UPDATED Research Manuscript

“Perception and Satisfaction of Student nurses on the New uniform design”
Psyrine Reburiano1,2,3, Alliah Arenas1,2,3, Norico Alessy Matias1,2,3, Justine May Obero1,2,3,
Jhana D. Ramos1,2,3 and Melody Gatdula1,2,3,4
1
College of Nursing
2
Our Lady of Fatima University
3
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
4
Research Adviser
October 2023
PERCEPTION AND SATISFACTION OF STUDENT NURSES…
Table of Contents iii
Abstract 1
1.0 The Problem and Its Background

1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Statement of the Problem 3
1.3 Hypothesis 3
1.4 Significance of the Study 4
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study 4
2.0 Review of Related Literature and Studies

2.1 Theoretical Framework 5
2.2 Literature Review 6
2.2.1 Students’ Perception 6
2.2.2 Students Satisfaction 6
2.2.3 Uniform 7
2.3 Research Paradigm 8
2.4 Definition of Terms 8
3.0 Methodology
3.1 Research Design 9
3.2 Locale and Population of the Study 9
3.3 Description of the Respondents 9
3.4 Research Ethics 10
3.4.1 Helsinki Code
3.5 Data Gathering, Instrumentation and Procedures 11
3.5.1 Permission to conduct the study 12
3.6 Statistical Treatment Used 13
September 14,2023-IERC- 20332

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NURSING
PERCEPTION AND SATISFACTION OF STUDENT NURSES… 1
Abstract
The aim of this research study is to investigate the perception and satisfaction of
student nurses on new uniform design, specifically, it seeks to know student nurses’
perceptions and to determine if they are satisfied or not on the new uniform design. This
research used a descriptive research method as the topic involves trends on present event.
This is a quantitative research study, and it involves an evaluative type of research design.
A survey questionnaire will be used to gather the data, and it will measure nursing students'
perceptions and satisfaction using a Likert scale and a satisfaction scale. Since this research
is an evaluative type of research design, regression analysis will be used to determine if
there is a significant effect on perception and satisfaction of student nurses on the new
uniform design. An invitation to participate in the study will be included, along with details
on its goal and methodology. Through further study in this area, student nurses may be able
to express their perceptions and satisfaction with the modifications made to the uniforms
mandated of nursing students.
Keywords: Nursing uniform, Student Nurses, Perceptions, Satisfaction, Regression Analysis,

Descriptive Research, Survey, Evaluative, Quantitative Research

1.0 The Problem and Its Background

1.1 Introduction
Over the years, uniformity gave way to individuality, practicality, gender equality,
functionality, and infection control (UTA, 2022). After the announcement of the new
uniform design later in the current academic year, it has become the trend at our institution.
There is no orientation with the students had happened regarding to the change that has
been said, and as a result, a large number of students are confused and seeking for the
reason of this.
There are several factors that influence how well-regarded nurses are. The so-called
dress code, and consequently the style of uniform, is one of them. The concept of comfort,
occupational health and safety, as well as the challenge of distinguishing nurses from other
people are all directly impacted by external design of the uniform (Pawlowski, et al., 2019).
That is why exploring student nurses’ perception about their new uniform design at Our
Lady of Fatima University in terms of identity, safety, and design is relevant and important.
The students’ attitude in this regard may suggests certain level of satisfaction and
dissatisfaction because the gown, nurse's cap, and pinafore apron have all been essential
components of nursing uniforms throughout history.
The main objective of this study is to find out the Perception and Satisfaction of
student nurses on the new uniform design. Hence, findings of this study will help support
a reasoned and timely justification to a change on the existing dress code policy or on the
new uniform design. It aims to know the effect of new uniform design to the perception of
student nurses, and will determine if student nurses are satisfied or not.
It is essential to research this topic to express the perception and satisfaction of
student nurses. They will benefit from having the chance to voice their opinions about the
changes made to the uniform that student nurses are required to wear. Moreover, the
inference of this study will be represented to the institution and serves as a basis to
understand the Perception and Satisfaction of student nurses on the new uniform design.

1.2 Statement of the Problem
The study seeks to determine the perception and satisfaction of student nurses on the new
uniform design.
Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:
Central Question: What is the perception and satisfaction of student nurses on the new uniform
design?
Typology: Exploratory
1. What is the perception of student nurses in the new uniform?

2. Does the student nurses satisfied with the new uniform?
3. What is the new nursing uniform?
4. Does the perception of student nurses affect the new uniform design?
5. How satisfied does the student nurses on the new uniform?
1.3 Hypothesis
H1: The student nurses’ perception does not affect the new uniform design.
H2: The student nurses are not satisfied with the new uniform design.

1.4 Significance of the study
This study aims to ascertain perceptions and determine whether or not the new
uniform design is satisfactory to student nurses. The results of this study will give significant
contribution to the understanding of several people and organizations. The following will
benefit from this research:
To Student Nurses. This study will benefit students by providing an opportunity for
them to convey their perception and satisfaction with the changes in the nursing students’
prescribed uniforms.
To the Institution. The findings of this study can be implemented as a foundation
for understanding how student nurses perceive and respond to the new nursing uniform.
To Future Researchers. This study can serve as their reference as they conduct a
more complex and in-depth study about the Perception and Satisfaction of nursing students
with the new nursing uniform.
1.5 Scope and Limitation

The study aims to determine the Perception and Satisfaction of student nurses with the new
design of nursing uniform. A simple random sampling of three-hundred eighty-five nursing
students will be selected from the Nueva Ecija private tertiary school. The respondents should be
currently enrolled in private tertiary schools in Nueva Ecija, and who are eighteen years old and
above. The student nurses will be asked to participate in the survey. There will be distribution of
informed consent before answering, any invalid data will be removed once all data has organized
and reviewed. This study solely focuses on the perception and satisfaction of student nurses on new
uniform design.

2.0 Review of Related Literature
2.1 Theoretical Framework
Visual Perception Theory, Richard Gregory (1970)
Visual Perception Theory of Richard Gregory claimed that top-down processing underlies
the constructive nature of perception. Richard Gregory, who developed the theory explain that we
are endowed with sense organs like the eye, ear, and nose in order to get information from the
environment. Each sense organ is a component of the sensory system, which accepts sensory
inputs and delivers sensory data to the brain. Hence, the top-down processing is what gives
vision its constructive properties. Richard Gregory, the creator of the theory, explains that our
sensory system is used to determine how a person perceived one thing. The extent to which
perception depends directly on the information existing in the environment is a significant
theoretical question on which psychologists disagree. According to some, perceptions are not
directly caused by stimuli, but rather are influenced by the perceiver's expectations and prior
knowledge as well as the stimulus's own information. This controversy is discussed with respect
to Gibson (1966) who has proposed a direct theory of perception which is a 'bottom-up' theory,
and Gregory (1970) who has proposed a constructivist (indirect) theory of perception which is a
'top-down' theory. Richard Gregory, a psychologist, claimed in 1970 that perception is a
beneficial process that depends on top-down processing. Our environment usually provides
confusing stimuli, therefore in order to comprehend it, we need higher cognitive information,
either from prior experiences or stored knowledge, to draw conclusions about what we observe. It
was known as the "likelihood principle" by Helmholtz.
Gregory views perception as a hypothesis based on knowledge. In this sense, we actively
create our view of reality by drawing on our surroundings and previously stored data. Perception is
the interpretation of the information in our environment using our senses. Gregory’s theory argued
that perception is a constructive process which depends on top-down process. The sensory
information from the environment merge with the information that we have based on our
experiences, this is the higher cognitive information that creates the perception to the new
information. Gibson's theory is a very ecologically sound theory because it grounds perception in
reality. Regarding his idea, numerous applications are possible, such as pilot training, runway
markings, and road markers. It's an excellent theory to describe perception under ideal viewing
circumstances. Gibson's theory also highlights the wealth of information contained in the optical
array and provides a description of how people, animals, and young children see the world. Since
he solely considers the environment as a potential explanation for perception, his theory is

reductionist. Strong evidence exists to support the idea that the brain and long-term memory can
affect perception. It may be argued that Gregory's theory is more believable in this situation.
2.2 Literature Review

2.2.1 Students’ Perceptions
Figural, formal, linguistic, behavioral, and action distinction are all made possible through
perception, a manner of taking in reality and experience through the senses. Individual judgment
viewpoint, judgment, comprehension of a circumstance or individual, significance of an event, and
response to a circumstance. In a real life, every people have different opinion in judging something.
The American Psychological Association (APA) defines perception as "the process or result of
becoming aware of objects, relationships, and events by means of the senses, which includes such
activities as recognizing, observing, and discriminating." Our sensory experience of the world is
referred to as perception. We learn more about our surroundings as a result of this experience. The
cognitive processes we employ to interpret information, such as using memory to distinguish
objects, are crucial to perception (Cherry, 2023)
A greater sense of confidence and improved performance in professional nursing practice
result from wearing a uniform, which gives one a strong professional identity. Cultural connotations
have a significant impact on how people see clothing. Dress regulations for healthcare workers
should consider how a nurse's appearance may influence views during a nursing intervention (Kraja
et al., 2021). There is still an influential symbol of professionalism on uniformed appearance of the
nurses just like how the use of uniforms in Brazilian nursing schools was considered as an important
strategy to build the image of the nurse and her professional identity. At EEAN, several elements
had symbolic meanings, such as a cap, apron, brooch, and armband (Aperibense et al., 2019).
2.2.2 Students’ satisfaction

The satisfaction can be defined as an attitude resulting from an assessment of the students'
educational experience and the services and facilities provided by the institution. When a person
experiences a performance or an outcome that meets their expectations, they are said to be in this
condition (Weerasinghe, et al 2017). In real life, people have different types of satisfaction that
fulfill their wishes, expectations, or needs, or the pleasure derived from these things. Neumann
argue that the concept of student satisfaction is composed of four factors (sex,

major, school years, and academic performance). Each of these factors is best predicted by a
different combination of independent variables. However academic performance is a dominant
predictor of all four factors.
The significance of uniform in the hospitality industry where the latter stress the importance of
uniforms as the component of establishing the brand in the hospitality sector. Such observations
regarding the impact of uniform in the hospitality sector have been cemented (Karch & Peters
2017). A short-term attitude that results from an assessment of students' educational experiences,
services, and facilities is known as student satisfaction (Weerasinghe,et al 2017).
2.2.3 Uniform
In describing occupational lines and creating professional identities in the healthcare
industry, uniforms are significant (Alayli, 2017). Early nurses' uniforms displayed presently ideas
about disease management. But still, Florence Nightingale did not advocate the use of gloves or
masks. Prior to the acceptance of germ theory and the discovery of viruses, Nightingale believed
that wearing aprons, tight cuffs, and high collars would shield against billowing "miasmic
emanations," a prevalent 19th century idea of infectious sickness. (Hankink, 2018). A clean, white
uniform improves the nurse's appearance. It stands for professionalism and the hard work nurses
put forth. Also, the traditional white nurse uniform offers a polished appearance that exudes
accomplishment and power and is highly respected (Rdewald, 2019).
Most students believe that when they wear their uniforms, they connect with patients more
effectively. Some claim that because of the service rendered and the wearing of uniforms, they may
have greater regard for their patients ( Alayli,2017). Uniforms can promote student achievement,
increase school safety, and improve attendance (Ordway,2018). Also, school uniforms make it
more straightforward to keep track of students on field activities and make unauthorized entry on
campus more visible (ProCon.org., 2021).

2.3 Research Paradigm
Perception H1
Uniform
Satisfaction H2
Fig. 1 Proposed model and

hypothesis
The researchers created a model based on literature reviews that includes relevant
components. Regarding the perceptions and satisfactions student nurses on the new unform
design, the components are highly evaluated. It was hypothesized that the new uniform
design had no effect on student’s satisfaction.
2.4 Definition of Terms

Perception – thoughts or ideas of a student nurses regarding to the new uniform design.
Satisfaction- is the pleasure that you feel when you do something or get something that
you wanted or needed to do or get.
New Uniform Design – white pants, white blouse and polo set by the university.
Professional Identity- is an image people use to describe themselves as professionals.

3.0 Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design
A quantitative, descriptive-evaluative study with a simple random sampling technique

will be carried out to answer the research objectives. It will involve assessing nursing students'
perceptions of and their satisfaction with the new uniform design. A survey will be
conducted using a questionnaire created by the researcher and catered to the respondents of
student nurses attending private tertiary institutions in Nueva Ecija. English will be used to
write the questionnaire. The questionnaire will be written in English. A survey
questionnaire will be created for this study. Three-hundred eighty-five nursing students will
choose to take part in the survey, and it will require them, on average, five to ten minutes to
finish the questionnaire.
3.2 Locale and Population of the Study
The survey will primarily be conducted by the research team at a private

university in Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija. In the aforementioned university, nursing
students make up the majority of the survey's participants. The respondent will be
allocated inside the campus of Our Lady of Fatima University- Cabanatuan
Campus. This research study will use simple random sampling selecting three-
hundred eighty-five student nurses with the process of recruiting a respondent
giving them an equal chance of being chosen. Every student nurse on the said
location should meet the requirements needed in order to participate.
3.3 Description of the Respondents
The following inclusion criteria were used by the researchers to choose

respondents who fit the study's requirements for data collection: (a) age of at least
18; (b) male or female (c) 1st to 4th year student nurses; (d) currently enrolled; (e)
willingness to participate. Students with underlying medical conditions are
considered vulnerable and will be excluded from the study, as will those who do not
meet the selection criteria, including (a) below 18 years old, (b) those who are not
currently enrolled (c) those who are unwilling to participate. The goal, risks, and
advantages of the survey will be explained to the participants.

Also, individuals will be notified that, with their informed consent, they have the right
to withdraw from the survey at any time and for any reason.
3.4 Research Ethics

This study was conducted following the Helsinki code. The researcher will used
Helsinki code, which represent as an ethical guideline that protect the rights and safety of all
human participants and encourage respect for their individuality. The researcher will
prioritize the safety and privacy of the participants, especially in providing respect to the
participants, causing no harm and protecting their rights, and dignity. This study will be
consulted and validated by the OLFU Institutional Ethics review Committee (IERC).
Prior to answering the questionnaire, the questions can be answered within 5 to 10
minutes. The researcher will be distributing informed consent to every participant who will
answer the survey. The participants in the research will receive some consideration and the
utmost treatment possible from the researchers. The researchers make sure this study won't
have any adverse reaction to the process. The participants were requested for their
permission to complete the survey. Everyone who takes part will have the chance to offer
their informed consent. It contained details about the title, objectives, methods, benefits, and
confidentiality of the data. There was no obligation to take part in participating on
answering the survey. Every participant may decline or leave the study at any time and for
any justification. Data will be kept private in accordance with the data privacy law by
making sure that only the principal investigator and the data coordinators who are in
responsibility of handling the research study's data. The principal investigator will
periodically review the access lists and appropriately remove access when it is no longer
needed. The researchers will make sure to store the data they've collected safely and
safeguarded with all the security measures needed. Through guaranteeing respondents'
anonymity and the confidentiality of answers, the researchers will properly respect the
privacy and psychological requirements of the participants.
The researchers will take steps to make certain that the data they have obtained is
kept safely and securely, depending on how sensitive the material is. Participants will have
the option to provide their names on the survey form. The lead investigator provided
members with extra copies of the research data for study purposes and kept them up to date
on the status of the research. The first responder will be given the code R001, followed by
R002 for the second reply, and so forth. The information is obtained and destroyed after it
is no longer needed for the study effort. After the data

is no longer needed for the research endeavor, it will be properly disposed away. The
researchers will ensure that the research is devoid of improper intentions by providing a
prize that serves as a token of appreciation. This study was carried out in accordance with
the Helsinki Declaration. The researcher shall adhere to the Helsinki code, which serves as
an ethical standard that safeguards the rights and welfare of all participants and promotes
respect for their individuality. In particular, the researcher will treat participants with
respect, do nothing harmful to them, and defend their rights and dignity, with their safety
and privacy as a top priority.
In allowing respondents to refuse in responding to questions that would hurt them
mentally, the researchers will allow them to do not answer it, hence enough protection for
social needs will be offered. With giving reward that acts as a mark of gratitude, the
researchers will make sure that the research is free of inappropriate motives. The researcher
will be providing token of appreciation, two pieces of candy, for those who will take the
survey. This is intended to thank participants for their time and effort to answer. The
researchers of the study will make sure that all participants view it as a voluntary activity.
Furthermore, the administration of survey will involve some risk. It's possible that
respondents won't feel motivated to offer truthful and accurate responses. However, the
researcher will reassure that they will remain by the respondents' sides to ensure that they
answer the surveys frankly and without hesitation.
3.5 Research Instruments

A survey questionnaire created by the researcher is the tool used for gathering data.
This survey questionnaire has two primary sections. Demographic data will not be required
for the respondents to answer as this study seeks only the effects of the perceptions and
satisfaction of student nurses. To quickly assess the perspective of student nurses, researchers
make use of a common approach of data collection called the Likert Scale Questionnaire. The
researcher also uses the Satisfaction Scale to easily assess the level of satisfaction of the
student nurses. The Likert Scale Questionnaire, a researcher-made questionnaire was
utilized to evaluate the Perception of student nurses on their new uniform design. The 5-
points Likert scale questionnaire consist of; strongly agree (5), agree (4), neutral (3), disagree
(2) and strongly disagree (1). The Satisfaction Scale, a researcher-made questionnaire was
utilized to evaluate the level of Satisfaction of student nurses on their new uniform design.
The 5-points Satisfaction scale questionnaire consist of; excellent (5), good (4), neutral (3),
poor (2) and very bad (1).
Data will be kept private in accordance with the data privacy law by making sure that only
the principal investigator and the data coordinators who are in responsibility of handling the
research study's data. The principal investigator will periodically review the access lists and
appropriately remove access when it is no longer needed. The researchers will make sure to
store the data they've collected safely and safeguarded with all the security measures needed.
3.5.1 Permission to conduct the study

The participants were requested for their permission to complete the survey.
Everyone who takes part will have the chance to offer their informed consent. It contained
details about the title, objectives, methods, benefits, and confidentiality of the data. There
was no obligation to take part in participating on answering the survey. Every participant
may decline or leave the study at any time and for any justification.
3.6. Data Collection

The study was conducted face to face during the second semester of the academic year
2022-2023. Prior to collecting data, the researchers obtained a letter of consent to the program
head of the College of Nursing regarding to the permission to conduct the study and to
provide a total numbered of nursing students who are currently enrolled. Following approval
of the request (Appendix D), the researcher used simple random sampling in selecting a
respondent. Respondents must (a) 18 years old and above; (b) student nurses; (c) currently
enrolled; and (d) willing to participate. There will be excluded for the individuals who do
not meet the selection criteria from the study such as; (a) those who do not yet wear the
uniform; (b) unwilling to participate; (c) students with underlying medical conditions are
considered vulnerable and will be excluded in the study. The total target of respondents is
three hundred eighty-five. After selecting the students from difference block and year, the
researcher distributed the survey questionnaires. The research questionnaire had been
examined and validated thoroughly by the researcher’s research adviser. The researchers
provided the necessary instructions. Student nurses who were chosen for the study were
informed that they might decline or withdraw at any moment and that participation was
entirely optional. If a participant drops out of the study, another student is picked to take
their place. All of the information gathered was kept very confidential and maintained on
the principal investigator's personal safety place. Guaranteeing respondents' anonymity and
the confidentiality of answers, the researchers will properly respect the privacy and
psychological requirements of the participants. The principal investigator and the data
coordinators will be responsible in maintaining the study's data's privacy and
confidentiality. There will be actions used to secure the study's respondents' private
information. Will make sure to keep the data they've collected safely and securely in
accordance to how sensitive the data is. As part of the survey form, the participants will

have the option to provide their names the information gathered will be kept on file until
the study's final defense. Following that, all files containing information from responses or
all printed copies will be shredded and disposed properly. The researchers were given each
of the respondents a 1 ballpen per person, as the participants are a student and this belongs
to the one of necessities of a student. The researchers provided English for the
questionnaires. The G-mail account of the chief investigators along with the co-investigators
is also provided, in case there are questions, concerns, or problems. Hence, the researchers
will inform the respondents regarding the result of the study through the Facebook group of
the university's student organization (NiCAG) wherein most of the nursing students, from
freshmen to seniors, are added.
3.7 Statistical Treatment use

To examine the data, descriptive statistics such as frequencies, means, and standard
deviation will be used. Descriptive statistics such as range, mean, and standard deviation
will be employed with a 0.05 level of significance to analyze student nurses' perceptions and
satisfaction with the new uniform design. The data was analyzed using regression analysis
after the questionnaires were retrieved and manually totaled. Acceptance or rejection of the
null hypothesis was determined by the outcome of the statistical test.
Upon getting the total number of populations needed to determine the number of participants,
Cochran's formula will be used by the researcher.
The Cochran’s Formula is
Where:
No is the sample size
e is the desired level of precision ( i.e. the margin of error)
p is the estimated proportion of an attribute that is present in the population, and q is

1-p
The value for Z is the level of confidence. (e.g. Z= 1.65 for 90% level of confidence.

Modification of Cochran's Formula for Calculating Sample Size in Reduced Populations
Cochran’s Solution:
Formula
 No = Z2pq level of confidence = 90% (1.65)
Margin of error = 5%
e2
 n = No N = 1,341
I+
(No – 1)
N
No = Z2pq = (1.65)2 (0.50)

e2 (0.05)2
= 2.7 (0.50)
0.0025
= No = 540
n = No = 540 No = 385
1 + (No-1) 1+(540-1)
N 1341





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“Perception and Satisfaction of Student nurses on the New uniform design”

Table of Contents iii

1.0 The Problem and Its Background

2.0 Review of Related Literature and Studies

September 14,2023-IERC- 20332

Keywords: Nursing uniform, Student Nurses, Perceptions, Satisfaction, Regression Analysis,

September 14,2023-IERC- 20332

1.0 The Problem and Its Background

September 14,2023-IERC- 20332

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the perception of student nurses in the new uniform?

September 14,2023-IERC- 20332

1.4 Significance of the study

1.5 Scope and Limitation

September 14,2023-IERC- 20332

2.0 Review of Related Literature

2.1 Theoretical Framework

Visual Perception Theory, Richard Gregory (1970)

September 14,2023-IERC- 20332

2.2 Literature Review

2.2.2 Students’ satisfaction

September 14,2023-IERC- 20332

September 14,2023-IERC- 20332

2.3 Research Paradigm

Fig. 1 Proposed model and

2.4 Definition of Terms

September 14,2023-IERC- 20332

3.0 Research Methodology

3.1 Research Design

A quantitative, descriptive-evaluative study with a simple random sampling technique

3.2 Locale and Population of the Study

The survey will primarily be conducted by the research team at a private

3.3 Description of the Respondents

The following inclusion criteria were used by the researchers to choose

September 14,2023-IERC- 20332

3.4 Research Ethics

September 14,2023-IERC- 20332

3.5 Research Instruments

3.5.1 Permission to conduct the study

3.6. Data Collection

September 14,2023-IERC- 20332

3.7 Statistical Treatment use

The Cochran’s Formula is

No is the sample size

e is the desired level of precision ( i.e. the margin of error)

p is the estimated proportion of an attribute that is present in the population, and q is

September 14,2023-IERC- 20332

Modification of Cochran's Formula for Calculating Sample Size in Reduced Populations

No = Z2pq = (1.65)2 (0.50)

September 14,2023-IERC- 20332

September 14,2023-IERC- 20332

September 14,2023-IERC- 20332

September 14,2023-IERC- 20332

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