BIO-MEDICAL WSATE MANAG

SUBMITTED TO; NISHA FATMA

(MS.C NURING) SUBMITTED BY;

MS.SHILPI SARKAR

ASSISSTANT PROFESSOR
 IDENTIFICATION DATA

NAME: Ms. Nisha fatma

CLASS: MSc Nursing Ist Year

SUBJECT: Advanced Nursing Practice

TOPIC: Biomedical waste management (BMW)

GROUP: MSc Nursing Isr year students

SIZE OF THE GROUP: 24

DURATION: 45mins

PLACE: MSc Nursing Ist Year classroom

METHOD OF TEACHING: Demonstration

AV AIDS USED: Cutouts and power point presentation.

DATE: 14.11.2023

TIME:

LANGUAGE: English

SUPERVISOR: Ms.Shilpi sarkar

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Students have previous knowledge

regarding the topics in BSc Nursing programme.

GENERAL OBJECTIVE

After the class, students will be able to:

 Acquire knowledge of topic- Bio medical waste management.

 Vocalize their learning about the topic .

 Explain various types of wastes.

 Able to critically analyze the existing waste management in nursing education practice.

 Discuss advantages and disadvantages of Bio medical waste management.

 Understand the use and assimilate this knowledge in future teaching practices.
Student teacher will be able to :-

 Develop confidence in facing the group.

 Develop confidence in teaching.

 Develop skills in classroom management.

 Develop in-depth knowledge about the Topic.

 Develop skills in conduction of evaluation .

 Develop skills in appropriate utilization of A.V. aids.

 Develop skills in demonstration method of teaching

Time Specific Contents Teaching Learning Evaluation
Objectives Activities with A.V.aids

2 min INTRODUCTION

All over the country,

unsegregated and untreated
biomedical waste is being
indiscriminately discarded
into municipal bins, dump
sites, on roadsides, in water
bodies or is being
incompletely and improperly
burnt in the open. All this is
leading to rapid proliferation
and spreading of infectious,
dangerous and fatal
communicable diseases like
hepatitis, AIDS and several
types of cancers. In urban
and rural areas alike,
incidence and prevalence of
several such human diseases
has increased and the per
capita medical expenditure
has also gone high several
folds. Although, yet to be
proven, morbidity or illness
amongst both urban and rural
dwellers has increased albeit
for different reasons.
 After the class the. ANNOUNCEMENT OF
group will be able THE TOPIC: Today we
1 min. to. will be studying about bio
medical waste management.

To define bio Student teacher define bio Define bio

medical waste medical waste management medical waste
management. management?
2 min

Bio-medical waste: “Bio-Medical

Waste” is any waste, which is generated
during the diagnosis, treatment or
immunization of human beings or animals.
These wastes are also generated during
research activities or in the production or
testing of biological material.

Redefining it scientifically, Biomedical

waste is defined as “any solid, fluid or
liquid waste, including its container and
any intermediate product, which is
generated during its diagnosis, treatment
or immunization of human beings or
animals, in research pertaining thereto, or
in the production or testing of biological
and the animal wastes from slaughter
houses or any other like establishments.”

Infectious wastes are those biomedical

wastes which contain sufficient population
of infectious agents that are capable of
causing and spreading infections among
people, livestock and vectors. Infectious
wastes include human tissues, anatomical
waste, organs, body parts, placenta, animal
waste (tissue / cell cultures), any
pathological / surgical waste,
microbiology and biotechnology waste
(cultures, stocks, specimens of micro-
organism, live or attenuated vaccines,
 etc.), cytological, pathological wastes,
solid waste (swabs, bandages, mops, any
item contaminated with blood or body
fluids), infected syringes, needles, other
sharps, glass, rubber, metal, plastic
disposables and other such wastes.
LATEST FACTS
1).Growing biomedical waste is a concern
amid soaring covid-19 cases
2).As per the data of the covid -19 BMW
app, more than 56,000 tons of covid-19
infected waste was generated from june
2020 to june 2021.
3).There is a growning concern amongest
different groups over the safety of
frontline health and sanitation workers
engaged in collecting biomedical waste
from the homes of covid-19 patients.
4).In june 2015, the working group of the
Ministry of environment, forest & climate
change released the draft of New Bio-
Medical Waste Management rules 2016.

2 min To define CYTO TOXIC WASTE Student teacher defines cyto Define cyto
cytotoxic toxic substance. toxic waste ?
substance. Cytotoxic substances, as the word suggests
are toxic to cells and are often anti-
neoplastic which inhibit cell growth and
multiplication. These drugs when come in
contact with normal cells can damage
them and cause severe disability or even
death of those affected. These drugs could
be present in the waste generated from the
treatment of cancer patients or from other
work related to testing and control of
cancerous cells.
2 min To define infected INFECTED PLASTIC WASTE Student teacher defines
plastic waste. infected plastic wastes.
Infected plastics are those biomedical
plastics which have been used for
administering patient care or for
performing related activities and may
contain blood or body fluids or are
suspected to contain infectious agents in
sufficient number which may lead to
infections among other humans or animals.
These generally include IV tubes / bottles,
tubings, gloves, aprons, blood bags / urine
bags, disposable drains, disposable plastic
containers, endo-tracheal tubes,
microbiology and biotechnology waste and
other laboratory waste.

1 min To define hospital HOSPITAL DOMESTIC WASTE Student teacher defines

domestic waste. hospital domestic waste.
Most hospital waste is similar to
household waste and can be disposed of in
the same way. In addition to this, however,
hospitals generate certain special types of
waste which should not be handled by
domestic refuse collection services,
because of the risk of infection, because
they are hazardous in other ways, or for
ethical reasons. Define
hospital
RADIOACTIVE WASTE
domestic
To define waste?
1 min radioactive waste. Radiations are used for wide variety
applications in research, industry, Student teacher defines
medicine, manufacturing, agriculture, radioactive waste.
consumer goods and services. The
common concern is that in all these uses,
care must be taken to ensure that everyone
is protected from the potential hazards of
radiation.

2 min To define SHARPS HANDLING AND Student teacher defines Define

handling and DISPOSAL: handling and disposal of handling and
disposal of wastes. disposal of
wastes. Sharps consist of needles, syringes, wastes?
scalpels, blades, glass etc., which have the
capability to injure by piercing the skin.
As these sharps are used in patient care,
there is every chance that infection can
 spread through this type of injury. Nurses
can get a sharp injury before and after
using a sharp on a patient. Further, sharps
discarded without any special containment
or segregation can injure and transmit
disease to those who collect waste
(including safai karamcharis, municipal
sweepers and ragpickers). There have been
reports that waste collected from the
hospitals are resold, this creates an
additional occupational and community
health hazard.

2 min To enlist various Sources of Bio medical Waste Student teacher enlists
sources of bio various sources of bio
medical waste . Hospitals produce waste, which is medical waste .
increasing over the years in its amount and
type. The hospital waste, in addition to the
risk for patients and personnel who handle
them also poses a threat to public health
and environment. Enlist various
sources of bio
Major Sources
medical waste
 Govt. hospitals/private ?
hospitals/nursing homes/
dispensaries.
 Primary health centers.
 Medical colleges and research
centers/ paramedic services.
 Veterinary colleges and animal
research centers.
 Blood banks/mortuaries/autopsy
centers.
 Biotechnology institutions.
Production units.
Minor Sources
 Physicians/ dentists’ clinics
 Animal houses/slaughter houses.
 Blood donation camps.
 Vaccination centers.
 Acupuncturists/psychiatric
 clinics/cosmetic piercing.
 Funeral services.
 Institutions for disabled persons

CLASSIFICATION OF BIO-MEDICAL
WASTE
BIO-MANAGEMENT RULES 1998.II.
5 min To define Collection and Treatment of Bio- Student teacher defines
Collection and Medical Waste Collection and Treatment of
Treatment of Bio- Bio-Medical Waste
Medical Waste Hospital waste should always be collected
in disposable containers which satisfy the
following requirements: they must be
moisture-resistant and non-transparent;
sellable in such a way as to prevent egress
of micro-organisms; safe to transport; and
colour-coded to distinguish them from
household refuse bags. The waste must be
collected in such containers at the point
where it is generated, and removed from
the wards daily without being sorted or
transferred to other containers. The
containers must be carefully sealed.
Generally, plastic bags are used for Type
B and C waste, and plastic buckets for
Type D waste. The material these
disposable containers are made of must be
appropriate for the next treatment stage. If
 the waste is subsequently incinerated, for
example, combustible materials with a low
level of toxicity must be used; if it is heat-
disinfected the materials must be steam-
permeable. This requirement also applies,
incidentalIy, to all disposable items
purchased by hospitals.
The waste must be transported to a central
incineration plant outside the hospital in
specially designed vehicles which do not
compress it. The interior of the vehicle
body must be easy to clean and it must be
adequately ventilated.

1 min To define medical MEDICAL WASTE INCINERATION Student teacher defines

waste medical waste incineration.
incineration. Acid gases include nitrogen oxide, which
has been shown to cause acid rain
formation and affect the respiratory and
cardiovascular system. As large amounts
of plastic are incinerated hydrochloric acid
is produced. This acid attacks the
respiratory system, skin, eyes and lungs
Define
with side effects such as coughing, nausea
medical waste
and vomiting.
incineration?

1 min To explain PLASCTICS IN HEALTHCARE Student teacher explains

disposal of plastic disposal of plastic wastes.
wastes. Disposal of PVC via incineration leads to
the formation of dioxin and furans. Dioxin
and furans are nwanted by-products of
incineration with carcinogenic and
endocrine-disrupting properties. They are
toxic at levels as low as 0.006 picograms
per Kg of body weight.

5 min To explain SHARPS HANDLING AND Student teacher explains

regarding sharps DISPOSAL regarding sharps handling
handling and -Make needle reuse impossible: Auto and disposal.
disposal. disable syringes, like Solo Shot device,
cannot be used more than once and
therefore cannot carry infection from one
patient to another.
-Take the sharp out of sharps waste:
Needle removers “de-fang” syringes,
immediately removing the needles after
injection and isolating them in secure
containers. The syringe cannot be reused,
and there’s no risk of accidental needle
sticks.
-Keep needles away from vulnerable
hands: Special stickproof containers
capture used needles and other medical
waste until they can be destroyed. PATH
is working to increase access to these
“safety boxes,” identifying low-cost
options and making them available for all
types of injections.
Using a needle cutter/destroyer:

1. Place used needle in the

cutter/destroyer.

2. Cut/destroy the needle and the nozzle of

syringe in the destroyer/cutter.

3. Separate syringe’s barrel and plunger

and put in liquid disinfectant.

4. After every shift empty the contents of

needle container/destroyer into liquid
disinfectant, remove

through pouring out contents through a

sieve.
2 min To explain RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL Student nurse explains
elaborate radioactive waste disposal.
radioactive waste Facilities and procedures described in the
disposal. rules:

(a) Collection: It is mandatory to mention

the facilities available e.g. polythene lined
waste bins for collection of solid wastes,
and corrosion resistant cardboards or delay
tanks for collection of liquid wastes.

(b) Transfer: it is important to state the

type of container employed during transfer
of waste/sourcese.g. cardboards, sturdy
polythene bags, radio-graphy camera

(d) Disposal: Identify the disposal methods

for solid, liquid and gaseous wastes briefly
such as for:

i). Solids: Burial pits, municipal dumping

site or waste management agency e.g.
BRIT etc.

ii). Liquids: Sanitary sewerage system,

soak-pit, waste management agency etc.

iii). Gaseous wastes: Incineration facility, Explains

fume hood etc. radioactive
waste
disposal?

1 min To explain MERCURY HEALTH HAZARD: Student teacher explains

mercury mercury disposal.
When products containing mercury are
disposal.
incinerated, the mercury becomes airborne
and eventually settles in water bodies
from, where via bio-magnification in the
food chain and bioaccumulation, it reaches
humans. If it is flushed, it enters water
bodies directly, and if it is thrown in bins it
could enter the body of animals via skin or
inhalation, or permeate into the ground
causing soil and groundwater poisoning.
This metal accumulates in the muscle
tissues.

RESEARCH REFERENCES;

“Knowledge,attitude and practice

based survey study on biomedical waste
management’’

ABSTRACT:Introduction:On a daily
basis,the biomedical waste that is
generated is immense and contains
infectious & hazardous material.

Aim and objectives:To assess the

awareness among
undergraduates,postgraduate and faculties.

Results:it was revealed on the basis of

knowledge,attitude and practice that the
awareness was more desirable among the
faculties when compared to undergraduate
and postgraduate students.

“Effect of world health organization

based guidelines on biomedical waste
management knowledge and practices
among nurses in a tertiary care
hospital”

Abstracts:Introduction;nurses are
considerd to be the backbone of the health
care system.their role in the management
of biomedical waste is very importent.

Aim and objectives; This study was to

assess the effect of world health
organization based guidelines on
biomedical waste management.

Results;In this study , majority of the

(88%) of participants had average
knowledge related to biomedical waste
management,while only 12% of
participants had average knowledge.

“Facing challenges of biomedical waste

management strategies in india”

Abstracts:Introduction:Improper
management of waste generated in health
care facilities(HCFs) cause a direct
negative impact on the community

Results;Every HCF needs to set up

requisite treatment facilities to minimise
risk of biomedical hazards.

“Knowledge, attitude & practice (KAP)

among staff nurse regarding biomedical
waste management”

Abstracts:Introduction;The safe and

effective management of biomedical waste
generated in the hospitals is a collective
responsibility of all health workers
involved in patient care.

Results:

Summary

Today, we studied about bio

medical waste management,
its various types,
segregation, transportation,
disposal and safe handling
practices related to bio
medical waste handling and
management.

Conclusion

Safe and effective

management of waste is
not only a legal
necessity but also a
social responsibility.

Proper collection and

segregation of
biomedical waste.
 Try to reduce the waste
generation.

Individual awareness and

participation.

Use recycle products.

Label with agent,

concentration and
hazard warnings.

Communicate about
workplace hazards.

REFERENCES
Mandal S. K. and Dutta J. , Integrated
Bio-Medical Waste Management Plan
for Patna City, Institute of Town
Planners, India Journal 6-2: 01-25
(2009).
Singh V. P., Biswas G., and Sharma, J. J.,
Biomedical Waste Management –
An Emerging Concern in Indian
Hospitals Indian, Journal of Forensic
Medicine & Toxicology, Vol. 1, No.
1. (2007-12).
Hem Chandra, Hospital Waste an
Environmental Hazard and Its
Management, (1999).
Govt. of India, Ministry of Environment
and Forests Gazette notification No
460 dated July 27, New Delhi: 1998:
10-20
Glenn, Mc.R & Garwal, R. Clinical waste
in Developing Countries. An analysis
with a Case Study of India, and a
Critique of the BasleTWG Guidelines
(1999)
CEET: Biomedical Waste Management-
Burgeoning issue (2008)
Gravers PD. Management of Hospital
Wastes- An overview. Proceedings of
National workshop on Management of
Hospital Waste,(1998)
Thornton J., Tally MC, Orris P., Wentreg
 J. Hospitals and plastics Dioxin
prevention and Medical Waste
Incineration; Public Health Reports.
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Surjit S. Katoch Biomedical Waste
Classification and Prevailing
Management Strategies, Proceedings
of the International Conference on
Sustainable Solid Waste Management,
p. p.169-175 (2007).
The Bio Medical Waste (Management and
Handling) Rules, (1998).
Dr. Saurabh Sikka, Biomedical Waste
inIndian Context.
Shalini Sharma* and S.V.S.Chauhan,
Assessment of bio-medical waste
management in three apex
Government hospitals of Agra,
Journal of Environmental Biology,
29(2), p. p 159-162 (2008)
Bekir Onursal, Health Care Waste
Management in India. The world Bank
(2003).