A REPORT

GRANT OF TEACHING MODULES

THE STATE UNIVERSITY OPERATIONAL SUPPORT

THE FACULTY OF MATHEMATIC AND NATURAL SCIENCES
HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY

CHEMICAL ENERGETICS

By :

Dr. St. Fauziah, M.Si.

DEPARTEMENT OF CHEMISTRY
THE FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES
HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY
NOVEMBER 2018

0
 MODULE I

SUBJECT IDENTITY

Study Program : Chemistry

Subject Name : Chemical Energetics

Module : GAS

Credit : 3 sks

Lecturer : Dr. Paulina Taba, M. Phill

Dr. St. Fauziah, M.Si

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Gas is one of three material states. Gas has special properties that neither liquid

nor solid substances possess. One of the highlights of gas is its properties that

are independent of its chemical composition, but all gases can show almost the

same properties if the temperature and pressure variables are changed. Both

ideal gas and real gas are derived from several important relationships between

the variables of pressure, volume, and temperature that are often used in gas

calculations. This relationship is called the gas law which is expressed in a gas

equation. This can be the basis for students to understand more about the state

of the gas so that it can distinguish the properties of ideal gases and real gases.

1
For this module, we will discuss the formulation of ideal gas equations, several

uses of ideal gas equations, the concept of incompressible power factors, the

van der Waals equation for real gas, and the kinetic theory of gases.

B. Module Scope

- Ideal gas

- Real gas

- The kinetic theory of gas

C. Module Linkage

The module is the first modul of six modules discussed in energetic of chemistry

D. Expected Learning Outcome of the Module

After following this module students will understand the properties of ideal

gases, real gases and kinetic theories of gases and be able to apply them in

calculations using existing formulations.

E. Assessment Indicator

Through the SCL approach the assessment indicators are based on

communication, analysis, creativity, discipline, teamwork, and clarity about the

notion of ideal gases, real gases, and the kinetic theory of gases.

F. Task

COURSE : Chemical Energetic

SEMESTER : Odd

TASK : I (one)

2
1. TASK OBJECTIVE:

Explain the characteristics of ideal gases, real gases, and the kinetic theory

of gases, and solve problems using ideal gas equations, real gases, and kinetic

gases.

2. ASSIGNMENT DESCRIPTION:

a. Task Material:Ideal gas, real gas, and kinetic gas theory. The use of the

relationship of the equation to complete the calculation of P, V, and T and the

molecular weight, mass density, composition, etc. of an ideal and real gas.

The use of some decreases in the main equation of the kinetic theory of

gases is to calculate the kinetic energy of translating gas molecules and the

velocity of gas molecules etc.

b. What to do and restrictions:Studying the properties of ideal gases and real

gases, the concepts of gas kinetic theory and principal equations related to

the properties of ideal and real gases.

c. Methodology / method of work, reference used:College learning method,

cooperative learning. Students browse the literature to be able to do the

assignments given either through library books, the internet, discussions and

presentations

3. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

a. Cognitive: The ability of science through assignments and examinations

b. Affect: The attitude of each individual through communication, leadership,

creativity, discipline, and teamwork.

c. Psychomotor: Skill skills in data analysis and presentation

3
 II. DISCUSSION

A. General Properties of Gas

Based on the experimental results, it is known that all gases with any

chemical composition at high temperatures and low pressures tend to show a

certain simple relationship between the macroscopic properties, namely

pressure, volume, and temperature. This suggests the concept of an ideal gas

which has the same macroscopic properties under the same conditions. From

the macroscopic nature of the gas, namely speed kinetic energy, momentum,

and mass of each gas constituent particle we can define an ideal gas with an

assumption (assumption) but still consistent (according) to the macroscopic

definition.

The ideal gas is gas that fulfills the following assumptions:

a. A gas consists of particles called molecules and each molecule is identical

(identical) so that it cannot be distinguished from other molecules.

b. Solid spherical gas particles that move randomly, in all directions, various

speeds and meet Newton's laws of motion.

c. The number of gas molecules is very large but there is no interaction between

molecules.

d. The size of the gas molecule is so small that it can be neglected against the

size of the container.

e. Gas molecules are distributed evenly throughout the room in the container.f.
Every collision that occurs (between molecules with molecules or molecules
with the walls of the container) is perfectly elastic.

4
 Kinetic theory is a theory that is largely the work of Count Rumford (1753-

1814), James Joule (1818-1889), and James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1875), which

explains the properties of substances based on a continuous random motion of

the molecules. In gas, for example, the gas pressure is related to the incessant

collisions of gas molecules against the walls of the container.

In this discussion, the gas to be discussed is the ideal gas, which is gas

that precisely complies with gas laws. In real conditions, there are no gases

including ideal gases but real gases at low pressure (smaller than one

atmosphere) and the temperature are not close to the melting point of the gas,

accurately fulfilling the ideal gas laws.

1. Ideal Gas

a. Formulation of the Equation of Ideal Gas Conditions

Ideal gas does not exist, but its properties can be approached by real gas.

The experimental results show that at low pressure and high temperatures in an

approach, all gases exhibit ideal traits and in such circumstances, the molecules

do not interact and the volume can be ignored.

Based on the experimental results, the general properties of gas have

been formulated in gas laws. This law states the important relationship between

the variable volume, pressure, and temperature of the gas that is often used in

calculations. Gas state variables have a relationship with each other. This

relationship is called the gas law which can be expressed in an equation of

state. By knowing the law of gas, the value of one variable can be determined

5
from another variable, or the effect of changing one variable on another can be

known.

In 1663, Robert Boyle studied the effect of changes in the volume of gas

pressure at a fixed temperature. Within the limits of the accuracy of his

experiments, Robert Boyle discovered a variable relationship called Boyle's law.

The volume (V) of a certain amount of gas is inversely proportional to the

pressure (P), at a fixed temperature (T).

In mathematics the law can be written as:

1
V α (n,T constant)
P
k1
or V α
P

PV = k1 ( n, T constant ) (1.1)

k1 = constant which depends on the number of moles of gas and temperature

(T).

The flow of pressure (P) to Volume (V) depicted at a fixed temperature is

called the ideal gas isothermal curve (Figure 1.1)

6
 Figure 1.1. Ideal Gas Isothermal

Charles (1787) and Gay Lussac (1802), studied the effect of temperature

changes on the volume of gas at a fixed pressure. Based on the results of the

experiments that have been conducted, Charles and Gay-Lussac state that the

volume and temperature relationship is called the lussac-gay charles law.

The volume of a certain amount of gas is directly proportional to the

temperature at a fixed pressure.

Mathematically, the law can be stated as :

V  T ( n, P constant)

V = K2 . T ( n, P constant) (1.2)

K2 = a constant that depends on the number of moles of gas and pressure

T 0, V 0.

The flow of volume to temperature at fixed pressure is called the ideal isobar
gas (Figure 1.2)

7
 Figure 1.2. The ideal isobar gas

Based on Boyle's law and Charles-Gay Lussac's law, the volume of gas is

a function of the number of moles (n), pressure (P), temperature (T).

So, V = f (n,P,T) (1.3)

This equation can be differentiated as follows:

  V    V    V  (1.4)
dV  
  dn  
  dP  
  dT

  n  P, T 
  P  n, T 
  T  n, P

Because of the volume of gas, at constant pressure and temperature, it is

directly proportional to the number of moles, then:

V  n

V = k 3 . n ( p,T constant), so that

  V  V
  k 

  P  n, T
 3 n (1.5)

8
According to Boyle's Law,

PV = k1 ( n, T constant )

k
V  1 constant)
( n, T tetap)
P

  V  V
   (1.6)

  P  n, T P

According to Charles- Gay Lussac Law,

V = K2 . T ( n, P tetap)

  V  V (1.7)
  k 

  T  n, P
 2 T

If equations (1.5), 1.6), and (1.7) are substituted in equation (1.4), they are

obtained:

V V V
dV  dn - dP  dT
n P T

Then the left and right segments are divided by V, then

dV dn dP dT
 - 
V n P T

The above equation can be integrated into:

ln V = ln n - ln P + ln T + ln R

where ln R is the constant of integration taking the antilog and rearranging it is

obtained:

9
 PV = nRT (1.8)

This equation is known as the ideal state of the ideal gas or ideal gas law.

The law of ideal gas does not accurately describe the properties of real gases.

Real gas only fulfills this law for P  0.

The price R in the equation can be determined given that one mole of ideal gas

at 0o C and a pressure of 1 atm occupies a volume of 22.414 liters.

From equation (1.8) is obtained:

(1 atm) (22,414 L) (1.9)

R   0,08206 L atm mol - 1 K - 1
(1 mol)(273,1 5 K)

Dalton Law

If the unreacted gas mixture is in a space with volume (V), then according

to Dalton (1801), the total pressure (Pt) in this gas mixture is equal to the

amount of partial pressure of each component.

Pt = P1 + P2 + P3 + ....................

Pt =  i Pi (1.10)

Pi = component partial pressure i in the gas mixture

The partial pressure of a gas in a gas mixture is the gas pressure if the gas is

alone in a space with volume V and temperature T. The partial pressure of a gas

in a mixture is directly proportional to the number of moles of each. If each gas

in the mixture is ideal then:

10
 P1 V1 = n1 R T

P2 V2 = n2 R T

P3 V3 = n3 R T

. .

. .

. .

(P1 + P2 + P3 + .... )V = (n1 + n2 + n3 + ..........) RT

or,

Pt V = nt R T (1.11)

With, nt = total amount of molgas in the mixture.

The partial pressure of a gas in the gas mixture can be calculated if the total

pressure and fraction of the gas mole are known.

P1 V = n1 R T

Pt V = nt R T

If these two equations are divided, they will be obtained

Pi V n i RT

Pt V n t RT

or P n
i  i X
Pt nt

11
 Pi = Xi Pt (V, T constant) (1.12)

With, Xi = The mole fraction of component i in the gas mixture.

Amagat law

Law concerning the partial volume of a gas in a gas mixture. This law

states that the total volume of a gas mixture is equal to the number of partial

volumes of each component.

Vt = V1 + V2 + V3 + ........................ (P, T constan) (1.13)

Where V1, V2, V3, ................ are partial volumes of the components, and Vt is

the total volume.

Partial volume of a gas in a gas mixture is defined as the volume occupied by

gas if the gas is located alone in a room with P pressure and T temperature.

By analogy with Dalton's law can be derived:

P Vt = nt R T (1.14)

Dan, Vi = Xi Vt (1.15)

Graham Law

Effusion is a process of flowing gas through a small hole. Thomas Graham

(1846) studied the symptoms of effusion from gases and found that the rate of

effusion was inversely proportional to the density of the gaseous root, at a

constant temperature and pressure.

1



12
The relative effusion rate of two types of gas, at the same temperature and

pressure is:

 
1  2 (T, P tetap) (1.16)
 
2 1

If in this case the volume of gas that diffuses out is equal, then the volume

increases:

 t
1  2
 t
2 1

t1 = time of gas effusion 1

t2 = time of gas effusion 2

Because it is known that mass meetings are directly proportional to molecular

weight

RT
Mρ
P

Then : ρ M
2  2
ρ M
1 1

So the equation becomes:

 t M
1  2  2 (T, P tetap)
 t M (1.17)
2 1 1

13
This equation can be used in determining the molecular mass of gas if the mass

of another gas molecule is known.

b. Some uses of the ideal gas equation

Determination of molecular weight

For gas or steam which is considered ideal

PV =nRT
W
PV  RT
M

With W = gas mass (gram ) and M = molecul mass. Then,

W RT
M 
V P

or,
RT
M   (1.18)
P
Determination of Liquid Substance

PressureThe vapor pressure of a liquid can be determined by flowing a certain

gas into it and then the mixture of gas and steam is analyzed.

2. Real gas

a. Deviations from ideal behavior

Because the law of ideal gas cannot accurately represent the behavior of a real

gas, we must formulate a more realistic equation for the state of the gas and

investigate the implications of this equation.

If the measurement of pressure, molar volume, and temperature of gas do

not correspond to the relationship of PV = RT, with precise measurements, the

14
gas is said to deviate from the ideal and shows non-ideal behavior. To show this

deviation clearly, the ratio of the observed molar volume to the ideal molar

volume is plotted as a function of pressure at a constant temperature.

b. Compressible Power Factor Concept

The gas law that has been discussed previously is only appropriate for

ideal gases. Exactly when applied to real gas the results are somewhat deviant,

because the nature of the real gas differs from the ideal gas. Real gas only

follows this law for very low pressure (P  0). In the ideal gas molecule it is

assumed that there is no attraction and the volume can be neglected, whereas

in the real gas the molecules occur and the volume cannot be ignored.

To be able to express the magnitude of this deviation is introduced a factor

called the incompressible power factor (Z), which is defined as :

PV
Z 
nRT

For ideal gases, Z = 1, while for real gases generally Z  1. The more the price

of Z deviates from one, the greater the gas concerned deviates from the idea
PV
. Channel for P For some types of gas, see Figure
nRT

15
 Figure 1.3. Variation of P V / n R T with pressure
for some gas on 0 o C

Figure 1.3. shows that the gases H2, CH 4, NH3, and C2H4 deviate from the ideal

state, especially at high pressureTo be able to express the magnitude of this

deviation used the incompressible power factor, Z, which is defined as,

(1.19)

PV
Z 
nRT

or ideal gases, Z = 1, while for real gases generally z = 1. The more the price of

Z deviates from one, the greater the gas concerned deviates from the ideal

condition.

Figure 1. 3 shows some interesting things:

a. If the pressure is lowered to a very low price, then Z approaches the price

of one. This means that for all gases, if P is close to zero, Z = 1, the gas is

ideal.

16
b. Except for H2, the increase in pressure from P = 0 initially causes a

decrease in the price of Z <1 or until the minimum value, then at

highpressure rises until it reaches the price of Z> 1.

Deviation from ideal conditions is caused by two factors:

1. The first factor, which plays a role at a relatively low pressure and causes

the price of Z <1: the influence of the attraction between molecules.

2. The second factor, the second factor that plays a role in high pressure is

the refusing force. At high pressures the position of molecules is very close

together, giving rise to a strong resisting force and this tends to make the

price of Z> 1.

3. For gas H2 (at 0 oC), Z> 1 at all pressures. Research shows that at a fairly

low temperature (<- 166 oC), H2 gas also shows a minimum point on the Z

- P curve.

The effect of temperature on incompressible power factors can be seen in.

Figure 1.4 for methane gas

Figure 1.4. Compressive power factor for CH4 gas. at

various temperatures

17
Figure 1.4 shows that at temperatures below 640 K all Z-P curves show a

minimum and
 dZ 

   0

 dP  P  0  dZ 

   0
At temperatures above 640 K the price of Z  1 at all pressures and 
 dP P  0

At a temperature of 640 K and P = 0, alluding to the line Z = 1 on the Z - P

curve. In this case and for the next change in pressure, Z does not change much

from one so the gas is considered ideal. Based on this, then, at T = 640 K is

called Temperature Boyle (TB). Boyle temperature values for several types of

gas are given in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1. Boyle temperature for several types of gas.

Gas type He H2 N2 O2 CH4
TB 24 107 320 423 640

Isothermal gas is markedly different from the ideal isothermal gas

especially at low temperatures, as seen in Figure 1.5 for carbon dioxide gas.

18
 Figure 1.5. Isothermal real gas

At low temperatures and pressures, for example at A, CO2 is as gas. If

the volume is reduced at a fixed temperature, near point A, the gas pressure

rises approximately in accordance with Boyle's law. A large deviation occurs if

the volume is reduced until it reaches point B. At C (P ~ 60 atm), all ideal

properties are lost, the pressure does not change (CDE line). Only a little to the

left of C, liquid is formed. decrease in volume from C through D to E, the amount

of liquid increases. The pressure associated with the CDE line is called vapor

pressure (liquid and vapor are in equilibrium). On E all the gas has melted. At

higher temperatures, the pattern is the same unless points C and E get closer.

At 31.04o C, both points coincide, above 31.04o C, CO2 cannot be liquefied

even at high pressure. This point is called a critical point. The temperature,

19
pressure and molar volume at the critical point are called the critical temperature

(Tc), critical pressure (Pc) and critical molar volume (Vc). Pc, Tc and Vc

Van Der Waals Equation

The ideal gas state equation does not apply to real gas, except at a fairly

low pressure. Starting from the equation of the ideal gas and that is PV = nRT,

and by making corrections to pressure and volume in this equation, Van der

Waals (1873) succeeded in reducing a more satisfying equation.Correction of

pressure is based on the consideration that the attraction of gas molecules

causes gas molecules to hit the wall with smaller momentum. This situation

causes the pressure generated by the real gas to be smaller if it is compared

with the gasi deal.

According van der Waals :

P = Pid – P’
Known :

P = real pressure

Pid = ideal pressure

P’ = the amount of pressure reduction caused by attractive forces

According to van der Waals, P1 directly proportional to C2 (C = molar

concentration) and because C = n / V, then

P1  C2

20
 2
n
P'   
V

or
2
n
P'  a  
 V
2
n
Pid  P  a  V 
whereas correction of volume is needed because gas molecules have their own

volume which cannot be ignored.

By considering the corrections above, the ideal gas equation can be changed to

 n2a 
 P  2 (V  nb)  nRT
 V 

This equation is well known as the van der Waals equation.

3. Kinetic Gas Theory

The kinetic theory of gases begins with the decline of Daniel Bernoulli

(1738) on Boyle's law by applying the laws of Newton's motion to molecules.

Bernoulli's results were ignored more than 100 years later. In 1845, John

Waterston presented his work at the Royal Society, England, which contained

the development of kinetic theory. But unfortunately, Waterston's work was

rejected because it was considered unreasonable. Joule experiments

demonstrating heat as energy become the basis for developing the idea of

21
kinetic theory makes perfect sense. As a result, in the period 1848 - 1898, Joule,

Clausius, Maxwell, and Boltzmann developed the theory of kinetic gases.

Observations of gas behavior in various conditions carried out by Boyle,

Charles, Avogadro and others, produce data that can be concluded to be

general or legal formulations. To be able to explain the gas behavior, a theory

has been developed known as the Gas Kinetic Theory

This theory is based on several postulates as follows:

1. Gas consists of a large number of small particles (molecules) that move

quickly in a straight line and collide with each other and collide with a wall.

Gas pressure is a result of collisions between molecules and walls.

2. Collisions between molecules are chewy, meaning that even if the collision

occurs energy transfer can occur, but total kinetic energy does not change,3.

Between molecules and between molecules and walls there is no attractive

force.

4. The volume of molecules is small compared to the total volume of gas so that

it can be ignored.

5. The kinetic energy of the average molecule with a straight line with an

absolute temperature.

With this model, an equation can be derived that allows the calculation of gas

pressure from the basic properties of molecules. Note a space l and containing

N molecules from a gas

22
 Figure 1.6. Speed components

A molecule, with mass m, which moves at the speed of c, can be described as

velocity into components cx, cy, and cz (see figure 1-6). The molecule that

moves at the speed of cx in the direction of x will collide with the wall yz with

momentum mcx; after collisions the molecule moves in the opposite direction

of velocity - cx and momentum - mcx. The change in momentum that occurs in

a molecule at one collision is mcx - (-mcx) = 2 mcx. The same wall will be hit

again after the molecule has traveled a distance of 2L. The number of

collisions with this wall is cx / 2L so the change in momentum per molecule per

second is (2mcx) (cx / 2L) = mcx2 / L. The same change in momentum will

occur on the other wall yz. So,

Changes in momentum / molecule / second in direction X are:

2 m CX2
L

Changes in total momentum / molecule / second are;

23
 2 m C X 2 2 m C Y 2 2 m C Z 2 2 m C2
  
L L L L

For the total number of N molecules, the change in momentum / second is

2 m C12 2 m C 2 2 2 m CN 2 2 m N C 2
  .......... ..  
L L L L

Where C 2  kecepatan kuadrat rata - rata

1 2 2 2
C2  (C1  C 2  ........  C N
N

According to Newton's second law,

dC d(mC)
F  ma  m 
dt dt

So style is a change in momentum per second. If the total area of the cube is A
= 6 l2, so

F 2 N m C2 2 N m C2
P   
A Al 6 l2 l
or

1 N m C2
P  (1.21)
3 V

This equation is well known as the principal equation of the ideal kinetic theory

of gases.Some of the decreases of the Kinetic Theory

Boyle Law
1 21 
PV  N m C2   N m C2 
3 3 2 

24
According to the postulate (s) the average kinetic energy of all molecules is

directly proportional to the absolute temperature.

1
N m C2  k T
2
so
2
PV  kT
3

where k is the comparison constant. So,

So that at a fixed temperature, PV = constant

Avogadro Law

According to this law, two gases that have the same volume at the same

pressure and temperature contain the same number of molecules.According to

kinetic theory,

1 2
P1V1  N1 m1 C1
3
and
1 2
P2 V2  N2 m 2 C 2
3

At the same pressure and volume, P1V1 = P2V2

So that,
2 2
N1m1 C1  N2m 2 C 2

At the same temperature the molecular kinetic energy will be the same,
1 2 1 2
m1 C1  m2 C2
2 2

or

25
 2 2
m1 C 1  m 2 C 2
So,, N1 = N2

Kinetic energy translates molecules

For one gas mole,

1
PV  N m C2
3 o

where No is Avogadro's number. Because PV = nRT, then

1
N m C 2  RT
3 o

1 2
N m C 2  RT  E kinetik
3 o 3
So,
3
E kinetik  RT (1.22)
2

Gas Molecular Speed

1
For one mol gas, PV  N m C 2  RT
3 o

Because Nom = M (molekul weight), maka

1 2
MC  RT
3

3 RT
C2 
M
So

3 RT
C asr  asr C 2  (1.23)
M

26
Casr called the average square root speed.

The main equation of the ideal kinetic theory of gas is

2
1 NmC
P  .
3 V
Some of the decreases of kinetic theory:

Kinetic energy translates molecules

For one mole of gas,

1 2
PV  N o mC
3

With No is Avogadro number. Because PV = nRT, then

1 2
RT  N 0 mC
3

so, 2
RT  E kinetik
3

3
E kinetik  RT
2

Kecepatan Molekul Gas

1 2
For one mole of gas, PV  N 0 m C  RT because Nom = M
3
(molecular weight), then

1 2 2 3 RT
M C  RT or C 
3 M

27
 2 3RT
So C asr  C 
M

Casr called the average square root speed.

Molecular Speed Distribution

Although kinetic theory equations make it possible to calculate the accrual

velocity of molecules, this equation does not give any information about the

speed of each molecule. The molecules in a gas move at different speeds.

Moreover, the speed of a molecule always changes and can vary between very

low prices and very high prices, resulting from collisions with other molecules.

In 1860 Maxwell showed that the velocity distribution between molecules

follows a certain pattern. Based on the theory of probability, Maxwell succeeded

in reducing an equation to calculate the fraction of the total number of molecules

having a velocity between c and c + dc, with dc being a very small number. This

equation, which is famous as the Molecular Speed Distribution Law, is

3
dN  m  2 - mc 2/2 kT 2
 4π   e c dc
N  2 π kT  (1.24)

With dN is the number of molecules, of the total N, with the velocity between c

and c + dc, m is the mass of the molecule and k is the Boltsmann setting (R / No

= 1.3805 x 10-16 erg Molecule-1det-1). dN / N states the fraction of the total

28
molecule with a velocity between c and c + dc. The Maxwell equation is usually

described by channeling

1 dN
N dc
Against c (see Figure 1.7). The probability of finding a molecule at a speed

between two prices is given by the area under the curve between the two prices

of this velocity.

Figure 1-7 Molecular velocity distribution for N2 gas according to Maxwell.

The maximum point on the curve shows that most of the molecules have speeds

around this maximum point. If the temperature and curves are the same, that is

equal to one. The speed at the maximum point is called the most probable

speed, Cpb which can be calculated by differentiating the press. (1.24) and the

result are equal to zero.

29
 - mc2/2 kT  m c 
  1 dN  2
  ce 2- 0
 c  N dc   kT 
 

 2
 mc 
2   0
 dT 


2k T 2R T
C  
pb
m M (1.25)

Average speed, which is defined as,

Can be calculated from,

By substituting the price of dN from equation (1.24) into this equation,

30
This finally produces,

The average speed, among others, is used in calculating the average free

distance and gas viscosity.

Molecular collisions and average clearance

Consider two types of gas, A and B, with molecules that are considered rigid

and with diameters dA and dB respectively. Collisions between molecules A and

B will occur if the distance between the center of the two molecules is dAB = ½

(dA + dB). Suppose that B molecules are stationary and molecule A moves at

an average speed through a volume containing B molecules. Within one second

the molecule A will go through a volume of  d 2AB c A

If the number of B molecules per unit volume is NB / V, then the number of B

molecules hit by molecule A per unit volume per unit time is,

31
 3/2
 
dN

 m
4π

 e
- m c
2
/2 k T c2 dc
N 2πk T 
 

3/2
 m  2
   - m c /2 k Tdc
c  4π  o c2 e
2πk T
 

If the number of molecules A in units of volume is NA / V, then the number of

collisions that occur between molecules A and B molecules in units of volume

per unit time is,

The above equation requires correction because in its decline it is assumed that

B molecules are not grafted. If the B molecules move at the CB average speed,

then in the equation CA must be replaced with CAB, that is, the average velocity

A relative to B. The relative velocity of CAB can be obtained as a vector

difference between CA and CB.

Relative speed,

2 2
cAB  (cA  cB  2 cAcB cosθ)1/2

2 2
cAB  c  cB  2 c cB cosθ
A A

32
So,
π d 2AB cAB NB
zAB 
V

π d2ABcAB NANB
ZAB 
V2

It can be proved (see Moore 5th ed., Pp. 150-152) that

With  is the reduced mass,  = mAmB / (mA + mB) so,

(1.28)

If A = B, that is if there is only one type of gas, then the relative velocity

becomes,

So,

(1.29)

And (1.30)

33
Equation (1.30) states the number of molecular collisions that occur in units of

volume per unit of time. The factor of 1/2 is required not to count each collision

twice. An important quantity in kinetic theory is the average distance traveled by

a molecule between two collisions. This distance, called average free distance,

, can be calculated as follows. The number of collisions experienced by one

molecule per unit time is given by the press. (1.29),

The distance traveled in this time is C. So the average clearance, , is

Or,

The average free distance is used in the calculation of gas viscosity

III. CLOSING

A. Summary

Information about the properties of real gases, ideal gases, and the

kinetic gas concept theory discussed in this module can make students

34
understand the difference between real gas and ideal gas based on changes in

state variables, especially changes in temperature and volume pressure

variables formulated in an equation gas. The concept of formulating the kinetic

theory of gases in this module can also provide a very deep understanding of

the nature of gases which tend to always move. This is very important because

without this knowledge students will have difficulty in understanding the nature

of gases and in the use of the relationship of the equation to complete

calculations of P, V, and T as well as molecular weight, mass density,

composition, kinetic energy, the molecular velocity of the gas, etc.

Based on the description of this module, students have an idea of the

properties of gas so that students can discuss the things that will be studied in

the next module.

B. Formatif Test

1) The tank contains an ideal gas of 6 liters at a pressure of 1.5 atm at a

temperature of 400 K. The gas pressure in the tank is raised at a fixed

temperature up to 4.5 atm. Determine the gas volume at that pressure!

2) The air in the car tire at 15 °C has a pressure of 305 kPa. After running at

high speed, the tire gets hot and the pressure becomes 360 kPa. What is

the temperature of the air in the tire if the outside air pressure is 101 kPa?

3) In a tank with a volume of 50 dm 3, there is oxygen gas at a temperature of

27º C and a pressure of 135 atm. What is the mass of the gas?

4) If the dry air mass meeting is 1.146 g / L at 27 oC and 740 mm Hg, specify

a. The mass of air molecules

35
 b. Air composition by assuming that dry air only contains N 2 and O2

5) Determine mercury vapor pressure at 23 oC if 50.4 g mixture of N2 and Hg

vapor at 745 mm Hg contains 0.702 mg Hg. Determine the mercury vapor

pressure at 23 oC if 50.4 g mixture of N2 and Hg vapor at 745 mm Hg

contains 0.702 mg Hg.

6). Estimate Vm CO2 at 500K and 100 atm if you follow the Van equationDer
Waals. Known a = 3.592 L2atm mol-2, b = 4.267 x 10-2 Lmol-1

7). Calculate the pressure produced by 2 dm3 mol -1 of ethane at 27oC when
following the van der Waals equation. a = 5.489 dm 6 atm mol-2, b = 0.0638
dm3mol-1. Compare the price if gas is an ideal.

8). In a vessel with a volume of 1 m 3 it contains 10 moles of mono atomic gas

with an average kinetic energy of 1.5 x 10 -20 J. Determine the gas pressure
in the vessel.

9). How many km / h the average rate of a H 2 molecule is 30oC?

C. Formatif Test Solving

1) Known,

V1 = 6 liter,

P1 = 1.5 atm, T1 = 400K

P2 = 4.5 atm , T2 = 400 K

V2 ….?

P1V1 =P2V2

V2 = P1V1 / P2

= 1.5 atm . 6 L/ 4.5 atm = 2 liter

36
2) Known,

T1 =288 K

P1 = 305 + 101 = 406 kPa P2 = 360 +101 = 461 kPa, Asked :

T2 = ….?

P 1 / T1 = P 2 / T2

406 / 288 = 461 / T2

T2 = 327 K

= 54°C

3) Known,

R = 0.821 L atm/mol k p

= 135 atm

V = 50 dm3

T = 300º K

pV
n =
RT

13 5 a tm.5 0 L . 50 L
=
0.0821Latm/mol K . 300K

= 274 mol

M O2 = 16 + 16 = 32 g/mol m

O2 = 32 g/mol. 274 mol

= 8768 gr

37
4) a) M  RT
P

(1.146 g/L)(0.0821L atm mol-1 K 1

M 
740
atm
760
 28.99 g mol1

b) Suppose air contains x % weight N2. Then:

x 100  x
(28)  (32)  28,99
100 100

28 x  3 2 x  2899  3200
4 x  301
x  75,25
Air containing 75,25 % N2 dan 24,75 % O2

5). 0.702 x 10- 3

n   3.50 x 10 6 mol
Hg 200.59

50.4 - 0.702 x 10- 3

n   1.799 mol
N2 28

P  X . Pt
Hg Hg
n
 Hg Pt
n n
Hg N2
3.50 x 10- 6
 745 mm Hg
1.799  3.50 x 10- 6

 1.45 x 10- 3 mm Hg

38
6). Equation of Van Der Waals is (P + an2/V2) (V – nb) = n R T
or (p + a/v2m) (Vm – b) = R T

so,

V3m – (b + RT/p)V2m + (a/p)Vm - ab/p =

0b+ RT/p = 0.4350 Lmol-1

a/p = 3.592x10-2 (Lmol-1)2

ab/p = 1.533x10-3 (Lmol-1)3

V3m – 0.435V2m + 3.592x10-2Vm - 1.533x10-3 = 0

X3 – aX2 + bX + c = 0

X = 0.366 L

7). = −
⊽ ⊽

( . ) .
= -
( . . ) ( )

P = 12.72 – 2.7445 = 9.976 atm

From ideal gas equation,

( . )( )
= = 12.315 atm
( . )

8). =

39
 2
=
3

1
10 6.02. 10 1.5. 10 2
=3 = 6.02. 10
1

9). =

in SI units, R = 8.314 J/Kmol

M = 0.002 kg/mol

T = 30 oC = 303 K

. ( )
.
=

= 1934.9 /

Where, 1 m/det = 3.6 km/jam

So, = 6998.0 /

REFERENCES

1. Atkins, P.W., 1994, Physical Chemistry, 5th Ed., Oxford University

Press, London.
2. Castellan, G.W., 1964, Physical Chemistry, Addison-Wesley
Publishing company,inc, London.

40