Automotive Technology: Principles,

Diagnosis, and Service 5th Edition

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 Sunnen Products Company Oldrick Hajzler
Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc. Red River College
TRW Inc. gary F. Ham
Wurth USA, Inc. South Plains College
The author would also like to thank the following individuals for Betsy Hoffman
their help. Vermont Technical College
Dan Avery Marty Kamimoto
Tom Birch Fresno City College
Randy Dillman richard Krieger
Rick Escalambre, Skyline College Michigan Institute of Technology
Bill Fulton, Ohio Automotive Technology Steven T. Lee
Jim Linder, Linder Technical Services, Inc. Lincoln Technical Institute
Scot Manna
russell A. Leonard
Dan Marinucci, Communique’
Ferris State University
Jim Morton, Automotive Training center (ATC)
Dr. Norman Nall William Milam
Dave Scaler, Mechanic’s Education Association Eastfield College
John Thornton, Autotrain Carlton H. Mabe, Sr.
Mark Warren Virginia Western Community College
Mike Watson, Watson Automotive LLC Tony Martin
University of Alaska Southeast
TECHNICAl AND CONTENT rEvIEWErS The following Clifford g. Meyer
people reviewed the manuscript before production and checked it Saddleback College
for technical accuracy and clarity of presentation. Their suggestions
Justin Morgan
and recommendations were included in the final draft of the manu-
Sinclair Community College
script. Their input helped make this textbook clear and technically
accurate while maintaining the easy-to-read style that has made Kevin Murphy
other books from the same author so popular. Stark State College of Technology
Joe Palazzolo
Jim Anderson
GKN Driveline
Greenville High School
Fritz Peacock
rankin E. Barnes
Indiana Vocational Technical College
Guilford Technical Community College
Dennis Peter
Victor Bridges
NAIT (Canada)
Umpqua Community College
greg Pfahl
Tom Broxholm
Miami-Jacobs Career College
Skyline College
ron Chappell Kenneth redick
Santa Fe Community College Hudson Valley Community College

Curtis Cline Jeff rehkopf

Wharton County Junior College Florida State College

Matt Dixon Matt roda

Southern Illinois University Mott Community College
Dr. roger Donovan Scott russell
Illinois Central College Blue Ridge Community College
Kenneth P. Dytrt Chuck rockwood
Pennsylvania College of Technology Ventura College
A.C. Durdin Eugene Talley
Moraine Park Technical College Southern Illinois University
Al Engledahl Chuck Taylor
College of DuPage Sinclair Community College
robert M. Frantz Omar Trinidad
Ivy Tech Community College, Richmond Southern Illinois University
Christopher Fry Mitchell Walker
Harry S Truman College St. Louis Community College at Forest Park
Dr. David gilbert Ken Welch
Southern Illinois University Saddleback College

AC K N OWL ED GM EN T S vii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (CONTINUED)

Lee Ashburn Mark Steinle

Craven Community College Northwest Iowa Community College
David Chavez
Austin Community College Thanks to the myautomotivelab advisory board and contributors.

Steve Elder Mike Erny

British Columbia Institute of Technology Ivy Tech Community College
Craig Evers David Macholz
Minnesota State University – Mankato Suffolk County Community College
Curtis garand Joe Moore
Central New Mexico Community College Southern Maine Community College
Thomas Hobson rory Perrodin
Sheltonstate Community College Metropolitan Community College
John Kraemer Jeff rehkopf
Western Iowa Technical College Florida State College
Jeffrey Libby Curt Ward
University of Alaska-Anchorage Joliet Junior College
Michael Parker Larry Wehunt
Lakes Region Community College Gwinnett Technical College
Frederick Peacock
Ivy Tech–Purdue University SPECIAl THANkS The authors wish to thank Chuck Taylor of
Al Playter Sinclair Community College in Dayton, Ohio, plus Greg Pfahl and
Centennial College James (Mike) Watson who helped with many of the photos. A spe-
Bill roche cial thanks to Dick Krieger and Jeff Rehkopf for their detailed and
Danville Community College thorough review of the manuscript before publication and to Richard
Reaves for all of his help.
Jeff rogers
Most of all, we wish to thank Michelle Halderman for her as-
Spokane Community College
sistance in all phases of manuscript preparation.
Kevin ruby —James D. Halderman
Chattahoochee Technical College

AbOUT THE AUTHOr

jIm HAlDErmAN brings a world of experience, knowledge, and tal-

ent to his work. His automotive service experience includes working as
a flat-rate technician, a business owner, and a professor of automotive
technology at a leading U.S. community college for more than 20 years.
He has a Bachelor of Science Degree from Ohio Northern University
and a Master’s Degree in Education from Miami University in Oxford,
Ohio. Jim also holds a U.S. Patent for an electronic transmission con-
trol device. He is an ASE certified Master Automotive Technician and
Advanced Engine Performance (L1) ASE certified.
Jim is the author of many automotive textbooks all published by
Pearson. Jim has presented numerous technical seminars to national
audiences including the California Automotive Teachers (CAT) and the
Illinois College Automotive Instructor Association (ICAIA). He is also a
member and presenter at the North American Council of Automotive
Teachers (NACAT). Jim was also named Regional Teacher of the Year
by General Motors Corporation and an outstanding alumnus of Ohio
Northern University. Jim and his wife, Michelle, live in Dayton, Ohio. They
have two children. You can reach Jim at:

jim@jameshalderman.com

viii ABOUT THE AU THOR

BrIEf CONTENTS
SEcTIon I careers in the Automotive Service Area 1
chapter 1 Automotive Background and overview 1
chapter 2 careers in the Automotive Service Industry 8
chapter 3 Starting a career in the Automotive Industry 16
chapter 4 Working as a Professional Service Technician 24
chapter 5 Technician certification 34

SEcTIon II Safety, Environmental, and Health concerns 41

chapter 6 Shop Safety 41
chapter 7 Environmental and Hazardous Materials 48

SEcTIon III Tools, Shop Equipment, and Measuring 57

chapter 8 Fasteners and Thread Repair 57
chapter 9 Hand Tools 68
chapter 10 Power Tools and Shop Equipment 82
chapter 11 Vehicle Lifting and Hoisting 91
chapter 12 Measuring Systems and Tools 97

SEcTIon IV Principles, Math, and calculations 105

chapter 13 Scientific Principles and Materials 105
chapter 14 Math, charts, and calculations 114

SEcTIon V Vehicle Service Information, Identification, and Routine

Maintenance 119
chapter 15 Service Information 119
chapter 16 Vehicle Identification and Emission Ratings 125
chapter 17 Preventative Maintenance and Service Procedures 130

SEcTIon VI Engine Repair 146

chapter 18 Gasoline Engine operation, Parts, and Specifications 146
chapter 19 diesel Engine operation and diagnosis 158
chapter 20 coolant 175
chapter 21 cooling System operation and diagnosis 182
chapter 22 Engine oil 198
chapter 23 Lubrication System operation and diagnosis 210
chapter 24 Intake and Exhaust Systems 219
chapter 25 Turbocharging and Supercharging 227
chapter 26 Engine condition diagnosis 237
chapter 27 In-Vehicle Engine Service 252
chapter 28 Engine Removal and disassembly 261

BRIEF C ON T EN T S ix
 chapter 29 Engine cleaning and crack detection 272
chapter 30 cylinder Head and Valve Guide Service 280
chapter 31 Valve and Seat Service 293
chapter 32 camshafts and Valve Trains 314
chapter 33 Pistons, Rings, and connecting Rods 336
chapter 34 Engine Blocks 351
chapter 35 crankshafts, Balance Shafts, and Bearings 364
chapter 36 Gaskets and Sealants 381
chapter 37 Engine Assembly and dynamometer Testing 388
chapter 38 Engine Installation and Break-in 415

SEcTIon VII Electrical and Electronic Systems 420

chapter 39 Electrical Fundamentals 420
chapter 40 Electrical circuits and ohm’s Law 428
chapter 41 Series, Parallel, and Series-Parallel circuits 434
chapter 42 circuit Testers and digital Meters 444
chapter 43 oscilloscopes and Graphing Multimeters 460
chapter 44 Automotive Wiring and Wire Repair 467
chapter 45 Wiring Schematics and circuit Testing 479
chapter 46 capacitance and capacitors 493
chapter 47 Magnetism and Electromagnetism 498
chapter 48 Electronic Fundamentals 509
chapter 49 cAn and network communications 524
chapter 50 Batteries 538
chapter 51 Battery Testing and Service 544
chapter 52 cranking System 556
chapter 53 cranking System diagnosis and Service 566
chapter 54 charging System 577
chapter 55 charging System diagnosis and Service 587
chapter 56 Lighting and Signaling circuits 604
chapter 57 driver Information and navigation Systems 625
chapter 58 Horn, Wiper, and Blower Motor circuits 646
chapter 59 Accessory circuits 657
chapter 60 Airbag and Pretensioner circuits 686
chapter 61 Audio System operation and diagnosis 698

SEcTIon VIII Heating and Air conditioning 712

chapter 62 Heating and Air-conditioning components and operation 712
chapter 63 Automatic Air-conditioning System operation 731

x BRIEF CONTENTS
chapter 64 Heating and Air-conditioning System diagnosis 737
chapter 65 Heating and Air-conditioning System Service 745

SEcTIon IX Engine Performance 754

chapter 66 Gasoline 754
chapter 67 Alternative Fuels 766
chapter 68 diesel and Biodiesel Fuels 777
chapter 69 Ignition System components and operation 781
chapter 70 Ignition System diagnosis and Service 794
chapter 71 computer Fundamentals 812
chapter 72 Temperature Sensors 819
chapter 73 Throttle Position (TP) Sensors 828
chapter 74 MAP/BARo Sensors 832
chapter 75 Mass Air Flow Sensors 840
chapter 76 oxygen Sensors 845
chapter 77 Fuel Pumps, Lines, and Filters 860
chapter 78 Fuel-Injection components and operation 875
chapter 79 Gasoline direct-Injection Systems 887
chapter 80 Electronic Throttle control System 892
chapter 81 Fuel-Injection System diagnosis and Service 900
chapter 82 Vehicle Emission Standards and Testing 918
chapter 83 Evaporative Emission control Systems 927
chapter 84 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems 935
chapter 85 Positive crankcase Ventilation and Secondary Air-Injection
Systems 942
chapter 86 catalytic converters 948
chapter 87 onBoard diagnosis 957
chapter 88 Scan Tools and Engine Performance diagnosis 965

SEcTIon X Hybrid and Fuel cell Vehicles 983

chapter 89 Introduction to Hybrid Vehicles 983
chapter 90 Hybrid Safety and Service Procedures 991
chapter 91 Fuel cells and Advanced Technologies 1002

SEcTIon XI Brakes 1015

chapter 92 Braking System components and Performance Standards 1015
chapter 93 Braking System Principles 1021
chapter 94 Brake Hydraulic Systems 1027
chapter 95 Hydraulic Valves and Switches 1040
chapter 96 Brake Fluid and Lines 1050
chapter 97 Brake Bleeding Methods and Procedures 1061

BRIEF C ON T EN T S xi
 chapter 98 Wheel Bearings and Service 1070
chapter 99 drum Brakes 1087
chapter 100 drum Brake diagnosis and Service 1101
chapter 101 disc Brakes 1114
chapter 102 disc Brake diagnosis and Service 1128
chapter 103 Parking Brake operation, diagnosis, and Service 1145
chapter 104 Machining Brake drums and Rotors 1157
chapter 105 Power Brake Unit operation, diagnosis, and Service 1195
chapter 106 ABS components and operation 1208
chapter 107 ABS diagnosis and Service 1220
chapter 108 Electronic Stability control Systems 1232

SEcTIon XII Suspension and Steering 1239

chapter 109 Tires and Wheels 1239
chapter 110 Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems 1261
chapter 111 Tire and Wheel Service 1270
chapter 112 Suspension System Principles and components 1288
chapter 113 Front Suspensions and Service 1311
chapter 114 Rear Suspensions and Service 1335
chapter 115 Electronic Suspension Systems 1343
chapter 116 Steering columns and Gears 1358
chapter 117 Steering Linkage and Service 1372
chapter 118 Electric and Hydraulic Power Steering Systems 1388
chapter 119 Wheel Alignment Principles 1413
chapter 120 Alignment diagnosis and Service 1427

SEcTIon XIII Manual drive Train and Axles 1454

chapter 121 clutches 1454
chapter 122 Manual Transmissions/Transaxles 1471
chapter 123 drive Axle Shafts and cV Joints 1494
chapter 124 drive Shafts and cV Joint Service 1503
chapter 125 drive Axles and differentials 1516
chapter 126 Four-Wheel-drive and All-Wheel drive 1534

SEcTIon XIV Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles 1551

chapter 127 Automatic Transmission/Transaxle Principles 1551
chapter 128 Hydraulic components and control Systems 1567
chapter 129 Automatic Transmission/Transaxle diagnosis and In-Vehicle Service 1586
chapter 130 Automatic Transmission/Transaxle Unit Repair 1598

Index 1617

xii BRIEF CONTENTS

 Careers in the Automotive
S E C T I O N I Service Area
1 Automotive Background and Overview 4 Working as a Professional Service Technician
2 Careers in the Automotive Service Industry 5 Technician Certification
3 Starting a Career in the Automotive Industry

chapter Automotive BAckground

1 And overview

OBJECTIVES: After studying this chapter, the reader will be able to: • Explain the evolution of the automobile. • Discuss the major
components of a vehicle. • Describe the evolution of engines. • List the common components of most vehicles. • List the eight areas
of automotive service according to ASE/NATEF.

KEY TERMS: Air filter 5 • Body 2 • Body-on-frame (BOF) 3 • Carbon monoxide (CO) 5 • Catalytic converter 5 • Chassis 2
• Coolant 5 • Drive shaft 5 • Double overhead camshaft (DOHC) 4 • Evaporative emission system (EVAP) 5 • Exhaust gas
recirculation (EGR) 5 • Flathead 4 • Frames 3 • Hydrocarbon (HC) 5 • Ignition control module (ICM) 5 • Inline engine 4
• Intake manifold 5 • Internal combustion engine 4 • Malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) 5 • Manufacturer’s suggested retail price
(MSRP) 4 • OBD-II 5 • Oil filter 5 • Oil galleries 5 • Oil pan 5 • Oil pump 5 • Oil sump 5 • Overhead camshaft (OHC) 4
• Overhead valve (OHV) 4 • Oxides of nitrogen (NOX) 5 • PCV valve 5 • Pillars 3 • Positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) 5
• Propeller shaft 5 • Radiator 5 • Scan tool 5 • Self-propelled vehicle 1 • Single overhead camshaft (SOHC) 4
• Thermostat 5 • Transaxle 6 • Transfer case 6 • Unibody 3 • Universal joints (U-joints) 5 • Water jackets 5 • Water pump 5

1896 Henry Ford (1863–1947) built his first car, called the
HISTOrICAl BACkgrOuNd Quadricycle. ● SEE FIguRE 1–1.
1900 About 4,200 total automobiles were sold, including:
• 40% were steam powered
For centuries, man either walked or used animals to provide power
for transportation. After the invention of electric, steam, and gasoline • 38% were battery/electric powered
propulsion systems, people used self-propelled vehicles, which • 22% were gasoline engine powered
are vehicles that moved under their own power. 1902 Oldsmobile, founded by Ransom E. Olds
Major milestones in vehicle development include: (1864–1950), produced the first large-scale,
affordable vehicle.
1876 The OTTO four-stroke cycle engine was developed
by a German engineer, Nikolaus Otto. 1908 William Durant (1861–1947) formed General Motors.

1885 The first automobile was powered by an OTTO cycle 1908 The Ford Model T was introduced.
gasoline engine designed by Karl Friedrick Beary
(1844–1929).
1892 Rudolf Diesel (1858–1913) received a patent for a
compression ignition engine. The first diesel engine
was built in 1897.

Au t o mo t i v e BAc k g ro u nd A n d overview 1
FIguRE 1–1 A Ford Quadricycle built by Henry Ford. FIguRE 1–2 Most vehicle bodies were constructed with a wood
framework until the 1920s.
1912 The electric starter was invented by
Charles F. Kettering (1876–1958) of Dayton, Ohio,
first used on a Cadillac. The starter was produced
by a new company called Delco, which stood for
Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company.
1914 First car with a 100% steel body was made by the
Budd Corporation for Dodge. Before 1914, all car
bodies had wood components in them.
1922 The first vehicle to have four-wheel hydraulically op-
erated brakes was a Duesenberg built in Indianapolis,
Indiana.
1940 The first fully automatic transmission was introduced
by Oldsmobile.
1973 Airbags were offered as an option on some General
Motors vehicles.
1985 Lincoln offers the first four-wheel antilock braking FIguRE 1–3 A chassis of a 1950s era vehicle showing the
system. engine, drivetrain, frame, and suspension.
1997 The first vehicle with electronic stability control was
offered by Cadillac. 3. The braking system of the vehicle is used to slow and stop the
rotation of the wheels, which in turn stops the vehicle. The brak-
ing system includes the brake pedal, master cylinder, plus wheel
BOdIES brakes at each wheel. Two types of wheel brakes are used. Disc
brakes include a caliper, which applies force to brake pads on
both sides of a rotating disc or rotor. Drum brakes use brake
Early motor vehicles evolved from horse-drawn carriages. The shoes which are applied by hydraulic pressure outward against
engine and power train were attached to a modified carriage lead- a rotating brake drum. The brake drum is attached to and stops
ing to the term “horseless carriage.” ● SEE FIguRE 1–2. the rotation of the wheels. Drum brakes are often used on the
The bodies evolved until in the 1930s, all-steel-enclosed bod- rear of most vehicles.
ies became the most used type. All bodies depended on a frame of
4. Wheels and tires—The wheels are attached to the bearing hubs
wood or steel to support the chassis components.
on the axles. The tires must provide traction for accelerating,
braking, and cornering, as well as provide a comfortable ride.

CHASSIS SySTEmS OvErvIEW
The chassis system of the vehicle includes the following components:
1. Frame or body of the vehicle, which is used to provide the sup-
port for the suspension and steering components as well as the
powertrain.
2. The suspension system of the vehicle, which provides a smooth
ride to the driver and passengers and helps the tires remain on
the road even when the vehicle is traveling over rough roads. The
suspension system includes springs and control arms which allow
the wheel to move up and down and keep the tires on the road.
Wheels are constructed of steel or aluminum alloy and mount
to the hubs of the vehicle using lug nuts, which must be tight-
ened correctly to the proper torque.
The chassis components include:
• Front and rear suspension
• Axles and hubs (to support the wheels and tires)
• Steering mechanism
• Engine and transmission
• Final drive differential and axles
Often, these chassis were so complete that they could be
driven without a body. ● FIguRE 1–3.

2 C HAPTER 1
 C PILLAR

D PILLAR B PILLAR WINDSHIELD HEADER

A PILLAR

COWL

HOOD PANEL
ONE PIECE GRILLE

SOFT COLOR-KEYED
BUMPER

SIDE MARKER AND TURNING LAMP

ROCKER PANEL
REAR AIR DEFLECTOR WITH
INTEGRATED STOP LAMP
REAR VIEW MIRROR INTEGRATED
BACKLIGHT WITH WITH "A" PILLAR AND SIDE GLASS
REAR WIPER

FRONT FENDER
RUNNING TAIL LAMP

BELT LINE
SOFT COLOR-KEYED
BUMPER
LIFT GATE

TAIL LAMP WITH STOP FRONT DOOR

AND TURN FUNCTION
REAR DOOR

QUARTER PANEL D L O (DAYLIGHT OPENING)

FIguRE 1–4 Body and terms.

Many of the expensive automakers in the 1920s and 1930s

had bodies built by another company. Eventually, most bodies were
constructed of steel and many without the need for a frame to sup-
port the drivetrain and suspension.

BOdy TErmS The roof of a vehicle is supported by pillars

and they are labeled A, B, C, and D from the front to the rear of the
vehicle. All vehicles have an A pillar at the windshield but many,
such as a hardtop, do not have a B pillar. Station wagons and sport
utility vehicles (SUVs) often have a D pillar at the rear of the vehicle.
● SEE FIguRE 1–4.

FrAmES
Frame construction usually consists of channel-shaped steel
beams welded and/or fastened together. Vehicles with a separate
FIguRE 1–5 Note the ribbing and the many different pieces of
frame and body are usually called body-on-frame vehicles (BOF).
sheet metal used in the construction of this body.
Many terms are used to label or describe the frame of a vehicle
including:
TECH TIP
uNIT-BOdy CONSTruCTION Unit-body construction (some-
times called unibody) is a design that combines the body with the Treat a Vehicle Body with Respect
structure of the frame. The body is composed of many individual Do not sit on a vehicle. The metal can easily be distorted,
stamped-steel panels welded together. The strength of this type of which could cost hundreds of dollars to repair. This
construction lies in the shape of the assembly. The typical vehicle includes sitting on the hood, roof, and deck (trunk) lid, as
uses 300 separate stamped-steel panels that are spot-welded to- well as fenders. Also, do not hang on any opened door
gether to form a vehicle’s body. ● SEE FIguRE 1–5. as this can distort the hinge area causing the door not to
NOTE: A typical vehicle contains about 10,000 separate close properly.
individual parts.

Au t o mo t i v e BAc k g ro u n d A n d overview 3

FIguRE 1–6 A Corvette without the body. Notice that the vehicle
is complete enough to be driven. This photo was taken at the Cor-
vette Museum in Bowling Green, Kentucky.
FIguRE 1–7 A Ford flathead V-8 engine. This engine design was
used by Ford Motor Company from 1932 through 1953. In a flat-
head design, the valves located next to (beside) the cylinders.
SPACE-FrAmE CONSTruCTION Space-frame construc-
tion consists of formed sheet steel used to construct a framework
of the entire vehicle. The vehicle is drivable without the body, which
uses plastic or steel panels to cover the steel framework. ● SEE
FIguRE 1–6.
ENgINE dESIgN EvOluTION
All gasoline and diesel engines are called internal combustion en-
gines and were designed to compress an ignitable mixture. This
mixture was ignited by using a spark (gasoline) or by heat of com-
pression (diesel). Early engines used valves that were in the engine
block, which also contained the round cylinders where pistons were
fitted. The pistons are connected to a crankshaft, which converts
the up and down motion of the pistons to a rotary force which is
used to propel the vehicle.
4 C HAPTER 1
FIguRE 1–8 A Monroney label as shown on the side window of a
new vehicle.
? FREQuENTLY ASKED QuESTION
What Is the Monroney Label?
The Monroney label is the sticker on the vehicle that
lists the manufacturer’s suggested retail price, usually
abbreviated MSRP. The law that requires this label on
all vehicles is called the Monroney Law, named for the
congressman who sponsored the bill, Almer S. Monroney
(1902–1980), a U.S. farm representative from Oklahoma
from 1939 to 1951 and a U.S. Senator from 1951 to 1969.
Before the Monroney label law was passed in 1958,
the price of a vehicle was unknown to new vehicle buyers
who had to rely on the dealer for pricing. Besides all of
the standard and optional equipment on the vehicle, the
Monroney label also includes fuel economy and exhaust
emission information. ● SEE FIguRE 1–8.
INlINE vErSuS v-TyPE dESIgN Most early engines used
four or six cylinders arranged inline. These were called inline en-
gines and are still produced today. Some engines with 4, 6, 8, 10,
12, or 16 cylinders were arranged with half of the cylinders on each
set of a “V” and connected to a common crankshaft in the bottom of
the “V.” The crankshaft changed the up-and-down motion of the pis-
ton to rotary motion, allowing the engine to power the drive wheels.
vAlvE lOCATION dESIgN The design where the valves were
located in the engine block is called flathead design because the
cylinder head simply covered the combustion chamber and included
a hole for the spark plug. The engine block contains passages for
coolant as well as lubricating oil and is the support for all other en-
gine systems. ● SEE FIguRE 1–7.
By the 1950s, most engine designs placed the valves in the
cylinder head. This is called an overhead valve or OHV design.
Even newer engine designs feature overhead camshafts
(OHC), called single overhead camshaft (SOHC) designs and
engines that use two overhead camshafts per bank of cylinders
called double overhead camshaft (DOHC) designs. The placement
of the camshaft, which results in better flow of intake air into and
exhaust out of the engine.
 The need for reduced emissions and greater fuel economy led
to advances in engine design. These changes included:
■ Electronic ignition systems
■ Electronic fuel injection
■ Computerized engine controls
■ Emission control devices, including the catalytic converter
used in the exhaust system to reduce emissions
■ Improved engine oils that help reduce friction and reduce
emissions
ENgINE SySTEmS OvErvIEW
Every engine requires many systems to function correctly.
COOlINg SySTEm While some older engines were air cooled,
all engines currently in production are liquid cooled. Coolant is circu-
lated by a water pump through passages in the cylinder block and
head called water jackets. The coolant is a mixture of antifreeze and
water to provide corrosion and freezing protection. After the coolant
picks up the heat from the engine, it flows through a radiator, which
cools the coolant by releasing the heat into the air. The temperature
of the coolant is maintained by using a thermostat located in the
coolant passage, which opens to allow coolant to flow to the radiator
or closes until the coolant is hot enough to need cooling.
luBrICATION SySTEm All engines need a supply of lubricat-
ing oil to reduce friction and help to cool the engine. Most engines
are equipped with an oil pan, also called an oil sump, containing
3 to 7 quarts (liters) of oil. An engine driven oil pump forces the oil
under pressure through an oil filter, then to passages in the block
and head called oil galleries, and then to all of the moving parts.
AIr INTAkE SySTEm All engines, both gasoline and diesel
engines, draw air from the atmosphere. It requires about 9,000 gal-
lons of air for each gallon of gasoline used. The air must be drawn
where deep water in the road cannot be drawn into the engine. The
air is then filtered by a replaceable air filter. After the air is filtered, it
passes through a throttle valve and then into the engine through an
intake manifold.
FuEl SySTEm The fuel system includes the following compo-
nents and systems:
■ Fuel tank
■ Fuel lines and filter(s)
■ Fuel injectors
■ Electronic control of the fuel pump and fuel injection
The fuel injectors are designed to atomize the liquid gasoline
into small droplets so they can be mixed with the air entering the
engine. This mixture of fuel and air is then ignited by the spark plug.
STArTINg ANd CHArgINg SySTEm Engine starting and
charging systems, which include the battery, starting (cranking)
system and charging system components and circuits.
IgNITION SySTEm The ignition system includes the ignition
coil(s) which creates a high voltage spark by stepping up battery
voltage using an ignition control module (ICM). The arc across
the electrodes of the spark plug ignites the air-fuel mixture in the
combustion chamber and the resulting pressure pushes the piston
down on the power stroke.
EmISSION CONTrOl SySTEm The control of vehicle emis-
sions includes controlling gasoline vapors from being released into
the atmosphere in addition to reducing the emissions from the ex-
haust. Unburned gasoline emissions are called hydrocarbon (HC)
emissions and exhaust gases that are controlled include carbon
monoxide (CO) and oxides of nitrogen (NOX). The evaporative
emission control system, usually called the EVAP system, is de-
signed to prevent gasoline fumes and vapors from being released.
Other emission control systems include:
■ Positive crankcase ventilation (PCV). This system uses a
valve called a PCV valve to regulate the flow of gases cre-
ated in the crankcase of a running engine, which are routed
back into the intake manifold. The engine will then draw these
gases into the combustion chamber where they are burned to
help prevent the release of the gases into the atmosphere.
■ Exhaust gas recirculation (EgR). The EGR system meters
about 3% to 7% of the exhaust gases back into the intake
where the gases reduce the peak combustion temperature
and prevent the oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (NO) from the air
from combining to form oxides of nitrogen.
■ Catalytic converter. The catalytic converter is a unit located
in the exhaust system usually close to the engine, which
causes chemical changes in the exhaust gases.
■ On-board diagnostics means that the engine as well as the
engine management systems can test itself for proper opera-
tion and alert the driver if a fault is detected. The warning
lamp is called the malfunction indicator light (MIL) and is
labeled “Check Engine” or “Service Engine Soon.” The on-
board diagnostic system is currently in the second generation
and is called OBD-II. Electronic hand-held testers, called
scan tools, are needed to access (retrieve) stored diagnostic
trouble codes (DTCs) and view sensor and system data.
POWErTrAIN OvErvIEW
The purpose of the powertrain is to transfer the torque output of the
engine to the drive wheels.
rEAr-WHEEl-drIvE POWErTrAIN A rear-wheel-drive
vehicle uses the following components to transfer engine torque to
the rear drive wheels:
■ Transmission. An automatic transmission usually uses plan-
etary gearsets and electronic controls to change gear ratios.
In a manually shifted transmission, the drivetrain contains a
clutch assembly, which allows the driver to disengage engine
torque from the transmission to allow the driver to shift from
one gear ratio to another. The transmission contains gears
and other assemblies that provide high torque output at low
speeds for acceleration and lower torque output but at higher
speeds for maximum fuel economy at highway speeds.
■ Drive Shaft. A drive shaft, also called a propeller shaft, is
used to connect and transmit engine torque from the trans-
mission to the rear differential. universal joints (u-joints) are
used to allow the rear differential to move up and down on the
rear suspension and still be able to transmit engine torque.
Au t o mo t i v e BAc k g ro u n d A n d overview 5
FIguRE 1–9 A dash control panel used by the driver to control FIguRE 1–10 The alternator is in the heart of the electrical
the four-wheel-drive system. system.

■ Differential. A differential is used at the rear of the vehicle

the number of electronic components has grown to include every
and performs three functions:
system in the vehicle, including:
■ Allows different axle speeds for cornering. ■ A tire pressure monitoring system for the tires
■ The differential increases the torque applied to the rear ■ Heated and cooled seats
drive wheels by reducing the speed. ■ Automatic climate control
■ The differential also changes the direction of the applied ■ Power windows
engine torque and uses axle shafts to transfer the torque to
the drive wheels.
■ Security systems
■ Electric power steering
FrONT-WHEEl-drIvE POWErTrAIN A front-wheel-drive ■ Electronic suspension
vehicle uses a transaxle, which is a combination of a transmission ● SEE FIguRE 1–10.
and differential in one assembly. Drive axle shafts then transfer the en-
gine torque to the front drive wheels from the output of the transaxle.

FOur-WHEEl-drIvE SySTEm There are many types of HEATINg, vENTIlATION, ANd

methods of powering all four wheels. Many include a transfer case
to split engine torque to both the front and the rear wheels. ● SEE AIr CONdITIONINg OvErvIEW
FIguRE 1–9.
Early model vehicles did not include any heaters or other methods to
provide comfort for the driver and passengers. Most early vehicles
ElECTrICAl/ElECTrONIC were open with a simple removable top. Some had optional side cur-
tains that provided all-weather protection. In the 1930s and 1940s
SySTEmS OvErvIEW when fully enclosed bodies became common, the vehicle manufac-
turers started to include heaters, which were small radiators with
engine coolant flowing through them. About the same time and into
Early vehicles did not have an electrical system because even the
the 1950s, about the only options that many vehicles had were a
ignition did not require a battery. Early engines used a magneto to
radio and heater, abbreviated R & H.
create a spark instead of using electrical power from a battery as
Today, air-conditioning systems are on most vehicles and
used today.
incorporate defrosters and passenger compartment heating, often
The first electrical components on vehicles were battery-
in two zones for maximum comfort of the driver and passenger.
powered lights, not only for the driver to see the road, but also so
Additional related comfort options today include heated and cooled
others could see an approaching vehicle at night.
seats and heated steering wheels.
Only after 1912 and the invention of the self-starter did the use
of a battery become commonplace. Charles F. Kettering also in-
vented the point-type ignition system about the same time as the
self-starter. Therefore, the early batteries were often referred to as
SLI batteries meaning starting, lighting, and ignition. From the 1920s
EIgHT ArEAS OF
into the 1950s other electrical components were added, such as
radios, defroster fans, and horns. It was not until the 1960s that
AuTOmOTIvE SErvICE
electrical accessories, such as air conditioning, power seats, and
power windows, became common. In 1972, the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence, a
Today’s vehicles require alternators that are capable of produc- nonprofit organization known as simply ASE, created a series of eight
ing a higher amount of electricity than was needed in the past, and tests that cover the major vehicle systems. ● SEE FIguRE 1–11.

6 C HAPTER 1
 area are rear differential diagnosis and repair plus four-wheel-drive
component diagnosis and repair.

SuSPENSION ANd STEErINg (A4) This content area in-

cludes steering and suspension system diagnosis and repair, includ-
ing wheel alignment diagnosis and adjustments, plus wheel and tire
diagnosis and repair procedures.

BrAkES (A5) The brake content area includes the diagnosis

and repair of the hydraulic system, drum and disc brake systems,
plus power assist units, antilock braking, and traction control
systems.

ElECTrICAl/ElECTrONIC SySTEmS (A6) This

FIguRE 1–11 Test registration booklet that includes details on all
vehicle-related certification tests given by ASE. All testing is now
done electronically at proctored locations.
ENgINE rEPAIr (A1) This content area includes questions
related to engine block and cylinder head diagnosis and service, as
well as the lubrication, cooling, fuel, ignition, and exhaust systems
inspection and service.
AuTOmATIC TrANSmISSION (A2) This content area in-
cludes general automatic transmission/transaxle diagnosis, includ-
ing hydraulic and electronic related systems.
mANuAl drIvE TrAIN ANd AxlES (A3) This content
area includes clutch diagnosis and repair, manual transmission
diagnosis and repair, as well as drive shaft, universal, and constant
velocity joint diagnosis and service. Also included in this content
content area includes many systems, including the battery, start-
ing, charging, lighting, gauges, and accessory circuit diagnosis
and repair.
HEATINg ANd AIr CONdITIONINg (A7) The heating and
air-conditioning content area includes air-conditioning service, re-
frigeration systems, heating and engine cooling systems diagnosis
and repair, as well as refrigerant recovery, recycling, handling, and
retrofit.
ENgINE PErFOrmANCE (A8) The engine performance con-
tent area includes diagnosis and testing of those systems responsi-
ble for the proper running and operation of the engine. Included in
this area are general engine diagnosis, ignition and fuel systems, as
well as emission control and computerized engine control diagnosis
and repair.
This textbook covers the content of all eight ASE areas plus
all of the background and fundamental information needed by
technicians.

rEvIEW QuESTIONS
1. In 1900, what was the most produced vehicle powered by? 5. The powertrain consists of what components?
2. What parts are included in the vehicle chassis? 6. What are the eight automotive service content areas?
3. Why were early engines called flat heads?
4. What is the difference between a unit-body and body-on-frame
vehicle?

CHAPTEr QuIz
1. The first self-propelled vehicle that used an OTTO cycle four- 4. Early engines were called flat head design because they
stroke gasoline engine was produced in ______________. ______________.
a. 1885 c. 1902 a. Were only inline engines
b. 1900 d. 1908 b. Did not include valves
2. Early vehicles were constructed mostly of what material? c. Used valves beside the cylinder
a. Steel d. Used spark plugs at the top of the cylinders
b. Cast iron 5. A V-type engine could have how many cylinders?
c. Wood a. 4 c. 8
d. Tin b. 6 d. All of the above
3. Which component is not part of the chassis system? 6. What component regulates the temperature of the coolant in an
a. Frame engine?
b. Electrical system a. Cooling (water) jackets c. Cooling fan(s)
c. Suspension b. Thermostat d. Radiator
d. Brakes

Au t o mo t i v e BAc k g ro u nd A n d overview 7
 7. A malfunction indicator light (MIL) on the dash may be labeled 9. A four-wheel drive vehicle often uses a ______________ to
______________. transmit torque to all four wheels.
a. Check engine c. MIL a. Drive shaft c. Transaxle
b. Service vehicle soon d. MAL b. U-joint d. Transfer case
8. To retrieve stored diagnostic trouble codes, a service techni- 10. Automotive service systems are generally separated into how
cian needs a ______________. many content areas?
a. Paper clip a. 4 c. 8
b. Desktop computer b. 6 d. 10
c. Wireless connection to an electronic tester
d. Scan tool

chapter cAreers in the

2 Automotive service
industry
OBJECTIVES: After studying this chapter, the reader will be able to: • Discuss the need for servicing vehicles and the sites at which
servicing is performed. • Discuss the various service-related positions and the level of training and experience needed for each position.
• Explain the relationship of the service advisor and the service manager to others in a shop. • Discuss the various positions in an
automotive service industry and explain the arrangement of its organization.

KEY TERMS: Entrepreneur 14 • On-the-job training (OJT) 10 • Parts counter person 13 • Service advisor 12
• Service consultant 12 • Service manager 12 • Service writer 12 • Shop foreman 12 • Team leader 12 • Technician (tech) 8
• VIN 11 • Work order 11

THE NEEd FOr AuTOmOTIvE THE NEEd FOr CONTINuOuS

TECHNICIANS
The need for trained and skilled automotive technicians is greater
than ever for several reasons, including:
■ Vehicles are becoming more complex and require a higher
level of knowledge and skills.
■ Electrical and electronic components and sensors
are included throughout the vehicle.
■ Construction of parts and materials being used has changed
over the last few years, meaning that all service work must
be done to specified procedures to help avoid damage being
done to the vehicle.
■ Increasing numbers of different types of lubricants and coolants
make even routine service challenging.
All of the above issues require proper training and the
ability to follow factory specified procedures to ensure customer
satisfaction. The number of service technicians needed is increas-
ing due to more vehicles on the road. A good service technician
can find work in almost any city or town in the country, making
the career as a professional service technician an excellent
choice.
vEHIClE SErvICE
Vehicles are lasting longer due to improved materials and more
exacting tolerances. Every year, vehicles are being driven farther
than ever before. It used to be (in the 1950s) that the life of a vehi-
cle was considered to be 100,000 miles or 10 years. Now achiev-
ing 200,000 miles without a major repair is common with proper
maintenance and routine service. However, even the amount of
needed routine service has been reduced due to changes in the
vehicles, such as radial tires that now last 40,000 miles instead of
older tires which were worn out and needed to be replaced every
15,000 miles.
WArrANTIES A warranty is a guarantee to the purchaser of
a vehicle that it will function as specified. The warranty covers
the quality and performance of the product and states the condi-
tions under which the warranty will be honored. Vehicle warranties
vary but all warranties indicate a time and mileage restriction. The
expressed warranties often include the following areas:
■ New vehicle limited warranty that covers most components
and is commonly called a bumper-to-bumper policy.

8 C HAPTER 2
 ■ Powertrain warranty covers the engine, transmission/
transaxle, and final drive units. This coverage usually is longer
than the bumper-to-bumper coverage.
■ Sheet metal rust through warranty is usually longer than the
bumper-to-bumper and powertrain warranty and covers rust
if a hole occurs starting from inside the outer metal surface of
the body.
■ Emission control device warranties depend on the emission
rating, the warranty coverage of the powertrain control module
(PCM), and the catalytic converter and are covered for eight
years and 80,000 miles up to 10 years and 150,000 miles.
Vehicle warranties, unless an emergency repair, must be per-
formed at a dealership, which is certified by the vehicle manufacturer
to perform the repairs. At the dealership, the technician performing
the repair must also be certified by the vehicle manufacturer.
All technicians should be familiar with what may be cov- FIguRE 2–1 A service technician removing a transaxle on a
ered by the factory warranties to help ensure that the customer front-wheel-drive vehicle at a GM dealership.
does not have to pay for a repair that may be covered. While
warranties do cover many components of the vehicle, wear and
service items are not covered by a warranty in most cases and
therefore, offer excellent opportunity for additional service work
for trained automotive technicians.

INCrEASINg AgE OF A vEHIClE The average age of a ve-

hicle on the road today has increased to older than nine years. This
trend means that more vehicles than ever are not covered by a fac-
tory warranty and are often in need of repair. Aftermarket warranties
also can be used at most repair facilities, making it very convenient
for vehicle owners.
FIguRE 2–2 A typical independent service facility. Independent
garages often work on a variety of vehicles and perform many

TECHNICIAN WOrk SITES different types of vehicle repairs and service. Some independent
garages specialize in just one or two areas of service work or in
just one or two makes of vehicles.

Service technician work takes place in a variety of work sites

including:

NEW vEHIClE dEAlErSHIPS Most dealerships handle one

or more brands of vehicle, and the technician employed at dealer-
ships usually has to meet minimum training standards. The training
is usually provided at no cost online or at regional training centers.
The dealer usually pays the service technician for the day(s) spent
in training as well as provides or pays for transportation, meals, and
lodging. Most dealerships offer in house on-line training with mini-
mum off-site training. ● SEE FIguRE 2–1.

INdEPENdENT SErvICE FACIlITIES These small- to

medium-size repair facilities usually work on a variety of vehicles.
Technicians employed at independent service facilities usually have
to depend on aftermarket manufacturers’ seminars or the local
vocational school or college to keep technically up-to-date. ● SEE
FIguRE 2–2.
mASS mErCHANdISEr Large national chains of vehicle re-
pair facilities are common in most medium- and large-size cities.
Some examples of these chains include Sears, Goodyear, Firestone,
and NAPA, as shown in ● SEE FIguRE 2–3. Technicians employed
by these chains usually work on a wide variety of vehicles. Many
of the companies have their own local or regional training sites de-
signed to train beginning service technicians and to provide update
training for existing technicians.
FIguRE 2–3 This NAPA parts store also performs service work
from the garage area on the side of the building.
SPECIAlTy SErvICE FACIlITIES Specialty service facili-
ties usually limit their service work to selected systems or compo-
nents of the vehicle and/or to a particular brand of vehicle. Examples
of specialty service facilities include Midas, Speedy, and AAMCO
Transmissions. Many of the franchised specialty facilities have their
own technician training for both beginning and advanced techni-
cians. ● SEE FIguRE 2–4.
FlEET FACIlITIES Many city, county, and state governments
have their own vehicle service facilities for the maintenance and

C ARE E RS I N T H E AU T O MO T I V E SE RVIC E IN D U S T Ry 9
repair of their vehicles. Service technicians are usually employees
of the city, county, or state and are usually paid by the hour rather
than on a commission basis. ● SEE FIguRE 2–5.
TECHNICIAN JOB
ClASSIFICATIONS
There are many positions and jobs in the vehicle service industry. In
smaller service facilities (shops), the duties of many positions may be
combined in one job. A large city dealership may have all of the follow-
ing vehicle service positions. A technician is often referred to as a tech.
FIguRE 2–4 Midas is considered to be a specialty service shop.
FIguRE 2–5 A school bus garage is a typical fleet operation shop that needs skilled service technicians.
10 CHAPTER 2
luBE TECH/QuICk SErvICE TECHNICIAN A lubrication
technician should be trained in the proper use of hand tools and
instructed how to properly service various types of vehicles. The
training could be on-the-job (OTJ) or could be the result of high
school or college automotive training. Some larger companies pro-
vide in-house training for new technicians and as a result they are
trained to perform according to a specified standard. It is important
that the lubrication technician double-check the work to be certain
that the correct viscosity oil has been installed and to the specified
level. The oil plug and oil filter must also be checked for leakage.
Lubrication technicians are trained to perform routine services
including:
■ Oil and oil filter change
■ Chassis lubrication
■ Fluids check and refill
■ Tire inflation checks
■ Accessory drive belt inspection
■ Air filter check and replacement
■ Cabin filter replacement
■ Windshield wiper blade replacement
As a result of these tasks the lubrication technician should be
skilled in hoisting the vehicle and able to handle the tasks efficiently
and in minimum time.
NEW vEHIClE PrEPArATION FOr dElIvEry A new
entry-level position at a dealership often includes preparing new
vehicles for delivery to the customer. This is often referred to as
“new car prep.” The duties performed for new vehicle preparation
are generally learned on the job. The vehicle manufacturer publishes
guidelines that should be followed and it is the responsibility of the

new vehicle preparation person to see that all items are checked
and serviced, and all associated paperwork is completed. The ac-
tivities normally associated with preparing a new vehicle for delivery
include:
■ Installing wheel center caps or wheel covers (if used)
■ Installing roof racks, running boards, and other dealer-
installed options
■ Checking and correcting tire pressures
NOTE: Many vehicle manufacturers ship the vehicles
to the dealer with the tires overinflated to help prevent
movement of the vehicle during shipping.
■ Checking all fluids
■ Checking that everything works including the remote key fob
and all accessories
■ Ordering any parts found to be broken, missing, and dam-
aged in transit
■ Removing all protective covering and plastic from the seats,
carpet, and steering wheel
■ Washing the vehicle
gENErAl SErvICE TECHNICIAN A general service techni-
cian usually has training as an automotive technician either in one or
more of the following:
■ High school—Technical or vocational school or a compre-
hensive high school that has an Automotive youth Education
System (AyES) program or NATEF certification.
■ College or technical school—Usually a two-year program that
can earn the student an associate’s degree.
■ Career college or institute—Usually a 6-month to 12-month
program earning the graduate a certificate.
Automotive service technicians perform preventative mainte-
nance, diagnose faults, and repair automotive vehicles and light trucks.
Automotive service technicians adjust, test, and repair en-
gines, steering systems, braking systems, drivetrains, vehicle sus-
pensions, electrical systems and air-conditioning systems, and
perform wheel alignments. In large shops, some technicians spe-
cialize in repairing, rebuilding, and servicing specific parts, such
as braking systems, suspension, and steering systems. In smaller
shops, automotive service technicians may work on a wider variety
of repair jobs.
Automotive service technicians begin by reading the work order
and examining the vehicle. To locate the cause of faulty operation
and repair it, a technician will:
■ Verify customer concern
■ Use testing equipment, take the vehicle for a test-drive, and/
or refer to manufacturer’s specifications and manuals
■ Dismantle faulty assemblies, repair, or replace worn or dam-
aged parts
■ Reassemble, adjust, and test the repaired mechanism
Automotive service technicians also may:
■ Perform scheduled maintenance services, such as oil
changes, lubrications, and filter replacement
■ Advise customers on work performed, general vehicle condi-
tions, and future repair requirements
working conditions Most automotive service technicians work
a 40-hour, five-day week. Some evening, weekend, or holiday work
?
FREQuENTLY ASKED QuESTION
Why Is the Work Order Important?
The work order is a legal document that includes the
description of the vehicle and the work requested by the
customer. The customer then signs the work order au-
thorizing that the stated work be performed. If there are
additional faults found then the shop must notify the cus-
tomer and get permission to change the amount or extent
of the work originally authorized. As work is performed
on the vehicle, the parts used and the labor operation
performed are added. This creates a complete file on the
repair. This means that the vehicle has to be properly
identified by including the vehicle identification number
(VIN) on the work order. There is only one vehicle with
that VIN, yet there may be many “white Chevrolet pickup
trucks.”
The work order is the paper trail that shows all oper-
ations, labor times, and parts used when the vehicle was
in control of the shop. A work order is often required even
when the technician is working on his or her own vehicle.
may be required. The work is sometimes noisy and dirty. There is
some risk of injury involved in working with power tools and near
exhaust gases.
skills And ABilities The work is most rewarding for those who en-
joy doing precise work that is varied and challenging. Also, techni-
cians usually achieve job security and a feeling of independence.
To be successful in the trade, automotive service technicians
need:
■ Good hearing, eyesight, and manual dexterity (ability to work
with hands)
■ Mechanical aptitude and interest
■ The ability to lift between 25 and 50 pounds (11 and 25 kilograms)
■ The willingness to keep up-to-date with changing technology
A working knowledge of electricity, electronics, and computers
is also required for many service procedures.
employment And AdvAncement. Automotive service technicians
are employed by automotive repair shops, specialty repair shops,
service facilities, car and truck dealerships, and by large organiza-
tions that own fleets of vehicles.
Experienced automotive service technicians may advance to
service manager or shop foreman. Some automotive service techni-
cians open their own repair facilities.
Many technicians can also start work in a shop or dealership
and learn on the job. Most technicians keep up-to-date by attending
update seminars or training classes on specific topics throughout
the year.
Specific tasks performed by a general service technician can
include the following:
■ All of the tasks performed by the lubrication technician.
■ Engine repairs including intake manifold gasket replacement;
cylinder head replacement; and oil and water pump replace-
ment plus other engine-related tasks.
■ Brake system service and repair including disc brakes; drum
brakes; parking brake; and antilock brake (ABS) diagnosis
and service.
C ARE E RS I N T H E AU T O MO T I V E SERVIC E IN D U S T Ry 11
 ■ Suspension-related service including tire inspection and
replacement; shock and strut replacement; servicing or
replacing wheel bearings; performing steering component
inspection and parts replacement; and performing wheel
alignment and vibration diagnosis.
■ Electrical-related diagnosis and repair including starting and
charging problems; correcting lighting and accessory faults;
and general service such as light bulb replacement and key
fob reprogramming.
■ Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning work usually involves
the use of diagnostic and service equipment that requires
special training and certification if working with refrigerants.
■ Engine performance-related diagnosis and repair including
replacing fuel pumps and filters; cleaning or replacing
fuel injectors; service ignition system components; solving
emissions-related failures; and determining the cause and
correcting “Check Engine” lights.
■ Manual transmission service and repairs including replacing
clutches; adjusting, or replacing clutch linkage; and perform-
ing four-wheel-drive diagnosis and service procedures.
■ Automatic transmission service and repairs including performing
routine automatic transmission service; removing and replacing
automatic transmissions; servicing differentials, transmissions/
transaxles and performing diagnosis and service checks includ-
ing fluid pressure and scan tool diagnosis.
The vehicle is then driven by the service technician to verify
the repair.
TECHNICIAN TEAm lEAdEr A team leader is an experi-
enced service technician who is capable of performing most if not
all of the work that the shop normally handles. The team leader
then assigns work to others in the group based on the experience
or competency of the technician. The team leader then checks the
work after it has been completed to be sure that it has been correctly
performed. The number of hours of labor for each member of the
team is totaled each pay period. Each member of the team is paid an
equal share of the time but at different rates. The team leader gets a
higher per hour rate than the others on the team. The rate of pay per
hour is based on the level of training and experience. A beginning
technician may or may not be paid as part of the total team hours de-
pending on how the team system is organized. While some shops do
not use teams, many large shops or dealerships have two or more
teams. The advantage of a team-type organization is that everyone
on the team looks out and helps each other if needed because they
are all paid based on the number of hours the team generates. The
team leader performs the duties of a shop foreman but only for those
members on the team and not the entire shop. The team leader is
under the direction and control of the service manager.
SHOP FOrEmAN A shop foreman (usually employed in larger
dealerships and vehicle repair facilities) is an experienced service
technician who is usually paid a salary (so much a week, month, or
year). A shop foreman is a knowledgeable and experienced service
technician who keeps up-to-date with the latest vehicle systems,
tools, and equipment. Typical shop foreman’s duties include:
■ Test-driving the customer’s vehicle to verify the customer
concern (complaint)
■ Assigning work to the service technicians
■ Assisting the service technicians
■ Helps maintain the shop and shop equipment
12 CHAPTER 2
■ Assisting the service manager
■ Verifying that the repair is completed satisfactorily
The shop foreman is under the direction and control of the
service manager.
SErvICE AdvISOr A service advisor, also called a service
writer or service consultant, is the person at the dealership or
shop designated to communicate the needs of the customer and
accurately complete a work order.
A service advisor should:
■ Have a professional appearance
■ Be able to speak clearly
■ Be able to listen carefully to the customer
■ Write neatly and/or type accurately
■ Be familiar with industry and shop standards and procedures
Most service advisors would benefit from taking a short course
on service advising skill development and interpersonal relationship
building. A service advisor should be familiar with the operation of the
vehicle, but not to the same level as a service technician. A service
advisor should not diagnose the problem, but rather state clearly on
the work order what, when, and where the problem occurs so that the
service technician has all the needed information to make an accurate
diagnosis. ● SEE FIguRE 2–6 for an example of a typical work order.
The service advisor’s duties include:
1. Recording the vehicle identification number (VIN) of the vehicle
on the work order
2. Recording the make, model, year, and mileage on the work order
3. Carefully recording what the customer’s complaint (concern)
is so that the service technician can verify the complaint and
make the proper repair
4. Reviewing the customer’s vehicle history file and identifying
additional required service
5. Keeping the customer informed as to the progress of the
service work
A service advisor must be at the shop early in the morning to
greet the customers and often needs to stay after the shop closes
for business to be available when the customer returns at the end
of the day.
SErvICE mANAgEr The service manager rarely works on a
vehicle but instead organizes the service facility and keeps it oper-
ating smoothly. A service manager can be a former service techni-
cian or in many larger dealerships, a business major graduate who
is skilled at organization and record keeping. The service manager
typically handles all of the paperwork associated with operating a
service department.
NOTE: In a small shop, the shop owner usually performs all
of the duties of a shop foreman and service manager, as well
as the lead technician in many cases.
Typical duties of a service manager include:
■ Establishing guidelines to determine the technicians’ efficiency
■ Supervising any warranty claims submitted to the vehicle
manufacturer or independent insurer
■ Evaluating and budgeting for shop tools and equipment
■ Establishing service department hours of operation
and employee schedules
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
“Pity our waiting list is so long. We must try to get your name
advanced, by hook or crook.”
While Hathorn departed to give his personal orders for the dinner,
Jimmy Potter drew apart to glance over a handful of cards, letters
and billets d’amour which a grave old club steward had handed to
him.
He critically selected two, the missives of “she who must be obeyed,”
and then carelessly slipped the fardel of the others into the oblivion
of his breast pocket.
He sat there, the ferret-eyed young millionaire, glowering after
Hathorn’s retreating form. “Pity to see Alida VanSittart wasted on that
cold human calculating machine! Fred is as indurated as a steel
chisel.”
The little child of Pactolus felt his tiny veins still tingling with the
exhalant magnetism of the budding heiress whom Hathorn had
selected as a second spoke in that wheel of fortune of which the
unconscious Jimmy was the main stay.
The aforesaid young patrician, Miss Alida, was “divinely tall” and of a
ravishing moonlight beauty, two elements of ensnaring witchery to
the dapper, blasé young Midas, whose little patent leathers had
pattered vainly along after the stride of that elastic young goddess.
The alert Vreeland grimly eyed the eager Jimmy Potter, and noted
the tell-tale quiver of the youth’s slim fingers as he fished out the two
“star” leaders of his evening mail.
“I would like just one night with that chap at poker, with no limit,”
gravely mused Vreeland, with an inspirational sigh. “He looks soft.”
While the parvenu “sized up” his man, he was aware of a hum of
murmured comment at a table near him.
Two men were following with their envious eyes the tall form of the
fortunate Hathorn—“the very rose and expectancy of the state,” as
he called his myrmidons around him.
“Lucky devil is Hathorn,” quoth A. “Saw him get out of the train to-
night with Mrs. Wharton Willoughby. Potter over there and a gang of
girls have been up at Lakemere. He still holds her fast.”
Quoth B: “He has a regular run of nigger luck. Elaine Willoughby is
the Queen of the Street. Her account must be worth a cool hundred
thousand a year to the firm. And here drops in to him, the whole
VanSittart fortune, a cool ten millions.”
Vreeland started as A rejoined moodily: “I had hoped that some
other fellow might have a chance to make the running at Lakemere,
now that Hathorn is rangé; but it really seems to be ‘a petit ménage à
trois’ so far.”
And B, thereat, enviously growled: “He ought to cling to the generous
woman who made him. I always thought Hathorn would finally marry
her. She trusts him with her chief account, the —— deals.” Vreeland
cursed the caution which cost him that one keyword “but, there’s a
mystery.”
It was with a wolfish hunger for “more sweetness and light” that the
unmoved Vreeland deftly arose and followed his host and Potter to a
fair upper chamber of that narrow-chested corner club house on Fifth
Avenue in the thirties, at whose critic-infested windows both Miss
Patricia and Miss Anonyma “give a side glance and look down.”
The royal road to fortune which had led the ambitious Hathorn “on
the heights” seemed to be clear of mist now to his hypocritical visitor.
Was there room for another chariot in the race? The familiar sprite
was busy with daring suggestions.
If a rich woman—not of an age très tendre—had made one man,
some other woman of that ilk might be waiting with a willing heart in
the babel of Gotham for the shapely young Lochinvar come out o’
the West.
The fires of hope leaped through his veins.
As they seated themselves to the enjoyment of that particular clear
turtle soup which is justly the pride of the club chef, both host and
guest were adroitly playing at cross-purposes.
Hathorn, with a secret avidity entirely New Yorkish, determined to
find out all the details of Vreeland’s financial windfall.
He had a vague idea that the outlandish wilds of Montana were
stuffed with copper mines, gold ledges, silver leads, cattle ranches,
and “all sorts of things that might be gotten hold of,” i. e., other
people’s money.
And if this placid and lamb-like blonde guest had “dropped into a
good thing,” then by a judicious use of a regulated social hospitality,
Hathorn now proposed to “drop into that same good thing.”
An uneasy fever seems to burn in a New York man’s blood from the
moment when he knows his neighbor to have an unprotected penny.
The keen-eyed Vreeland minutely examined his old chum’s “get-up,”
and quickly decided that he would closely copy this easily graceful
“glass of fashion and mould of form.”
He had already resolved that he would also try to make a “run in” at
Lakemere, if the cards came his way.
“I could always give Fred ten points at billiards and twenty with the
women, and then do him every time,” mused Vreeland. “He only
plays a sure-thing game.”
Vreeland’s own motto had always been “De l’audace! Toujours de
l’audace!” and in fact, the root of his quarrel with his own cowardly
father had been the sniveling, self-deprecatory caution of that “Old-
man-afraid-of-his-record.”
The little dinner was “très-soigné,” for Mr. Fred Hathorn did
everything “decently and in order,” and it calmly proceeded to the
gastronomic delight of a pleasure-loving man who had long nibbled
at jerked elk and biscuits à la Mike Muldoon.
The wines, with their soft suggestion and insinuating succession,
soon led them up to the point where Fred felt that he “had his man
about right.”
The shame-faced Potter, with his mandatory billets from “She,”
burning under his waistcoat, soon mumbled several iron-clad
excuses of unnecessary mendacity about “seeing a man,” and then
gladly escaped, hustling himself into the hack with all the fond
expectancy of a man who bought quite unnecessary diamond
necklaces loyally and cheerfully for that queen of bright eyes, Miss
Dickie Doubleday of the Casino.
When the old college comrades were left alone, even the shaven
servitor having fled, over the cigars of the incomparable Bock & Co.,
the two young men drifted into a considerable rapprochement.
The old friendly days came back. Château Yquem, Pontèt Canet,
fine Burgundy, and Pommery Sec have often mended many a torn
thread in the web of friendship, as well as patched up the little rift in
the Lute of Love. Your sweet devil-born spirit of champagne always
stands smiling at the crossroads of life.

“And, both reviewed the olden past—

Full many a friend, in battle slain,
And all the war that each had known,
Rose o’er them once again.”

The dinner was a “howling success” from the varying points of view
of each sly schemer and his would-be dupe.
Hathorn smiled knowingly when Vreeland carelessly remarked that
he was not familiar with the dry details of Montana investments.
“I leave all that drudgery to my lawyers,” he airily remarked, with all
the nerve of a Napoleon Ives.
“I must try and work his account in our direction,” mused the ardent
devotee of business, while Vreeland gracefully bowed his thanks,
when Hathorn rejoined:
“Mrs. Willoughby? Yes. A wonderful woman. Prettiest place at
Irvington. She entertains a great deal. I’ll ask her if I may present
you. She’s probably the heaviest operator on the Street of all our rich
women.”
It was long after midnight when the two chums separated.
Their strange life orbits had intersected for the first time since they
sang “Lauriger Horatius” together in an honest, youthful chorus.
Mr. Harold Vreeland now felt intuitively that his “bluff” was a good
one. He had always battled skillfully enough in the preliminary
skirmishes of his conflict with the world, but he felt that the scene of
action had been poorly chosen.
Hard-hearted and pitiless, he cursed the memory of his corrupt and
inefficient father, as he directed his lonely steps to the “Waldorf,” to
register his name as a permanent guest.
His heart beat no throb warmer in acknowledgment of the seven
thousand dollars’ windfall which was to bring his star up from an
obscure western declination to a brilliant eastern right ascension.
He delivered his luggage checks to the night clerk of New York’s
greatest hotel, and proudly inscribed himself as a member of the
“swell mob” filling that painted Vanity Fair.
A strange fire burned within his veins. He recalled Fred Hathorn’s
final semi-confidential remark: “Do you know anything of handling
stocks? If you do, we could put you up to a good thing or two on the
Street now.”
It was no lie. The glib story which had fallen easily from his lips of the
six-months’ exciting experience in which he acted as dummy cashier
for a San Francisco kite-flying “Big Board” firm of brokers during a
sporadic revival of the “Comstock craze.”
He had learned then how to “wipe out a margin” as deftly as the
veriest scamp who ever signed a fraudulent “statement” for reckless
man or sly, insinuating woman.
He had artfully led Fred Hathorn on to describe the unique position
of Mrs. Elaine Willoughby among the bravest of the swim. The New
Yorker was over-eager in his fencing, and so Vreeland easily
gathered him in.
Lighting a cigar, he strolled along the silent Fifth Avenue, arranging
with quick decision his preliminary maneuvers.
“This lovely woman who has built up Hathorn must surely have a
vacancy in her heart at present, vice Hathorn, ‘transferred for
promotion’ to head the VanSittart millions.”
“It’s a good play to come in between them now. He will never
suspect my game, but I’ll block his little scheme some way, unless
he carries me along upward. He evidently wishes to be rid of the old
rapprochement now, and yet not lose her stock business. By Jove! I
would like to cut in there.”
He strolled along toward the “Circassia,” that pink pearl of all
sumptuous apartment palaces, and eagerly reconnoitered the
superb citadel of Elaine Willoughby’s social fortifications.
“Lakemere, a dream of beauty,” he murmured. “I’ll soon get into that
same gilded circle, and work the whole set for all they are worth.”
He plumed himself upon the approving glance of the beautiful brown
eyes of the mistress of Lakemere as she had swept by on Fred
Hathorn’s arm.
“She accepted my bow as an evident homage to her own queenly
self,” mused Vreeland, who was no dabster at reading the ways of
the mutable woman heart.
“Yes, she is my first play. I must burn my ships and now go boldly in
for ‘High Life.’ I’ll risk it. Carlisle said: ‘There are twenty millions of
people in Britain—mostly fools.’ Among the gilded fools of Gotham,
some one easy mark must be waiting for me on general principles.
I’ll take the chances and play the queen for my whole stack of chips.”
He wandered homeward, after narrowly inspecting the “Circassia,”
and unconsciously attracting the attention of Daly, the Roundsman,
the bravest and cheeriest member of the Tenderloin police.
Lights still gleamed from a splendid second-floor apartment above
him, where a lovely woman, royal in her autumnal beauty, gazed out
at the night.
Elaine Willoughby sighed as she turned away. “If I had told Hathorn
all, he might have made me his wife. Alida—” Her face hardened as
she choked down a sob. “My God! if I only knew! I must have
Endicott renew his search.”
In some strange way, the handsome Western stranger returned to
haunt her disturbed mind. “He looks like a man brave, gallant, and
tender,” she sighed, as she forgot Hathorn, who, in his bachelor
apartments was now musing upon the ways and means to hold
Elaine Willoughby’s heart after he had wedded Miss Millions.
 CHAPTER II.

THE DRIFT OF A DAY IN NEW YORK CITY.

Sparkling lances of golden morning sunbeams broke and shivered

on the fretted golden roof of the Synagogue by Central Park’s
eastern wall of living green.
New York was astir once more, and the daily burden of life settled
down again upon myriads of galled shoulders. The rumbling trains
had rattled away the blue-bearded mechanic, the pale-faced clerk,
and the ferret-eyed anæmic shop girl to their daily “demnition grinds”
long before Elaine Willoughby opened her eyes, in the Circassia.
“A breeze of morning moved,” and down the Mall early pedestrians
wandered, while the bridle bits rang out merrily on the park cantering
paths.
Sedentary citizens had strolled along into the leafy shades for a
peep at a cherished book, or a glance at the horrible of horribles in
the “New York Whirl,” while the recumbent tramp shook himself and
hopefully scuttled forth from his grassy lair to search for vinous
refreshment and to craftily elude the inexorable “sparrow cop.”
New York City was awakened in the inverse order of rank, and the
passion play of Gotham was on once more.
The splintered lances danced over the fragrant God’s acres of the
great pleasure ground to the palace on Central Park west, and as
they were gaily reflected from a silver-framed Venetian mirror, they
recalled Mrs. Wharton Willoughby to that luxurious life of Gotham in
whose fierce splendors there is no rest.
For as burning a flame throbs in the heated maelstrom of Manhattan
as in any human eddy of the whole distracted globe.
The congestion of careworn faces had filled the town below Canal
Street with its battling disciples of Mammon long before
Mrs. Wharton Willoughby stepped into her brougham to seek the
counsels of the one man on earth whose integrity was her rock of
Gibraltar, Judge Hiram Endicott, her legal adviser and trustee.
For the silver-framed mirror had relentlessly reflected the traces left
by the vigil of the night before.
It was the morning after the storm, and no calm had yet soothed the
troubled soul of the woman whom thousands envied.
With a fine Gallic perception, Justine, the black-browed, slyest of
French maids, had remarked: “Madame n’ a pas bien dormi?” as she
arranged the filmy coffee service of Dresden eggshell.
Elaine Willoughby was sullen, but resolute, as she arranged the
details of her morning interview by the Ariel magic of her private
telephone.
The ceaseless activity of the Street compelled the veiled “queen” to
have her own “intelligence department” adjoining her boudoir, a nook
with its special wires leading to Hiram Endicott’s office and even to
his sober Park Avenue home, and its talking wire also extended to
the private office of Frederick Hathorn, Esq., of Hathorn and Potter,
and another handy wire leading to the lair where the cashier of the
Chemical Bank scanned the ebb and flow of Mrs. Elaine
Willoughby’s fortune.
A stock ticker and dial telegraph, binding the central office of the
Western Union to the Circassia, were always stumbling blocks to the
insidious Justine, who earned a vicious golden wage in piping off
every movement of the queen to the adroit Fred Hathorn.
On this particular morning, Hathorn was disturbed at heart as he
answered Justine’s spying warning of Mrs. Willoughby’s early
departure for her downtown coign of vantage—that room in Judge
Endicott’s offices in the Hanover Bank building, which was terra
incognita even to him. The corner of Pine and Nassau was an
Ehrenbreitstein.
For Hathorn’s acutest schemes had never yet given him the open
sesame to the room adjoining Hiram Endicott’s study bearing the
simple inscription “Office Willoughby Estate.”
There, Madame Elaine was safe, even from him.
He grumbled: “I don’t half like the way Elaine eyed Alida VanSittart
yesterday. There was a storm signal in my lady’s glances. If she
should draw away her account—”
He shuddered, for he was well overdrawn in his personal relations
with Mr. Jimmy Potter, who had just meekly slunk into his office, with
quivering nerves and much pink-eyed indications of the aftermath of
“a cosy little evening at Miss Dickie Doubleday’s.”
“I must keep her well in hand till I pull off the marriage. Sugar is on
the jump, too. There’s a half million if I follow her sure lead.
“By God! I would give ten years of my life to know who posts her in
that saccharine article of prime necessity. I will give her something to
interest her. Yes; the very thing! I’ll run in Hod Vreeland there.
“He is a new face, and she may forget to harry Alida in the new
man’s initiation at Lakemere. And I’ll go up and see her this
afternoon myself.”
When he had telephoned his carefully-worded message to Justine,
to be delivered to Mrs. Willoughby on her return, he ordered a basket
of orchids to precede his call at the Circassia, and then, with a fine
after-thought, telegraphed “Mr. Harold Vreeland, Hotel Waldorf,” to
await his call on important business after dinner.
“If I am going to use Vreeland, I may as well put him into play right
now,” cheerfully mused Hathorn, as he lit a Prince of Wales cigarette.
“I can pay that devil Justine a bit extra to watch Hod Vreeland’s little
game with Elaine.
“A bit of healthy flirtation may cause her to forget Alida shining her
down.
“Whirlwind speculator as she is, the Willoughby is one of Eve’s
family, after all. ‘But yet a woman!’ I wonder if—”
His reverie was cut off by the entrance of Mr. Jimmy Potter, who
calmly remarked: “Sugar is going hellward! You had better get out
and see about where we will land!”
Mr. Fred Hathorn had unwittingly passed one of the cross-roads of
life and a knowledge of his proposed actions would have been Balm
of Gilead to the anxious soul of Harold Vreeland, who was busily
engaged with the great tailor, Bell—manufacturer of gentlemen à la
mode.
The crafty Vreeland’s heart would have bounded had he realized
how true was the debonnair Jimmy Potter’s one golden maxim. “Hold
on quietly, and what you want will come around to you!”
The arched doors of the Circassia, the superb gateways of
Lakemere were being slowly swung for him, by the scheming man
who cunningly proposed to divert the Montana bonanza into the
coffers of Hathorn and Potter.
Mr. Potter, in his pink-eyed awakening from a night’s folly, was now
standing at the bar of the Savarin, gloomily reflecting upon certain
rashnesses of his own on the preceding evening.
These little extravaganzas, greatly to the profit and delight of Miss
Dickie Doubleday, had been all unsolicited by that sinewy-hearted
young beauty.
“The biggest fool in the world is the man who fools himself!” sadly
ejaculated Potter, as he shed his burden of care with the half dollar
dropped for a “high ball.”
He crept back to watch Fred Hathorn battling in the Sugar pit, with all
the admiration of a fainéant for an energetic man.
“Great fellow, Fred!” proudly reflected Mr. Jimmy, with one last
wormwood pang for the robbery of that young Diana, Alida
VanSittart.
“She outclasses him—ranks him—clean out of sight!” sadly mourned
Potter. “Now, if I was only clear of the Doubleday, I might—”
But, an aching head cut short his half-formed determination.
“I suppose that she is like all the others!” sighed Potter.
“These New York girls’ hearts are like a ball of string, unwind the
thing—and—there’s nothing left!”
Mrs. Elaine Willoughby, on her way down town, had stolen another
glimpse at her own disturbed face. The crise des nerfs had clearly
brought out to her the presaged passing of her beauty.
The little hand glass of the brougham told her, with brutal
abruptness, that the face she was gravely studying must pale before
the moonlight radiance of Alida VanSittart.
Face to face with her own sorrow, she saw the truth at last. Was it
envy of the nymph-like girl or a dull hatred of Hathorn, for his cold
ingratitude, which racked her heart?
“Perhaps, if I had told him all,” she murmured, “I will find out the lost
link of my life yet, and there must be a man somewhere who would
prove worthy of a woman’s whole confidence.
“One who could wander in le Jardin Secret, by my side!”
As she studied her own face, with a needless self-deprecation, there
came back to her the handsome Western stranger.
“Perhaps,” she dreamily said, as her mind wandered away to the
great dim Sierras, “uplifting their minarets of snow,” “he may have
caught their majestic secret of truth and lofty freedom.”
And—she, too, drifted on to a cross-road of life.
Elaine Willoughby had finished her inspection of the counterfeit
presentment afforded by the little mirror.
Though matters of both head and heart claimed all the exercise of
her mental powers on this morning, she was lost in a vexing
comparison of her own personal charms with those of Alida
VanSittart.
The lady had never fathomed the reason why the wise Thales had
formulated his priceless proverb of three words into the cramped
diction, “Man! Know Thyself!”
The antique sage wisely refrained from saying, “Woman! Know
Thyself!” for, far beyond the clouds wrapping the misty ruins of
Greece, Rome and the Nile, the woman of yesterday never had been
the woman of to-day, nor her chameleon substitute of to-morrow.
The only thing unvarying in womanhood, is its infinite emotional
variety. Not one in a million of that charming sex has ever mastered
the secret of their strange enigmas of varying loves, and the one
only anchored feeling of motherhood.
The divine Shakespeare’s words, “’Tis brief! Aye—as woman’s love!”
are supplemented by the great-hearted Mrs. Browning’s feminine
lines, “Yes! I answered you last night. No! this morning, sir, I say!”
Elaine Willoughby did not know herself. She resolutely put away the
reason why she ignored all the hawk-eyed young Gibson beauties of
Irvington, Tarrytown, and Ardsley, to nourish a resentment alone
against that slim Diana, Alida VanSittart.
Woman of the world, throned upon a golden pedestal of wealth—
mistress of secrets that would shake the financial world—she had
also enjoyed the homage of men long enough to know every one of
her own good points.
There had been hours of triumph, too. For, after all, a woman’s heart
beat behind the silken armor of her Worth robes.
Still in the bloom of a meridian beauty, no one in Gotham knew but
Hiram Endicott that her years were thirty-seven.
Her brunette loveliness of face was accentuated by the molded
symmetry of her Venus de Milo form.
Men knew her only as the childless widowed chatelaine of
Lakemere, the inheritor of a vast fortune hazily dating from Colorado.
A few cold words from that oracle, Judge Hiram Endicott, had
dispelled any doubts as to the authenticity of the late Wharton
Willoughby.
The checks of the woman whom all had failed to win were
considered among the cognoscenti as gilt-edged as Treasury
Certificates.
The grave glances of her sole attorney and trustee were also a no
thoroughfare to prying gossipers, and it was only by a long series of
stealthy financial sleuth work that the financial world discovered both
“sugar” and “oil” to be as granite buttresses to the unshaken pyramid
of her solid wealth. On the Street she was a whirlwind operator—with
“inside tips!”
As the brougham swung along through Pine Street, Mrs. Willoughby
caught a single glimpse of Fred Hathorn, eager-eyed, and hurrying
to the Stock Exchange.
The man of thirty-five had risen to be a clubman—a yachtsman of
renown—a man of settled fortune—and a social lion, too, in the five
years since she had opened the gates of her heart to admit the
handsome struggling youth, then paddling feebly in Wall Street’s
foaming breakers.
She leaned back with a sigh. Hathorn’s sudden apparition had
opened her eyes to the reason of her dull hatred of the millionaire
fiancée.
“He is the reason why I hate that girl,” she murmured, with misty
lashes, and an old saw came back to her.
“It is hard to look out on a lover’s happiness through another man’s
eyes!”
In the gilded throng at Lakemere, the proprietary endearments of
Frederick Hathorn had galled her stormy soul. She knew not that the
parvenu broker was only publicly sealing, beyond a doubt, the
projected union which would make him the equal in capitalistic
reserve of that easy-going Son of Fortune, Potter, to whom all things
came around—even Miss Dickie Doubleday’s bills.
A ray of light lit up her darkened heart.
“Alida is innocent of wrecking my happiness. She could know
nothing. For I have been silent! And if I held the ladder, can I blame
him for climbing? He needs me no longer.
“I have been only a means to an end. Alida will be the last. And then,
Frederick Hathorn, Esquire, is safely in the swim!”
A sudden conviction of the uselessness of her affectation of a semi-
maternal interest in the fortunes of the hardened man of thirty-five
told her that she had left all the doors open to him.
For there was that in her own life, dating back to her girlhood, which
she had never even revealed to her half-lover protégé.
With her rich womanly nature sorely shaken, her tender dark eyes
drooping, she now owned to the hope, now fled forever, that Hathorn
would light the beacon of love in her lonely heart. “I have not trusted
him,” she murmured. “He owes me nothing, nothing but gratitude.”
Too late, she saw that mere gratitude does not kindle into love, and a
sense of her own lack of frankness sealed her accusing lips.
“I can not blame Hathorn!” she murmured. “It is my own fault. I told
him the truth, but—not the whole truth!”
Still, she suffered from the shattering of flattering hopes long secretly
cherished, and saw now the marriage of her financial éleve as a
future bar to the confidential relations which had linked him to her
fortunes with golden chains.
“They will go on and play the game of life brilliantly without me—
these two, whom I have unwittingly brought together. I will go on
alone—now—to the end—unless I can find the lost thread.
“Endicott must reopen the search! I will spend a half million—and—
that other heart shall know mine!” She was lost in the memories of a
buried past.
As she entered the vestibule of the office building, a grave manly
voice aroused her.
“I thought that you should know this,” whispered Hugh Conyers, of
the New York Clarion. “It has just come over the wires from
Washington.
“I was going up to tell the Judge, and have him send for you. You will
have a busy day.”
The startled woman read a slip which was the burden of the lightning
Ariel which had set “Sugar soaring hellward” in the classic diction of
James Potter, Esq.
“Hugh!” gasped the Queen of the Street, as she drew him into a dark
corner, “can I never reward you for your loyalty? Is there nothing I
can do for you?”
The Knight of the Pen laughed gaily, as he pocketed the yellow slip.
“Not now! Lady Mine! You paid in advance when you saved Sara’s
life by sending her away to Algiers! I’m off to the office. When you
can give two respectably poor people an evening, send for us, that’s
all—but, we want you all to ourselves!
“If there is anything more, I will come around. Shall I tell this to
Hathorn?” His eyes were fixed eagerly upon her.
There was a slight ring of hardness in her voice, as she hastily said:
“Not a word to him, in future. He is going to marry—and—go away
for a time. I will handle this line alone—after this—only report to the
Judge. He is my Rock of Gibraltar.”
She disappeared in the elevator with a hard little laugh. For she was
trying to make light of the blow which had told upon her lonely heart.
The newspaper man edged his way up Nassau Street in a brown
study.
“Coming events cast their shadows before,” he muttered. “I wonder if
she will ever know? Some day, perhaps.”
Darting messenger boys and disgruntled pedestrians eyed wrathfully
the high-browed man of forty, who strode along with his gray eyes
fixed on vacancy.
One or two “business women” noted the clean-cut, soldierly features,
the well-shaped head, with all the intellectual stamp of old Amherst,
brightened by the fierce intellectual rivalry of the nervous New York
press.
Artist, athlete, and thinker, Hugh Conyers had hewed his upward
way through the press of bread winners out into the open, and, still
sweet-hearted and sincere, he steadily eyed without truckling, New
York’s golden luxury, and saw, with a living sympathy, the pathetic
tragedies of the side eddies of Gotham’s stiller waters.
From his cheery den, where his sister Sara Conyers’ flowers of art
bloomed, the writer looked out unmoved upon the Walpurgis nights
of winter society—the mad battles of Wall Street—and the shabby
abandon of New York City’s go-as-you-please summer life.
It was only in his faraway summer camp, by the cheery fire, under
the friendly stars, or out on the dreaming northern lakes, floating in
his beloved birch canoe, that he opened his proud heart to nature—
and then, perchance, murmured in his sleep—a name which had
haunted his slumbers long.
“So! It’s all over between them!” mused Hugh, as he was swallowed
up in a lair of clanking presses and toiling penmen. “Mr. Fred
Hathorn has arrived. God help his wife to be! The Belgian granite
paving block is as tender as that golden youth’s heart.”
He well knew that the artful protégé had only used the generous
woman’s volunteered bounty of the past—“as means to an end.”
“Elaine has simply coined her golden heart for that smart cad!” he
sighed, as he grasped a blunted spear of a pencil to dash off an
editorial upon “German Influence in the South Seas.”
In her guarded downtown office, Mrs. Elaine Willoughby resolutely
put aside the one subject now nearest her heart, to summon, by
signal, the fortunate man who was fast slipping out of her life.
The startled Queen of the Street gave but ten minutes’ time to the
consideration of the sudden change in the affairs of a giant syndicate
which used two hundred millions of dollars in swaying the world of
commercial slaves at its feet.
A warning word from Hiram Endicott’s nephew (his sole confidant)
told her that her lawyer-trustee had just been summoned, privately,
to meet the inscrutable Chief of the Syndicate.
With keen acumen, she reviewed the hostile probing of a mighty
Senate, into the Sealed Book of the great Trust’s affairs.
From her own safe, she then extracted a memorandum book and
grimly smiled, as she noted a date—May 17, 1884.
She quickly read over two cipher letters, dated “Arlington Hotel,
Washington, D.C.,” which had been silently handed her by Endicott’s
only relative, and murmured, “Can it be that the Standard Oil people
are going to quietly buy in and wager their vast fortunes on the
double event?
“Hiram will know—and—what he knows we will keep to ourselves!”
A sense of absolute safety possessed her when she reflected that
the sole depositary of her life secrets—the one man au courant with
her giant speculations was a childless widower and had passed the
age when passions’ fires glow—and was, moreover, rich beyond all
need of future acquisition.
Pride kept Hiram Endicott still in the ranks of his profession, while
the acquired taste of money-making filled up the long days darkened
by the loss of wife and daughter.
When Hathorn, replying to her summons with an anxious brow,
entered the room where the beautiful architect of his fortunes
awaited him, he found a strange serenity brooding upon her face.
With a brief greeting, he plunged in media res. His report was quickly
made.
The unmoved listener quietly remarked, “Hold my account out of all
future deals in Sugar. Do nothing whatever. I may go away for a few
weeks. I do not care for this little flurry. I will stand out—and—the
Judge will keep that line safe.”
The quiet decision of Elaine Willoughby’s orders gave the quietus to
the young man’s eager plans for a great coup.
Watching her craftily from the corners of his eyes, he lightly turned to
the proposed visit of that interesting Montana capitalist, Harold
Vreeland.
“Bring him to see me, by all means!” the Lady of Lakemere cordially
said. “He seems to have caught a bit of the breeziness of the pines.”
And then, when Hiram Endicott briskly entered, Mr. Frederick
Hathorn fled away to the renewed struggles of the Exchange.
The quondam “only broker” was, however, not deceived. He raced
on through the excited street to cover the firm’s large line of the
rapidly advancing stock, and reasoned quickly as he went.
In his heart there was the conviction of a coming change in the
generous heart which had been so long open to him.
“Elaine is a deep one,” he wrathfully mused. “She is either flying too
high for me to follow in this—or else, she is ‘moving in a mysterious
way her wonders to perform.’”
He knew her nature too well to question her explicit orders.
The nerve of a duelist, the honor of a caballèro, the courage of a
plumed knight—all these were her attributes, and he was not mad
enough to doubt that she knew her own mind.
The “moaning of the sea of change” oppressed him. “She has got
out beyond me,” he grumbled, and then, with all the experience born
of his social life “above board” and “under the rose,” he failed to
remember any case wherein a loving woman had gone madly wild in
approval of a man’s devotion to another daughter of Eve.
“I was a fool to take Alida up there to Lakemere, and fret my best
customer with the ‘billing and cooing’ act! It was a bad play—and—
yet, the break had to come!”
He swore a deep oath that he would, when married, hold Alida
VanSittart well in hand, and still cling to the desirable business of the
woman who had made his fortune.
“Here’s Vreeland,” he hopefully planned. “Just the fellow! Ardent,
young, an interesting devil, and, rich. He will help to fill up the
measure of her lonely days—and, his game can never cross my
own.
“He’s a mighty presentable fellow, too, and I can perhaps strengthen
my hold on her through him.”
A cautionary resolve to keep the handsome Western traveler away
from Miss Alida VanSittart was born of the slight uneasiness caused
by the gilded Potter’s attentions to the tall young nymph of the court
of Croesus. “She is my ‘sine qua!’” he smiled. “No fooling around
there!”
It was four o’clock before the busy Hathorn could get the nose of his
financial bark steered safely over the saccharine breakers of the
Sugar market.
And, still, a growing excitement filled the aspiring young banker’s
veins.