clothing and
work surfaces with chemicals.
• Low volatility with the boiling point more
than 150°C at room temperature (20°C). **
• Low dustiness such as pellet like solids that
don’t break up. Little dust is seen during
use e.g. PVC pellets, waxed flakes.
Note:
*Refer to Appendix 9.
**Refer to Appendix 10

Table 8: Degree of Chemical Release or Presence (cont.)
Degree Observation
Moderate • Moderate release such as:
a) Solvents with medium drying time* in uncovered
containers or exposed to work environment;
b) Detectable odour of chemicals. Check the odour
threshold.
• Medium volatility with the boiling point at 50°C to 150°C

at room temperature (20°C). **
• Medium dustiness such as crystalline, granular solids.
When used, dust is seen, but settles out quickly. Dust is left
on surfaces after use e.g. soap powder.
• Evidence of contamination of air, clothing and work
surfaces with chemicals.
Note: *Refer to Appendix 9; ** Refer to Appendix 10

Table 8: Degree of Chemical Release or Presence (cont.)
Degree Observation
high • Substantial release such as:
a)Solvents with fast drying time* in uncovered
containers;
b) Sprays or dust clouds in poorly ventilated areas;
c)Chemicals with high rates of evaporation exposed to
work environment;
d)Detectable odour of chemicals with odour threshold
at/above PEL/ OEL.
• High volatility with the boiling point less than 50°C at
room temperature (20°C). **
• High dustiness such as fine, light powders. When used,
dust clouds can be seen to form and remain in the air for
several minutes e.g. cement, carbon black, chalk dust.
• Gross contamination of air, clothing and work surfaces
with
Note: *Refer to Appendix 9; ** Refer to Appendix 10
In the absence of personal exposure measurement data.
Estimation of Degree of chemical release or presence using direct
reading measurement
May also be used as screening tools to check against “worst
case”
Make decision in the needs for the costly personal exposure
monitoring data.
Example of direct reading instrument:

• Photo ionisation detector (PID)
• Flame ionisation detector (FID)
• Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR)
• Calorimetric tubes/badges
• Direct reading instrument for partic ulate (light blocking, light
scattering, direct imaging)

Table 9: Inhalation Exposure Based on Airborne
Exposure Measurement
Direct Degree of
reading release
measurement
 PEL High
 0.5 PEL but < PEL Moderate
< 0.5 PEL Low
Other exposure limits may be adopted

Estimating Degree of chemical inhaled
Table 10: Degree of Chemical Inhaled

DEGREE OBSERVATION / CONDITION
• Low breathing rate (light work)*
Low
• Source far from breathing zone
• Moderate breathing rate (moderate work)*

Moderate
• Source close to breathing zone
• High breathing rate (heavy work)*

High
• Source within breathing zone.
*Degree of chemical inhaled is determined without considering usage of PPE

Table 11: Degree of Physical Activities and Breathing Rate
Physical Activity Breathing
Rate
Light Work Low

Sitting, moderate arm and trunk movements (e.g. desk work, typing)
Sitting, moderate arm and leg movements (e.g. hand soldering and QC
inspection)
Standing, light work at machine or bench, mostly arms
Moderate Work Medium
Sitting, heavy arms and legs movement
Standing, light work at machine or bench, some walking
about
Standing moderate work at machine or bench,
some walking about
Walking about, with moderate lifting or pushing (e.g. machine operator)
Heavy Work High
Intermittent heavy lifting, pushing or pulling(e.g. pick and shovel work)
Hardest sustained work

Assessing Magnitude Rating
Table 12: Magnitude Rating
DEGREE OF INHALE
LOW MODERATE HIGH

RELEASE/PRESEN
LOW 1 2 3
DEGREE OF
MODERATE 2 3 4
HIGH 3 4 5
CE
Use Table 13 to modify the MR before assigning the ER.

Table 13: Modifying Factors
MR Criteria for modifying factors
modifying
factor
+1 • Bad work practice and or poor personal hygiene that may
(maximum have potentials for the chemical agents to remain on skin or
MR not to clothing once contact occurs.
exceed 5) • Reported cases of chemical exposure incidences. Results of
biological monitoring exceed the Biological Exposure Index
(BEI) (such as those described by the ACGIH).
• Widespread complaints of ill effects related to exposure to the
CHTH, in the work unit.
• Reported cases of workers with pre-clinical symptoms related to
the CHTH exposure.
• Susceptible persons in work unit.
• Cross airborne contamination
-1 Quantity used is small for solid (weight in grams or
(minimum MR typically received in packets or bottles) and for liquid
not less than (volume in milliliters or typically received in bottles).
1)
Exposure Rating(ER)
Assign exposure rating
Table 14: Exposure Rating (ER)
MAGNITUDE RATING (MR)

1 2 3 4 5
1 1 2 2 2 3
FREQUENCY RATING/
DURATION RATING
2 2 2 3 3 4
3 2 3 3 4 4
4 2 3 4 4 5
(FDR)
5 3 4 4 5 5

Hazard Rating
(HR)
Risk Determination
LEVEL OF RISK FOR INHALATION EXPOSURE
• The level of risk is determined based on the risk rating,
which is derived from the and ER and ER.
• The risk rating is determined using the following
equation:
RR =HR x ER
• Where
– RRisthe risk rating (1to 25)indicating the likelihood of injury or illness;
– HR is the hazard rating (1 to 5) indicating the severity of
adverse effects;and
– ER is the exposure rating (1 to 5) indicating the chance of overexposure to
the CHTH

Risk Determination
Table 16: Level of risk determination
©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights

36
reserved.
Risk Determination
The level of risk is determined based on the result of

RR which are:
©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights

37
reserved.
Form C;
Table C1: Inhalation Exposure Assessment

Refer to guidance note

Qualitative CHRA
Steps by Steps Conducting CHRA
1. Work Unit: Determine sample
2. Date of Assessment
3. Job Task elaboration - elaboration
4. Name of chemical – SDS
5. Frequency Rating (FR) – how many times the exposure for day
6. Duration Rating (DR) – how long the exposure during the day shift
7. Freq Duration Rating (FDR)– matching the FR and DR
8. PEL /TWA – OSHAD SF 794 list of chemicals
9. Degree of release / exposure level – estimation of chemical released presence through
observation
10. Degree of chemical inhaled – measurements.
11. Magnitude Ratings (MR) – matching between Degree of release with degree of
chemical inhaled.
12. Exposure Rating (ER) – matching the MR with FDR
13. Get the Hazard Rating (HR)
14. Determine the Risk Rating (RR) by matching ER and HR
Example of Inhalation Exposure Assessment Form C –Table C1
Form C : WORK UNIT ASSESSMENT

DATE OF
WORK UNIT : Fabrication Personnel 3rd January 2019
ASSESSME
NT:
Table C1: Inhalation Exposure Assessment
DEGREE
DEGREE
PEL OF
JOB OR TASK NAME OF CHEMICAL FR DR FDR OF MR ER HR RR
(mg/m³) RELEASE
CHEMICA
OR
L INHALED
EXPOSURE
LEVEL
TWA 8hrs
Braze Core Copper
Arc/TIG Welding 4 4 4 Moderate Moderate 3 4 2 8
Silver, 0.2
Copper, Zinc Zinc 5
Silver 0.1
Sandvik stainless TWA 8hrs
wire electrodes, Manganese
Arc/TIG Welding 4 4 4 Moderate Moderate 3 4 2 8
filler wire/rods 0.2
and strip Copper 0.2
electrodes
Gas Detection for Confine Space
HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE
🞇 Atmosphere that may expose employees to the
risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of ability
to self-rescue, injury or acute illness from one or
more of the following causes –
oxygen content below 19.5% or above 23.5% by volume (at
sea level);
accumulation of flammable or explosive gas greater than
10%of its LEL;
accumulation of toxic gas equal to or exceeding its
permissible exposure limit (PEL); or
any other atmospheric condition that is immediately
dangerous to life or health (IDLH).
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Alarm Set Point
• The selected gas concentration level at

which an alarm is activated
Bump / Function Test / Span Check
• Procedure used to verify the response of an

instrument which does not include actual
adjustment
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Calibration Gas
• A known c oncentration of gas that is used to set
instrument accuracy
Cross Sensitivity
• The predictable response of a detector to compounds
other than the target gas
Zero Check
• Check performed to verify that the instrument reads
true zero
©2018 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

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Inhalation Hazard Assessment –

2 Divide into work unit

Assign HR Hazardous properties

Inhalation Dermal Ingestion

Determine ER Extent & duration of c ontact

5 Determine level of risk

8 Identify action to be taken

9 Recommendation and assign action priority (AP)

10 Prepare, present and submit report

Steps in conducting Chemical Health RiskMalaysia.

• Intensity or magnitude of exposure,

©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. 3

Analye Result Assign FDR

Table 3 Table 4 Use Table 14

The Procedure for Determining Exposure Rating for Inhalation Exposure

Quantitative evaluation of exposure is carried out for

Where exposure data is limited or unavailable, the

The evaluation of inhalation exposure is to be done

©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. 5

• Current measurement of personal

©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. 6

• Effect which occurs rapidly as a • Effects normally occur as a result

Rating for acute exposure Rating for chronic exposure

• based on 15 minutes time- • based on TWA total work or task

©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. 7

Table 3: Inhalation Exposure Based on Airborne Exposure Measurement

Time-weighted average (TWA) or

©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. 9

Respirable P1-1 240 0.3

PEL( 8-hr TWA) for respirable crystalline silica-quartz is 0.1mg/m3

2. Determine Exposure Rating based on Table 3

8-hr TWA = C1t1+C2t2

2. Determine Exposure Rating based on Table 3

©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. 11

Name Chemical Sample Duration Concentration

PEL( 8-hr TWA) for lead is 0.05 mg/m3

1. Calculate the 8-hrTWA

Determine Exposure Rating based on Table 3

©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. 13

Determine Exposure Rating based on Table 3

©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. 14

©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. 16

The frequency and duration ratings are then

©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. 17

Rating Description Definition

©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. 18

Table 6: Duration Rating

©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. 19

FREQUENCY RATING (FR)

©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. 20

• Degree of chemical released or presence

©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. 21

©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. 22

This information is obtained from the SDS, process descriptions,

Please refer to Appendix 8:Qualitative Estimation of Exposures

©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. 23

©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. 24

• Medium volatility with the boiling point at 50°C to 150°C

Note: *Refer to Appendix 9; ** Refer to Appendix 10

©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. 25

Example of direct reading instrument:

©2020 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. 27