PHYSICS PROJECT

NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS IN YEAR

1904
&
HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION

Course :- B.Sc Physical Science

Group Member :-
Harshit Adhikari 23/871
Himanshi Verma 23/206
Gevansh 23/186
 NOBEL PRIZE IN YEAR 1904

Name: Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt)

Born: 12 November 1842, Langford Grove,

Maldon, Essex, United Kingdom

Died: 30 June 1919, United Kingdom

EDUCATION QUALIFICATION :-
 At the age of 10 he was in the school sanatorium
 After 4 years he was in Rev. George Townsend Warner (1857)
 In 1861 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he
commenced reading mathematics
 He graduated in the Mathematical Tripos in 1865 as Senior
Wrangler and Smith’s Prize man

Affiliation at the time of the award: Royal Institution of

Great Britain, London, United Kingdom

Prize motivation : “for his investigations of the densities of

the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in
connection with these studies”

About The Nobel Prize of Lord Rayleigh

 Lord Rayleigh's Early Experiments and Education**

-- Detailed in the biography, "Life of John William Strutt, Third Baron
Rayleigh," by his son Robert John Strutt.
-- Rayleigh initiated experiments by weighing hydrogen and oxygen
gases to determine their densities.
-- Used a 2-liter flask, factoring in room air buoyancy affected by
temperature and barometric pressure.
-- His result for the ratio of the density of oxygen to hydrogen was
15.882, which appeared to Rayleigh to contradict the weight of
16 for oxygen.

 Investigation Shift to Nitrogen**

-- Rayleigh turned to weighing nitrogen, aiming to obtain the "pure"
gas by chemical removal of other air constituents.
 -- Decision to confirm results with a different method led to
unexpected findings about the density of chemically derived
nitrogen.
-- Initial result in good agreement with earlier measurements, but
chemical origin nitrogen consistently 0.5% less dense than air-
derived nitrogen.

 Collaboration with William Ramsay**

-- William Ramsay, a chemist from University College, London,
learned of Rayleigh's results.
-- Ramsay proposed the existence of a previously unknown heavy
gas in air, leading to a collaboration.
-- Rayleigh repeated Henry Cavendish's 1795 experiment, hinting at
an unknown atmospheric constituent.
-- Stronger electrical discharge revealed a cubic centimeter of gas
with no nitrogen spectrum or chemical reaction.

 Confirmation of a New Gaseous Constituent**

-- Ramsay demonstrated that red-hot magnesium removed
nitrogen and oxygen from the air.
-- Rayleigh and Ramsay combined efforts to confirm the existence
of a new, inert, monatomic constituent of the atmosphere.
-- Lord Kelvin dubbed it the greatest discovery of the year.
-- Announced their discovery at the August 1894 meeting of the
British Association for Science.

 Further Discoveries, Recognition, and Nobel Prize**

-- Ramsay's subsequent discoveries of He, Ne, Kr, and Xe.
-- H.G. Madan proposed the name "argon" from the Greek word
"aergon," meaning "inert" or "lazy."
-- Rayleigh and Ramsay each received the Nobel Prize in 1904,
Rayleigh for Physics and Ramsay for Chemistry.
Discoveries of Lord Rayleigh (John William
Strutt)
1. Argon Discovery (1894): - Lord Rayleigh, in collaboration
with William Ramsay, identified the inert gas argon, revealing a
previously unknown component in the atmosphere.

2. Rayleigh Scattering (1871): - Discovered why the sky

appears blue during the day through the phenomenon of Rayleigh
scattering, explaining the dispersion of sunlight by air molecules.

3. Rayleigh Criterion (1879): - Formulated the Rayleigh

criterion, a fundamental principle in optics determining the minimum
resolvable distance between closely spaced objects.

4. Rayleigh Waves (1885): - Defined Rayleigh waves,

essential in seismology, as a type of surface wave propagating along
the Earth's surface during seismic events.

5. Rayleigh-Jeans Law (1900): - Collaborated with James

Jeans to create the Rayleigh-Jeans law, an early equation describing
the spectral radiance of electromagnetic radiation from a black body.

6. Acoustic Investigations (1883): - Conducted extensive

research on acoustics, contributing to the understanding of sound
propagation in gases, liquids, and solids.

7. Rayleigh Damping: - Introduced Rayleigh damping, a

model describing the dissipation of energy in vibrating systems, with
applications in structural engineering and vibration analysis.

8. Rayleigh Number (Convection): - Developed the

Rayleigh number, a parameter in fluid dynamics predicting the onset
of convection in fluid layers, particularly relevant in atmospheric and
oceanic studies.
 HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION

A homogeneous differential equation is an equation containing a

differentiation and a function, with a set of variables. The function f(x,
y) in a homogeneous differential equation is a homogeneous function
such that f(λx, λy) = λnf(x, y), for any non zero constant λ. The general
form of a homogeneous differential equation is f(x, y).dy + g(x, y).dx =
0.
Let us learn more about the homogeneous differential equation, the
method to solve a homogeneous differential equation, examples, faqs.

What Is A Homogeneous Differential

Equation?

A differential equation containing a homogeneous function is called a

homogeneous differential equation. The function f(x, y) is called a
homogeneous function if f(λx, λy) = λnf(x, y), for any non zero constant
λ. The general form of the homogeneous differential equation is of the
form f(x, y).dy + g(x, y).dx = 0. The homogeneous differential equation
has the same degree for the variables x, y within the equation.
A differential equation containing a homogeneous function is called a
homogeneous differential equation. The function f(x, y) is called a
homogeneous function if f(λx, λy) = λnf(x, y), for any non zero constant
λ. The general form of the homogeneous differential equation is of the
form f(x, y).dy + g(x, y).dx = 0. The homogeneous differential equation
has the same degree for the variables x, y within the equation.

EXAMPLE OF HOMOGENEOUS
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 dy/dx = (x + y)/(x - y)
 dy/dx = x(x - y)/y2
 dy/dx = (x2 + y2)/xy
 dy/dx = (3x + y)/(x - y)
 dy/dx = (x3 + y3)/(xy2 + yx2)

In these above examples, we can substitute x = λx, and y = λy, to prove

it for the homogeneous differential equation. Also, if the homogeneous
differential equation is of the form dx/dy = f(x, y), and f(x, y) is a
homogeneous function, then we substitute x/y = v, or x = vy. This on
further integration, and substituting back the variables x, y, gives the
general solution of the homogeneous differential equation.
 How To Solve a Homogeneous
Differential Equation?
The general solution of the homogeneous differential equation can be
obtained by the integration of the given differential equation. A
homogeneous differential equation of the form dy/dx = f(x, y), is solved
by first separating the variable and the derivative of the particular
variable on either side and then integrating it with respect to the
variable.

To solve a homogeneous differential equation of the form dy/dx = f(x,

y), we make the substitution y = v.x. Here it is easy to integrate and
solve with this substitution. Further the differentiation of y = vx, with
respect to x we get dy/dx = v + x.dv/dx. We can substitute the value of
dy/dx in the expression dy/dx = f(x, y) = g(y/x) to get the below
expression.
v + x.dv/dx = g(v)
xdv/dx = g(v) - v

Separating the variables x and v, we have:

dv dx
g (v ) −v
= x
Here we integrate it on both sides, which results in the following
expression.
1 1
∫ g (v ) −v .dv=∫ x .dx

The above expression gives the following solution, which is the general
solution of the differential equation.
1
∫ g (v ) −v .dv=Logx+C
Here we substitute back the value of v = y/x, to obtain the general
solution of the homogeneous differential equation. The presence of +C
in the solution, refers it as a general solution, and further solving and
substituting the value of +C, we can obtain the particular solution of
the given homogeneous differential equation.