CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1 INTRODUCTION

At this present time, people can’t oppose the boosting of the countless pests that get in our ways.

Ants (Formicidae) live everywhere on land, they are also considered as the most numerous in

insect species; digging tunnels underground and creating those earthier mounds. Some finds life on trees

and some on hollow parts of certain plants. They are also known to be the menace in our kitchens and

dining halls.

Ants only visit our houses for the goal of finding food, warmth and shelter. When they find food,

they will make the most of it and will establish a trail that leads to their nest outside.

These insects are pests once they are allowed to multiply and once we tolerate their annoying

deeds. To control these pests, chemical ant insecticides or repellants are usually used by most of us but

harmful effects also come together with the package. Among those are the threat on our health and

surroundings; it causes and adds pollution.

Some local plants produce a distinctive organic substance or odor that can drive away insects.

Becoming aware on the good potential of these plants in controlling pests, botanical or organic materials

are being used now instead of using chemical-based ones. Since some of this plants are usually growing

in our very own pots and backyards, they are inexpensive, reasonable and environment friendly.

That’s why the researcher wants to make a product that could be the answer for this problem that

we all face. By using the four main ingredients: chili pepper (Capsicum annuum), garlic (Allium sativum

Linn.), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and onion (Allium Cepa), we will come up to have an alternative that

can repel, or much better, kill, common household pests, such as ants.

But having a biorepellant or bioinsecticide spray is too mainstream and sometimes harmful too;

just like for example the chili spray. Humans might inhale the minute droplets of chili spray and have an

allergy or irritation. So why not come up with a chalk, since we also have chalk repellants or insecticides.

But to add twist and to make our product more organic, environment friendly, not a threat to humans and

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can give an equal quality as the commercial can give, chalks that we’re going to make should come from

eggshells.

Meaning, the researcher is pointing towards the goal of producing eggshell chalks with extracts of

chili pepper (Capsicum annuum), garlic (Allium sativum Linn.), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and onion

(Allium Cepa) that will come in individual sticks for the purpose of measuring the feasibility and

effectiveness of each in repelling or killing ants.

Despite the fact that there are hundreds of problems out there that is still unsolved, the

researcher chose this problem because it is one of the glitches that people really can’t solve in just a snap

and this project could help us make our houses “ant-free”.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This all natural biorepellant derived from different plants could have driven away or even kill most

domestic insects anywhere, inside or outside of our homes.

Focusing first on the ingredient that will form the chalk, the eggshell, making chalk out of

eggshells is simple and requires no special ingredients. In short, there is no excuse for tossing eggshells

in the bin – appreciate their varied uses. Egg shells, comprised mainly of calcium carbonate, can be used

to improve garden soil, make delicious coffee, clean out drains, and provide a calcium supplement and

more. But in this project we will concentrate on its use as a chalk because of its calcium carbonate

content.

Directing now on the main ingredients, first the chili pepper or what we, Filipinos, all know as

siling labuyo, which is commonly found in most Pinoy backyards and which can also be purchased at any

markets, was attested to be an efficient ingredient in making insect repellants. They said that we will gain

hot benefits from siling labuyo because of its active component, capsaicin. Capsaicin is the primary

ingredient of pepper sprays. With this and several related compounds, they are called as capsaicinoids.

They are generated as a secondary metabolite by chili peppers, probably as preventive against

herbivores and insects. They are called as secondary metabolite because they are organic compounds

that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development or reproduction of organisms. Chili

peppers are very strong and insects, as well as other animals have a very powerful sense of smell and

taste. It was said to be an irritant that causes a perception of burning of the tissues that comes to contact.

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The insecticidal repellant properties are highest in the ripe fruit especially in the skin and seed. Chilies act

as a stomach poison, antifeedant and repellant to number of pests. But in working with this ingredient,

care should be given because they can irritate eyes and skin.

For the ginger or luya, which also contains capsaicin, is not recommended in use of sizeable

gardens, as quantities large enough to protect several plants would be quite expensive. It can also be

used to control pests that attack our houses. Ginger is non-toxic to humans and some animals, so if we

ingest it or get it on our faces, it cannot usually harm unlike chili peppers. This makes it an excellent

ingredient for gentle or mild repellant or insecticide.

Next is the very well-known garlic or bawang. Garlic was used all the way through history for both

cooking and therapeutic purposes. Aside from using garlic as a flavoring, it could also be beneficial to

make insecticides and repellants. No doubt, we are all familiar at how powerful its stimulating odor is.

Allicin is the substance and the effective force behind its natural power to repel and kill insects. But allicin

is not seen on the garlic on its natural state, when chopped or crushed, the enzyme allinase acts on the

chemical aliin, converting it to allicin. It could kill insects because of its smell. Insects don’t like the smell

of garlic. Garlic compounds also protect the garlic itself just like how it protects us by being a strongly

oxidizing compound; it protects the garlic from attacks by bacteria and insects, thus acting like natural

insecticide. Garlic is said to be the foundation of many insecticidal formulations. It also let the insecticide

to be more secure and natural.

Last but not the least, the onion or sibuyas as we call it; who would have ever thought that we

could have a tearful benefit from onions. The gases emitted by onion, when sliced, have strong odors and

are known irritants. Onions are also very handy repellant to deter insects from our houses. A mixture with

this also works well to get rid of ants. It is wonderfully easy to work with and non-toxic too.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study determined the feasibility and effectiveness of home-made eggshell chalks with chili

pepper (Capsicum annuum), garlic (Allium sativum linn.), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and onion (Allium

cepa) as biorepellants for ants (Formicidae). Definitely, it has general and specific objectives to meet for

this study to be able to answer a number of queries.

1.3.1 General Objectives

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 1.3.1.1 To produce home-made biorepellant chalks for ant out of eggshells, chili pepper,

ginger, garlic and onion.

1.3.1.2 To find out if it is really possible to produce home-made biorepellant chalks for ant

out of eggshells, chili pepper, ginger, garlic and onion.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

1.3.2.1 Conduct a qualitative evaluation of home-made biorepellant chalks for ant out of

eggshells, chili pepper, ginger, garlic and onion.

1.3.2.2 This study also aims to answer the following query:

1.3.2.2.1 Is it really possible to produce biorepellant chalks out of eggshells, chili

pepper, ginger, garlic and onion?

1.3.2.2.2 Can the chalks really repel or kill ants?
1.3.2.3 Make our product more organic, environment friendly, not a threat to humans and

can give an equal quality as the commercial can give

1.3.2.4 Discover the significant effects of using home-made eggshell chalks with chili

pepper, ginger, garlic and onion as biorepellant for ants not just only to man but

also to nature.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The drive that keeps the researcher determined to work on this experiment is to help people to

extinguish pest that could destroy our daily routines just like ants. This problem could change a huge

population of people that are sick and tired of killing pests. This inquiry is the present-day interest for

many individuals, for the reason that almost all homeowners consider ants as one of the reasons why

their life become uneasy for them. This could reduce or eradicate any existing ant infestation and prevent

any forthcoming problems that could perchance go back again in our house. The research outcomes may

lead to some valuable change in best practice because it could lessen the population of domestic ants at

every house.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

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 This study is focused on producing and testing the feasibility and effectiveness of home-made

eggshell chalks with chili pepper (C. annuum), garlic (A. sativum linn.), ginger (Z. officinale) and onion (A.

cepa) as biorepellants for ants (Formicidae).

This study also focuses on how to lessen the risks that are caused by ants that had been a

problem to the people for quite some time now. The researcher also focused on how she can let people

be able to reach their needs in life, that’s why she used cheap materials to create a repellant that would

lessen the risks to their health.

It deals with the assessment of its actual advantages as compared to another. The qualities and

quantities data obtained in the testing of the product were limited to three (3) trials only. This project is

also limited only on the effectiveness of home-made eggshell chalks with chili pepper, garlic, ginger and

onion as biorepellants for ants. It does not involve comparison between the home-made eggshell chalks

and the commercial one as repellants for ants.

Qualitative evaluation of the product based on Singh and Sharma (2004) using a five scale likert

method shall be used to determine physical attributes of the product. Its effectivity shall be determined

based on background knowledge, technical know-how and availability of resources we can cover the time

allotted for the completion of this paper, more or less two (2) months.

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 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

"How can I get rid of ants in my house?" is one of the most common homeowner complaints

heard by insect pest control specialists. Ants invade the home to forage for food or seek shelter or both.

Using insect spray repellents is a handy way to avoid ants searching for food and residing our houses. It

is possible to get too much of a good thing, and if we are not careful, insect spray can actually cause

poisoning – quite the opposite of the intended effect (healthguidance.org). This is caused through

breathing or swallowing bug spray which can occur if you spray too much in your vicinity and then move

around where it is still hanging in the air (Wickman, G., 2012).

Because of the undesirable effects we get from using insect sprays, most of the people chose

insecticide chalks as an alternative but EcoWaste Coalition; promoting consumer safety from harmful

chemicals has sounded the alarm bell over the unregulated sale of these chalks in the local market.

But we need not to worry for there’s still a way that will help you keep annoying ants away from

your yard and patio, so you can enjoy your house spaces while using less bug spray and shooing away

those creepy crawlies (Fitzpatrick, J., 2010)

Those eggshells you throw away can be reused easily. Eggshell is the outer covering and the

barrier of embryo of bird species. It contains calcium carbonate (CaCO 3), the same component a typical

chalk has, which is a form of limestone (Boynton, R., et al., 1980). Eggshell can be reused after egg yolk

and egg white have been extracted. It can be reused to make many things. Therefore we must reuse

eggshell to obtain benefits (Waihoo, 2011). We can produce an eggshell chalk just by grinding the shells

in to fine powder, adding teaspoons of flour and pouring hot water into it. We can add coloring if we want

to make our chalks more appealing. On a clean dry surface, we’ll roll the mixture into a stick and wait for it

to dry. It’ll take about three days to completely dry and there it goes, ready to be used as a chalk.

Theoretically, six (6) eggs can produce a single stick of chalk. (Functional3rdEggshellChalk)

6
 Unfurl home-made eggshell chalks with extracts of chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens Linn.),

garlic (Allium sativum Linn.), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and onion (Allium Cepa) instead of ordinary hot

water as biorepellent for ants (Formicidae) which is useful to keep home, warehouses and buildings pest

free.

The mentioned Philippine local spices which are readily available have been proven helpful for

eradicating crawling household insects, especially for those who don't want to use harmful chemicals or

want an organic garden (Kluza., A., 1998).

2.2 RELATED STUDIES

Capsaicin, which is made from the Capsicum red chili pepper, is used as insect repellent.

Capsaicin repellents are used indoors to protect carpets, furniture, etc. and outdoors to protect other

plants. Capsaicin is obtained by grinding dried, ripe Capsicum frutescens Linn. Chili peppers into fine

powder. The oleoresin is derived by distilling the powder in a solvent and evaporating the solvent. The

resulting highly concentrated liquid has little odor but has an extremely pungent taste (United States

Environment Protection Agency). It disrupts the nervous system of insects and damages their cell

membranes. It is most effective in preventing populations of pests from growing instead of killing large

infestations. Capsaicin is also a skin irritant and should be handled with care. (Miller, L., 2012). Ginger

(Zingiber officinale) is also said to have the same organic chemical as an effective control to insect pests.

(MaCloskey, E., 2012)

Aside from using garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) as a flavoring, it could also be a benefit to make

insecticides. The powerful stimulating odor that can kill pests is called allicin. Allicin is not seen in garlic on

its natural state, when chopped or crushed, the enzyme alliinase acts on the chemical alliin converting it

to allicin. Alliin is an amino acid that does not build proteins. Alliinase has been demonstrated to be

irreversibly deactivated below pH of 3; as such, allicin is generally not produced in the body if garlic is

consumed. Thus, it could kill insect because of its smell. Insect don’t like the smell of garlic, which

humans also dislike too. Being a strongly oxidizing compound, it protects garlic from attack by bacteria

and insects by disabling the enzymes that are found in the substrate necessary for infections to occur,

thus acting as a natural insecticide. It does by attacking the S-H groups found on their active sites.

(Cavalitto, C.J. et al. 1944. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 66: 1950)

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 The amount of essential oil from onion (Allium Cepa) is very small but it contains the aromatic

and tears producing properties. These are caused by sulfide which is produced by the reaction of the

enzyme alliinase on the amino acid. These substances are normally is separate cell in the tissues, but

when the onion is cut and bruised, rupturing the cells, the reaction takes place. In the late 1970s a

chemical was identified as propanethal S-oxide, the onion chemical that makes the people tear-up

(Colliers Encyclopedia 5).

Through studies, it is said that plants are the common source of insecticide. A Siling labuyo or

chili pepper is an example of these. It contains mild insecticidal substances which in moderate

concentrations and quantities would have an adverse effect on several types of insects. Abad, U., et al,

1988, conducted a study with a goal to find out if other spices-specifically garlic, onion and ginger- contain

insecticidal substances toxic to insects. Their study paved the way to the development of new potential

source of effective insecticides that would be available cheaply and locally.

Allicin was used by agents Browdy and Neimark and inventors Miron,. T., et al last 2006 as an

insect repellent and insecticide in agricultural crops by treating the object or area with an effective amount

of allicin.

Some researchers also tried to work on these plant extracts. Extracts are at different

concentrations (10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1%, 0.1% and 0.01%). All extracts except that from ginger had similar

repellencies ranging between 80%-96% at 10% concentration. At the lowest concentration (0.01%) onion

extract gave the highest repellency (30%) followed by garlic (23%). Generally, the plant extracts showed

various degrees of repellency against larval mites and the repellency increased with increasing

concentration of the extracts (Ming, H.T., et al, 2012).

To list their effectiveness in order as general repellants is pretty hard since the results would vary

upon method and area of application, type of insects, and other variables (Madachik, M., 2000).

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 CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 MATERIALS/ EQUIPMENTS

An important aspect of every investigatory project is the materials list. Because a key factor of

project success is proper planning, a detailed materials list should be prepared for even minor research

work.

The main materials that were used in this study were shells from two hundred fifty (250) large

white eggs, thirty grams (30g) powdered chili pepper (Capsicum annuum), thirty grams (30g) powdered

garlic (Allium sativum linn.), thirty grams (30g) powdered or granulated ginger (Zingiber officinale) and

thirty grams (30g) powdered onion (Allium cepa).

Other materials used were tap water, dishwashing soap, stove or heat source, large metal pot,

bleach, baking sheet, oven, mortar and pestle, plastic mixing bowl, plastic storage containers, plastic

spoon, small strainer, hot water, one hundred sixty milliliter (160 ml) measuring cup, tablespoons,

teaspoons, plaster of Paris, wax paper, scissors, sago straws, masking tape, funnel, medium-sized tray,

scratch papers, and cutter.

Warm tap water and dishwashing soap are used to completely rinse out the inside of the shells.

The stove or heat source, measuring cups, large metal pot, tap water, bleach, baking sheet and

oven shall be used for the sterilization of empty eggshells. Boiling the eggshells with bleach solution

would kill any potential bacteria. To make sure that the eggshells are really sterilized, it is advisable to

bake them in the oven for just a couple of minutes.

The purpose of the mortar and pestle’s for pounding and grinding sterilized empty eggshells to

make them into smaller particles, specifically powder in state.

Plastic storage containers are available in a lot of sizes and heights for keeping almost any item

imagined. The pulverized eggshells must be kept in a cool dry place while in a plastic storage container

9
covered with its lid to avoid contamination. Mixing of ingredients should also be done in a plastic container

together with a plastic spoon.

The powdered chili, garlic, onion, ginger, and eggshells will serve as the main ingredients for the

chalk sticks to be it.

We don’t want unwanted materials and bits of eggshells to be included in the chalk mixture for it

might be the cause why chalks break easily. So before putting the pulverized eggshells in the mixture use

a small strainer to separate wanted elements from unwanted materials. Using hot water will dissolve the

ingredients faster and much better. Tablespoons and teaspoons will serve as measuring device. Adding

few teaspoons of plaster of Paris will help on binding the minute particles of the main ingredients. Use

plastic bowls or containers and plastic spoon to break up any lumps in the dry plaster and ensure that the

ingredients are evenly mixed, with fine texture and batter-like after the addition of water.

To make a single chalk stick, the main requirements are: six (6) empty eggshells or one

tablespoon (1 tbsp.) pulverized eggshells, one teaspoon (1 tsp.) plaster of Paris, one teaspoon (1 tsp.)

powdered ingredient, and one teaspoon (1 tsp.) hot water.

Cutting is also involved in this project. For us to always cut evenly, without problems, and with a

minimum of effort, use either the scissors or cutter.

Sago straws are will be used as cylindrical molds by lining it with wax paper inside. Wax paper is

coated with a thin layer of wax to make it water resistant. Use wax paper so mixture won't stick to the

mold frame. To cover the side holes of the straw, use masking tape.

The funnel is for bringing the batter-like mixture into the straw molders with precision.

To hold all the molders with mixture neatly, use a plastic medium-sized tray. But before putting the

molders with mixture do not forget to put scratch papers in it to serve as absorbers of water that will be

leaking out of the straw molders.

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 Figure 3.1B Crushed shells from empty large white eggs

Figure 3.1A Shells from empty large white eggs

Figure 3.1C Running tap water Figure 3.1D Powdered shells from empty large white eggs

Figure 3.1C Crushed shells from empty large white eggs (closer
view)

Figure 3.1F Packs of Ginger powder (left), Chili powder (middle),

Onion powder (second to the right) and Garlic powder
(right)

Figure 3.1E Powdered shells from empty large white eggs (closer
view)
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Figure 3.1G Large metal pot on stove

Figure 3.1H Zonrox bleach

Figure 3.1I Small oven

Figure 3.1J Porcelain mortar and pestle

Figure 3.1K Dishwashing liquid soap

12

Figure 3.1L Running tap water

 Figure 3.1M Heat source or stove

Figure 3.1O Pair of scissors

Figure 3.1N Baking sheet/ tray

Figure 3.1Q Small funnel

Figure 3.1P Plastic mixing bowl

13

Figure 3.1R Heat source or stove

 Figure 3.1S Plaster of Paris

Figure 3.1T Plaster of Paris

Figure 3.1U Plaster of Paris (closer view)

Figure 3.1W 160ml Measuring cup

Figure 3.1V Plastic spoon

14

Figure 3.1X Small strainer Figure 3.1Y Sago straws

Figure 3.1Z Cutter Figure 3.1a Teaspoon

Figure 3.1c Medium-sized tray with scratch papers

Figure 3.1b Tablespoon

15
Figure 3.1d Plastic storage containers

3.2 TREATMENT/ GENERAL PROCEDURES

This project seems to be easy but in reality it involves a lot of procedures.

3.2.1 Gathering of Materials

The most difficult and also the most important part of making any investigatory or research project

is actually getting started.

In gathering of materials, the researcher took time to make careful choices among available

project resources and allowed herself to collect items from the nearest store or supermarket since the

materials needed are not that hard to find. Some of the materials are just common household utensils

and equipment. She also made trips to the library to acquire enough information and reliable

references for the completion of this project.

3.2.2 Preparing the Materials

When you already have the materials, it's tempting to jump right in and start mixing and molding.

However, in order to achieve a professional-looking finished product, it's important to properly prepare

the material before doing anything else.

The researcher, to keep things in order and to make the process successful, gathered all

materials needed on the working table not farther than her arm’s reach. The materials to be used

were organized in a particular manner; materials to be used in specific processes were grouped

together.

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 She double-checked if all the materials needed are present, clean and in good condition to avoid

any interruption while doing the procedures.

3.2.3 Sterilizing the Eggshells

First, the researcher washed the eggshells well using soap and water, so they don't have any egg

left in them and then completely rinsed out the inside of the shells with warm water. The inner lining of

the shells were also removed.

The large metal pot was filled with ten percent (10%) bleach solution, three liters (3L) of tap water

and one (1) cup of bleach, followed by the two hundred fifty (250) washed empty eggshells. The

eggshells in the bleach solutions were boiled with a moderate stove flame for about 15 minutes.

The clean eggshells were placed on a baking sheet and dried them out in the oven for about 15-

20 minutes.

The completely sterilized eggshells were placed in a clean plastic container to be kept for a while.

3.2.4 Grinding the Eggshells

The researcher ground the sterilized eggshells with mortar and pestle on a flat working table. She

made sure that the equipment she’s using for grinding is clean so she doesn’t get dirt ground in with

the eggshells. The eggshells are ground into fine powder. Pulverized eggshells were checked if there

are still big pieces of shells. The researcher picked out any little bits of eggshell that are still not

ground up and threw them away. She sifted the powdered shells with a small strainer, let a plastic

container catch the fine powder and brought it for the next part.

3.2.5 Constructing the Improvised Chalk Molders

The sago straws are too long for it to become a chalk molder so the researcher decided to cut it

in half. She cut twenty (20) straws in half in order to have forty (40) chalk molders. The cut straws

cannot be molders unless one of their side holes is covered. She covered one side hole with masking

tape and secured that there’s no open space or holes left.

The researcher cut twelve by four inches (12”x4”in) wax paper and folded it in half (1/2) four (4)

times. She unfolded the wax paper and started cutting it following the created lines. She did it ten (10)

times just to have forty (40) wax paper cuts.

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Figure 3.2.5A 12”X4” wax paper
Figure 3.2.5B 12”X4” wax paper divided into 4

Figure 3.2.5C Straw molder for chili mixture

Then, she rolled the wax paper loosely and inserted it into the straw molder so as to effectively

line the molder. She did the same thing with other molders. The top of the wax paper should be higher

than the molders.

She kept the finished molders aside to give way to the next process.

3.2.6 Making the Chalk Mixture

In this procedure, the researcher decided not to make individual mixtures, meaning instead of

making a mixture for only a single stick of chalk and repeating the process over again for more chalk

sticks, she chose to make a mixture for the production of ten (10) for every type of mixture.

The researcher didn’t take any hard time thinking of what mixture to make first; powdered eggshells

with chili pepper, garlic, ginger or onion. Any of the following powdered condiments may come first.

She also took note that the main ingredients should not be mixed all together. There should only be

18
 one (1) powdered condiment to partner the pulverized eggshells at a time. So the researcher decided

to start working with the powdered eggshells and chili pepper mixture.

To make the mixture, the researcher dissolved three teaspoons (3 tsp.) of powdered chili pepper to

forty milliliters (40 ml) of hot water in a deep plastic container. Then ten tablespoons (10 tbsp.) of

powdered eggshells were added. She mixed the mixture very well using a plastic spoon until the

mixture became light in color, light reddish-orange specifically. Next, she added ten teaspoons (10

tsp.) of plaster of Paris gradually. The researcher incorporated the plaster of Paris little by little so that

it won’t form lumps in the mixture. The temperature of the water matters since the hotter the water the

better the action and blending of the plaster of Paris in to the mixture. The temperature of the water

also determines whether the chalk will harden in a short or long period of time; the hotter the water

the faster the chalk will harden. She continued mixing until the mixture became even lighter in color,

batter-like, and smooth in texture.

Figure 3.2.6A Eggshell chalk with chili pepper mixture (upper left), eggshell chalk with garlic mixture (upper right), eggshell
chalk with ginger mixture (lower left) and eggshell chalk with onion mixture (lower right)

3.2.7 Filling the Straw Molders

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For the chalks to obtain a cylindrical shape, the researcher got the straw molders and filled each

molders carefully using a funnel. She used a plastic spoon to pour the mixture little by little into the

straw molders through the funnel. The mixture was poured until each mold is three fourths full. She

also tapped the molders lightly on the work surface to shake the mixture down into the molds and

remove air bubbles and then filled the molds to the top and set aside.

3.2.8 Drying the Eggshell Chalks

The chalks were set aside and let it dry. She waited until the chalks’ texture is firm and dry. This

may take a few hours depending on the humidity and the sizes of the molds filled in. Wait for the

moment that the chalks feel dry and firm, the researcher took it out from the molder by pulling the

masking tape off of the straw tubes. By using a cutter, she cut the top of the molders vertically. Then

she let the blade of the cutter be perpendicular to the first cut done and slid the blade until it reached

the end to completely open the straw molders and peel the straw from the chalk to let the hardened

chalk out. She waited for another 24 hours for the chalks to dry completely.

Figure 3.2.8A Drying the eggshell chalk with chili pepper mixture

3.2.9 Packaging the Eggshell Chalks

Designing a good box isn't difficult if you adhere to a few basics. A box is more than just a

package to hold your product.

To make a box appropriate for the product, the researcher got an old box to serve as reference or

pattern for the one that she’ll be making.

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 The first step

that the

researcher did for

the

packaging of the

product is to

implement a design.

What the

researcher kept in

mind is to bring the

product into life.

She chose graphics

that are

appropriate for the product. The next thing is she made sure that the box has the correct measure or

size. A four by five inches measure was applied by the researcher. She believed that the box should

not be too tight and too loose for the four (4) different chalks to be placed inside. She also chose

appropriate colors like orange and yellow. The texts like product’s name, what the product is for,

direction/s for use, product’s active ingredients, first aid, etc. were also designed to be easily read by

the customers. She just used Microsoft word 2010 for this process. The researcher printed it on a

high quality photo paper. Right after the printing is done, she just let the ink to completely dry for a

couple of minutes and started cutting it following the black external outline of the box. She folded on

the black internal lines, and then glued the flaps to the inside of the box so no one can see them. She

did not glue the top flap because she wants the box to be able to open and close. When the box is

ready, the researcher put four (4) chalks of different types in the box.

21
Figure 3.2.9A Biorepellent eggshell chalks box
pattern

3.2.10 Testing the Eggshell Chalks

After a lot of procedures done, the products need to undergo tests for the researcher to evaluate

the effectiveness of the eggshell chalks. She decided to conduct an evaluation test one after every

type of eggshell chalk to avoid confusion.

The qualitative evaluation was done by the researcher using five scale likert method to determine

physical attributes of the product which is derived from Singh and Sharma’s (2004) Qualities of a

Chalk Repellent.

For the quantitative evaluation, she placed two (2) candies on a rough-surfaced ground; one

would serve as the control element and the other candy would be subject to chalk application.

One of the candies was encircled using the chalk. The researcher waited for the ants to come

near the candies. She also recorded the time of arrival and going away of ants.

Aside from ants, the researcher noticed that other insects’ species were also repelled and

attracted so she took note of those details too.

Some equations and formula were also used by the researcher to determine significant digits

which will be helpful for the comparison of the four different types of chalk products.

22
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Results and Discussion

The researcher actually underwent series of trials and errors, specifically four (4) trials, before

coming up with the perfect chalks.

The first trial was when the researcher did not consider sterilizing the empty eggshells before

using and preferred to extract the active compounds from the main ingredients through decoction. As the

chalks were set to dry, growth of molds and fungi were also observed. So she considered the hypothesis

of not sterilizing the eggshells before use and extracting the active compounds from the main ingredients

through decoction as failure.

The second trial was when the researcher sterilized the eggshells already, chose powdered

ingredients instead and used flour as binder for the mixture. The eggshell chalks weren’t observed to

have molds and fungi but it became crunchy, crumbly, can’t even draw with it on sidewalks after molded

and dried. So she considered the hypothesis of using flour as binder of mixture’s particles as failure.

The third trial was when the researcher thought of using something inorganic to be added to her

mixture to prolong the shelf life and improve its physical qualities. She assumed of using plaster of Paris

as the binder. The researcher first tried if plaster of Paris and extracts from decoction process would react

well. As the products were set to dry, no growth of molds and fungi were observed and the perfect

23
hardness was achieved. She had the notion that this time, the trial would be a success but she got wrong

for just after 2 days the chalks started to have molds and fungi around it.

Still, the researcher kept on searching for ways that the chalks would attain its almost perfect

quality and effectiveness.

On the fourth trial, the researcher used the plaster of Paris as binder plus the powdered main

ingredients. As the products were drying, she already observed that there was a great potential that the

product would obtain the desired physical appearance. The eggshell chalks, at the moment of drying did

not have any molds or fungi. The chalks were also observed to have good physical qualities and its

writing capacity was also improved. She also noticed that the shelf life of the product actually lasted for

weeks, particularly two (2) weeks.

The production of repellent chalks out of eggshells, different condiments and plaster of Paris was

tested and proven feasible by the researcher upon actually seeing the actual product after a lot of

procedures.

The researcher undertook quantitative and qualitative tests to measure the effectiveness of the

chalks.

The final product underwent qualitative evaluation by eleven (11) Biological Science

student teachers, five (5) high school students, two (2) family members and one (1) neighbor.

Data gathered shall be interpreted through percentage evaluation.

24
Figure 4.1A Sensory evaluation survey form

25
4.1.1 Physical Qualities

4.1.1.1 Durability

This is the measure if the chalk repellent doesn’t easily break into pieces upon using.

Table 4.1.1.1A Durability test through different levels of tapping (Trial 1)

(10) Slight Tapping (10) Moderate Tapping (10) Strong Tapping

Chili   
Garlic   
Ginger   
Onion   

For trial 1, the researcher slightly tapped or knocked the chalks on a hard surface ten

(10) times and the chalks did not break upon doing so. When the chalks were subjected to

moderate tapping of the same number of repetitions, still there were no signs of breakage on

the chalks. The chalks were also tapped strongly with the same number of repetitions but then

again, the chalks did not break upon tapping.

Table 4.1.1.2B Durability test through different levels of tapping (Trial 2)

(10) Slight Tapping (10) Moderate Tapping (10) Strong Tapping

Chili   
Garlic   
Ginger   
Onion   X (6 taps)

For trial 2, the researcher did the same thing, she slightly tapped or knocked the chalks

on a hard surface ten (10) times and the chalks did not break upon doing so. When the chalks

were subjected to moderate tapping of the same number of repetitions, still there were no signs

of breakage on the chalks. The chalks were also tapped strongly with the same number of

repetitions but what made the difference was when the eggshell chalk with onion broke after six

(6) strong taps.

Table 4.1.1.3C Durability test through different levels of tapping (Trial 3)

(10) Slight Tapping (10) Moderate Tapping (10) Strong Tapping

Chili   
Garlic   X (8taps)
Ginger   
Onion   

For trial 3, the researcher did the same thing, she slightly tapped or knocked the chalks

on a hard surface ten (10) times and the chalks did not break upon doing so. When the chalks

26
were subjected to moderate tapping of the same number of repetitions, still there were no signs

of breakage on the chalks. The chalks were also tapped strongly with the same number of

repetitions but what made the difference were when the eggshell chalk with garlic broke after

eight (8) strong taps and when the eggshell chalk with onion surpassed the strong tapping.

Table 4.1.1.1D Durability test through application of chalks (Trials 1-3)

5.4

5.2

4.8
meters
4.6

4.4

4.2

The durability was tested through application of the products by starting from the same

initial point for three (3) trials.

For the first trial, the eggshell chalk with ginger was applied for about 5.33 meters before

breaking. A 5 meter distance was covered by the eggshell chalk with chili pepper before

breaking. The eggshell chalk with garlic was applied for about 4.62 meters before breaking. A

4.52 meter distance was covered by the eggshell chalk with onion before breaking.

For the second trial, the eggshell chalk with chili was applied for about 5.21 meters

before breaking. A 5 meter distance was covered by the eggshell chalk with ginger before

breaking. The eggshell chalk with onion was applied for about 4.6 meters before breaking. A 4.5

meter distance was covered by the eggshell chalk with garlic before breaking.

27
 For the third trial, the eggshell chalk with ginger was applied for about 5.1 meters before

breaking. A 4.7 meter distance was covered by the eggshell chalk with garlic and onion before

breaking. The eggshell chalk with chili pepper was applied for about 4.65 meters before

breaking.

The first two tables discuss the tests conducted by the researcher herself. A consumer

test was also conducted through a survey.

Table 4.1.1.1E Survey tally for durability test

Statistics showed that fourteen (14) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 73.68% ranked

the eggshell chalk with chili as excellent in terms of durability, four (4) or 21.05% graded it as

very good and one (1) or 5.26% as fair.

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, sixteen (16) or 84.21% ranked the eggshell chalk with

garlic as excellent and three (3) or 15.80% graded it as very good.

The tally table also displayed that seventeen (17) out of nineteen (19) respondents or

89.47% ranked the eggshell chalk with ginger as excellent and two (2) or 10.53% graded it as

very good.

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, seventeen (17) or 89.47% ranked the eggshell chalk

with onion as excellent too and two (2) or 10.52 % graded it as very good and needs

improvement.

4.1.1.2 Fine-textured

28
 This is the measure if the chalk repellent is a smooth, fine-grained structure.

Table 4.1.1.2A Survey tally for fine-texture test

Statistics showed that thirteen (13) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 68.42% ranked

the eggshell chalk with chili as excellent in terms of fine texture, five (5) or 26.32% graded it as

very good and one (1) or 5.26% as fair.

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, fourteen (14) or 73.68% ranked the eggshell chalk

with garlic as excellent , four (4) or 21.05% graded it as very good and one (1) or 5.26% said

that it needs improvement.

The tally table also displayed that fourteen (14) out of nineteen (19) respondents or

73.68% ranked the eggshell chalk with ginger as excellent too and five (5) or 26.32% graded it

as very good.

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, fifteen (15) or 78.94% ranked the eggshell chalk with

onion as excellent too, two (2) or 10.53 % graded it as very good and one (1) or 5.26% for

needs improvement.

4.1.1.3 Pungency

This is the measure of the state of the chalk repellent being pungent or having a smell

with a sharp acrid sensation.

29
 Table 4.1.1.3A Survey tally for pungency test

In this test, modification was done on the scale. Instead of using 5- Excellent, 4- Very

good, 3- Good, 2- Fair and 1- Needs improvement, the researcher made use of the scale 5 as

very strong, 4 as strong, 3 as moderate, 2 as weak and 1 as very weak.

Statistics showed that fifteen (15) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 78.94% ranked

the eggshell chalk with chili as very strong in terms of pungency, three (3) or 15.80% graded it

as strong and one (1) or 5.26% as weak.

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, sixteen (16) or 84.21% ranked the eggshell chalk

with garlic as very strong and three (3) or 15.80% graded it strong.

The tally table also displayed that the eggshell chalk with garlic and eggshell chalk with

ginger just obtained the same results.

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, thirteen (13) or 68.42% ranked the eggshell chalk

with onion as very strong, four (4) or 21.05% graded it as very good, and , two (2) or 10.53 %

graded it as moderate and weak.

4.1.1.4 Dust-free

This is the measure if the chalk repellent doesn’t produce fine powdery material upon

using.

30
 Table 4.1.1.4A Survey tally for dust-free test

Statistics showed that thirteen (13) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 68.42% ranked

the eggshell chalk with chili as excellent in terms of being free from dust, five (5) or 26.32%

graded it as very good and one (1) or 5.26% as good.

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, fifteen (15) or 78.94% ranked the eggshell chalk with

garlic as excellent , three (3) or 15.80% graded it as very good and one (1) or 5.26%

considered it as good.

The tally table also displayed that fifteen (15) out of nineteen (19) respondents or

78.94% ranked the eggshell chalk with ginger as excellent too and four (4) or 21.05% graded it

as very good.

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, seventeen (17) or 89.47% ranked the eggshell chalk

with onion as excellent, and two (2) or 10.53 % graded it as very.

4.1.1.5 Writing capability

This is the measure if the chalk repellent writes well on sidewalks or surfaces.

31
 Table 4.1.1.5A Survey tally for writing capability test

Statistics showed that seven (7) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 36.84% ranked the

eggshell chalk with chili as excellent in terms of writing capability, eleven (11) or 57.89% graded

it as very good and one (2) or 10.52% as good.

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, eight (8) or 42.11% ranked the eggshell chalk with

garlic as excellent and eleven (11) or 57.89% graded it as very good.

The tally table also displayed that ten (10) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 52.63%

ranked the eggshell chalk with ginger as excellent and nine (9) or 47.37% graded it as very

good.

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, eleven (11) or 57.89% ranked the eggshell chalk with

onion as excellent, and eight (8) or 42.11% graded it as very good.

After conducting several qualitative tests, the researcher continued with the quantitative

test which will reflect the effectiveness of the product.

4.1.2 Effectivity

4.1.2.1 Fast-acting

This measures the how fast ants reacted and moved away the site where chalk repellent

was applied.

The researcher also conducted her own test of repellants fast activity.

32
 Table 4.1.2.1A Fast activity test measured by time (Trials1-3)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Chili 4mins. 30sec. 6mins. 23sec. 4mins. 20sec.
Garlic 4mins. 25sec. 5mins. 4mins.
Ginger 4mins. 3mins. 13sec. 3mins. 20sec.
Onion 6mins. 4mins. 30sec. 4mins. 54sec.

For the first trial, the eggshell chalk with onion took six minutes (6mins.) of the time

before it was able to repel ants. Four minutes and twenty seconds (4mins. 20sec.) time was

covered by the eggshell chalk with chili pepper before it started repelling ants. The eggshell

chalk with garlic took four minutes and twenty-five seconds (4mins. 25sec.) of the time before it

was able to repel ants. Four minutes (4mins.) time was covered by the eggshell chalk with

onion before it started repelling ants.

For the second trial, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper took six minutes and twenty-

three seconds (6mins. 23sec.) of the time before it was able to repel ants. Five minutes

(5mins.) time was covered by the eggshell chalk with garlic before it started repelling ants. The

eggshell chalk with onion took four minutes and thirty seconds (4mins. 30sec.) of the time

before it was able to repel ants. Three minutes and thirteen seconds (3mins. 13sec.) time was

covered by the eggshell chalk with ginger before it started repelling ants.

For the third trial, the eggshell chalk with onion took four minutes and fifty-four seconds

(4mins. 54sec.) of the time before it was able to repel ants. Four minutes and twenty seconds

(4mins. 20sec.) time was covered by the eggshell chalk with chili pepper before it started

repelling ants. The eggshell chalk with ginger took three minutes and twenty seconds (3mins.

20sec.) of the time before it was able to repel ants. Four minutes (4mins.) time was covered by

the eggshell chalk with garlic before it started repelling ants.

The first table discusses the test conducted by the researcher herself. A consumer test

was also conducted through a survey.

33
 Table 4.1.2.1B Survey tally for fast activity test

In this test, modification was done on the scale. Instead of using 5- Excellent, 4- Very

good, 3- Good, 2- Fair and 1- Needs improvement, the researcher made use of the scale 5 as 0

minutes and 0 seconds to one minute and fifty-nine seconds (0min0s- 1min59s), 4 as two

minutes to two minutes and fifty-nine seconds (2mins- 2min59s), 3 as three minutes to three

minutes and fifty-nine seconds (3mins- 3mins59s), 2 as four minutes to four minutes and fifty-

nine seconds (4mins- 4mins59s) and 1 five minutes and longer (5mins-longer).

Statistics showed that two (2) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 10.52% scored the

eggshell chalk with chili 5 in terms of fast activity, three (3) or 15.80% graded it 4, two (2) or

26.32% graded it 2 and seven (7) or 36.84% graded it 1.

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, three (3) or 15.80% scored the eggshell chalk with

garlic 5, three (3) or 15.80% graded it 4, two (2) or 10.52% graded it 3, , three (3) or 15.80%

graded it 2 and eight (8) or 42.11% graded it 1.

The tally table also displayed that two (2) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 26.32%

scored the eggshell chalk with ginger 5, four (4) or 26.32% graded it 4, three (3) or 15.80%

graded it 3, two (2) or 26.32% graded it 2 and seven (7) or 36.84% graded it 1.

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, two (2) or 26.32% scored the eggshell chalk with

onion 5, four (4) or 26.32% graded it 4, two (2) or 26.32% graded it 3, one (1) or 5.26% graded

it 2 and ten (10) or 52.63% graded it 1.

34
4.1.2.2 Number of ants repelled

This measures how many ants were repelled by the product.

Table 4.1.2.2A Ant-repelled-quantity test (Trials1-3)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Chili 15 16 18
Garlic 15 12 14
Ginger 15 12 14
Onion 15 10 14

For the first trial, all the eggshell chalks repelled almost fifteen (15) ants.

For the second trial, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper repelled sixteen (16) ants.

Twelve (12) ants each were repelled by the eggshell chalk with garlic and eggshell chalk with

ginger. The eggshell chalk with onion repelled ten (10) ants.

For the third trial, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper repelled eighteen (18) ants.

Fourteen (14hrs.) ants each was repelled by eggshell chalks with garlic, ginger and onion.

The first table discusses the test conducted by the researcher herself. A consumer test

was also conducted through a survey.

Table 4.1.2.2B Survey tally for number of ants repelled by each product

35
 In this test, modification was done on the scale. Instead of using 5- Excellent, 4- Very

good, 3- Good, 2- Fair and 1- Needs improvement, the researcher made use of the marking

system: If the chalk repellent warded off 24-30 ants then it should be marked as 5; 18-24 ants,

mark 4; 13-18 ants, mark 3; 7-12 ants, mark 2; and 1-6 ants, mark 1.

Statistics showed that five (5) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 26.31% said that the

eggshell chalk with chili pepper repelled twenty-five to thirty (25-30) ants, two (2) or 10.52%

said that it repelled nineteen to twenty-four (19-24) ants, three (3) or 15.80% said that it lasted it

repelled thirteen to eighteen (13-18) ants, six (6) or 31.58% said that it repelled seven to twelve

(7-12) ants and three (3) or 15.80% said that it just repelled one to six (1-6) ants.

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, three (3) or 15.80% said that the eggshell chalk with

garlic repelled twenty-five to thirty (25-30) ants, four (4) or 21.05% said that it repelled nineteen

to twenty-four (19-24) ants, three (3) or 15.80% said that it lasted it repelled thirteen to eighteen

(13-18) ants, six (6) or 31.58% said that it repelled seven to twelve (7-12) ants and three (3) or

15.80% said that it just repelled one to six (1-6) ants.

The tally table also displayed that three (3) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 15.80%

said that the eggshell chalk with ginger repelled twenty-five to thirty (25-30) ants, two (2) or

10.52% said that it repelled nineteen to twenty-four (19-24) ants, five (5) or 26.32 said that it

lasted it repelled thirteen to eighteen (13-18) ants, five (5) or 26.32% said that it repelled seven

to twelve (7-12) ants and four (4) or 21.05% said that it just repelled one to six (1-6) ants.

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, three (3) or 15.80% said that the eggshell chalk with

onion repelled twenty-five to thirty (25-30) ants, two (2) or 10.52% said that it repelled nineteen

to twenty-four (19-24) ants, three (3) or 15.80% said that it lasted it repelled thirteen to eighteen

(13-18) ants, five (5) or 26.32% said that it repelled seven to twelve (7-12) ants and six (6) or

31.58% said that it just repelled one to six (1-6) ants.

4.1.2.3 Lasting effect

This measures if the chalk repellent offers long-term protection against ants.

Table 4.1.2.3A Lasting effect test measured by hour/s (Trials1-3)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Chili 14hrs. 15hrs. 13hrs.

36
 Garlic 14hrs. 13hrs. 14hrs.
Ginger 14hrs. 14hrs. 13hrs.
Onion 14hrs. 14hrs. 14hrs.

For the first trial, all the eggshell chalks lasted for about fourteen hours (14hrs.).

For the second trial, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper persistently repelled ants for

fifteen hours (15hrs.). Fourteen hours (14hrs.) time each was covered by the eggshell chalk

with ginger and eggshell chalk with onion in repelling ants. The eggshell chalk with garlic

persistently repelled ants for thirteen hours (13hrs.)

For the third trial, the eggshell chalk with garlic and eggshell chalk with onion persistently

repelled ants for fourteen hours (14hrs.) each. Thirteen hours (13hrs.) time each was covered

by the eggshell chalk with chili pepper and eggshell chalk with ginger in repelling ants.

The first table discusses the test conducted by the researcher herself. A consumer test

was also conducted through a survey.

Table 4.1.2.3B Survey tally for lasting effect test

In this test, modification was done on the scale. Instead of using 5- Excellent, 4- Very

good, 3- Good, 2- Fair and 1- Needs improvement, the researcher made use of the marking

system: If after 4 hours ants started to come near the site where product was applied then it

should be marked as 1; if after 9 hours ants started to come near the site where product was

applied, mark 2; if after 14 hours ants started to come near the site where product was applied,

37
 mark 3; if after 19 hours ants started to come near the site where product was applied, mark 4

and if after 24 hours still no ants went near the site where product was applied then it should be

marked as 5.

Statistics showed that four (4) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 21.05% said that the

eggshell chalk with chili pepper lasted for twenty-four hours or even longer (24hrs-longer). Four

(4) or 21.05% said that it lasted for nineteen hours (19hrs), three (3) or 15.80% said that it

lasted for 14 hours instead, five (5) or 26.32% said that it lasted for only nine hours (9hrs.) and

three (3) or 15.80% said that it just lasted for four hours (4hrs.).

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, two (2) or 26.32% said that the eggshell chalk with

garlic lasted for twenty-four hours or even longer (24hrs-longer). Four (4) or 21.05% said that it

lasted for nineteen hours (19hrs), four (4) or 21.05% also said that it lasted for 14 hours, five (5)

or 26.32% said that it lasted for only nine hours (9hrs.) and four (4) or 21.05% also said that it

just lasted for four hours (4hrs.).

The tally table also displayed that two (2) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 26.32%

said that the eggshell chalk with ginger lasted for twenty-four hours or even longer (24hrs-

longer), three (3) or 15.80% said that it lasted for nineteen hours (19hrs), five (5) or 26.32%

said that it lasted for 14 hours instead, five (5) or 26.32% said that it lasted for only nine hours

(9hrs.) and four (4) or 21.05% said that it just lasted for four hours (4hrs.).

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, three (3) or 15.80% said that the eggshell chalk with

onion lasted for twenty-four hours or even longer (24hrs-longer), three (3) or 15.80% said that it

lasted for nineteen hours (19hrs), four (4) or 21.05% said that it lasted for 14 hours instead, five

(5) or 26.32% said that it lasted for only nine hours (9hrs.) and four (4) or 21.05% said that it

just lasted for four hours (4hrs.).

4.1.3 Side effects

4.1.3.1 Irritability

This measures how intense the chalk repellants bring extreme sensitivity to consumers

by stimulation of chalk repellent. This is a check whether the products have the ability to give

consumers rashes and itch.

38
 Table 4.1.3.1A Survey tally for irritability test

In this test, modification was done on the scale. Instead of using 5- Excellent, 4- Very

good, 3- Good, 2- Fair and 1- Needs improvement, the researcher made use of the marking

system: Mark 5 if you strongly agree that the chalk repellent caused you extreme itch and

irritability. Mark 4 if you simply agree that it caused you a moderate level of itch and irritability.

Mark 3 if you are undecided that the chalk caused you itch and irritability. Mark 2 if you simply

disagree that this chalk caused you itch and irritability. Lastly, Mark 1 if you strongly disagree

that this chalk caused you itch and irritability.

Statistics showed that three (3) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 15.80% said that

the eggshell chalk with chili pepper caused them extreme itch and irritability, one (1) or 5.26%

said that they disagree that this chalk can cause itch and irritability, and fifteen (15) or 78.95%

said that they strongly disagree that this chalk can cause itch and irritability.

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, two (2) or 10.52% said that the eggshell chalk with

garlic caused them extreme and moderate itch and irritability, two (2) or 10.52% said that they

disagree that this chalk can cause itch and irritability, and fifteen (15) or 78.95% said that they

strongly disagree that this chalk can cause itch and irritability.

The tally table also displayed that two (2) out of nineteen (19) respondents or 10.52%

said that the eggshell chalk with ginger caused them extreme and moderate itch and irritability,

one (1) or 5.26% said that he is still undecided whether the chalk can cause itch and irritability,

39
and sixteen (16) or 84.21% said that they strongly disagree that this chalk can cause itch and

irritability.

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, two (2) or 10.52% said that they strongly agree and

moderately disagree that the eggshell chalk with onion caused them itch and irritability, and

seventeen (17) or 89.47% said that they strongly disagree that this chalk can cause itch and

irritability.

4.1.3.2 Effects to other insect species

These measure two aspects; if chalks can also deter or attract other insects’ species.

4.1.3.2.1 Measure if chalk repellent can attract other insect species

The local and scientific name of insect species weren’t indicated since

the researcher and the respondents don’t have the luxury of time to classify

the insects.

Table 4.1.3.2.1A Attracted insects’ species aside from ants quantity test (Trials1-3)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Chili 2 1 3
Garlic 2 2 2
Ginger 2 3 3
Onion 2 2 1

For the first trial, all the eggshell chalks attracted other two (2) insect

species.

For the second trial, the eggshell chalk with ginger attracted three (3)

insect species only. Two (2) other insect species were attracted by the

eggshell chalk with garlic and eggshell chalk with onion. The eggshell chalk

with chili pepper attracted other three (3) insect species.

For the third trial, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper and eggshell

chalk with ginger attracted three (3) other insect species each. Two (2) other

insect species were attracted by the eggshell chalk with garlic. The eggshell

chalk with onion attracted other one (1) insect species.

The first table discusses the test conducted by the researcher herself.

A consumer test was also conducted through a survey.

40
 Table 4.1.3.2.1B Survey tally for the number other insects' species attracted by the
products

In this test, modification was done on the scale. Instead of using 5-

Excellent, 4- Very good, 3- Good, 2- Fair and 1- Needs improvement, the

researcher made use of the marking system: If it attracted 1 insect species

mark 5; 2 species, mark 4; 3 species, mark 3; 4 species, mark 2 and if it

attracted 5 species, mark 1.

Statistics showed that thirteen (13) out of nineteen (19) respondents

or 68.42% said that the eggshell chalk with chili pepper attracted one (1)

insect species, four (4) or 21.05% said that it attracted two (2) insect species,

and two (2) or 10.52% said that it attracted four (4) and five (5) insect species

respectively.

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, eleven (11) or 57.89% said that the

eggshell chalk with garlic attracted one (1) insect species, five (5) or 26.32%

said that it attracted two (2) insect species, and three (3) or 15.80% said that

it attracted three (3), four (4) and five (5) insect species respectively.

The tally table also displayed that nine (9) out of nineteen (19)

respondents or 47.37% said that the eggshell chalk with ginger attracted one

(1) insect species, four (4) or 21.05% said that it attracted two (2) insect

species, three (3) or 15.80% said that it attracted 3 insect species and, two

(2) or 10.52% said that it attracted four (4) species.

41
 Out of nineteen (19) respondents, ten (10) or 52.63% said that the

eggshell chalk with onion attracted one (1) insect species, five (5) or 26.32%

said that it attracted two (2) insect species, and four (4) or 21.05% said that it

attracted three (3) and four (4) insect species respectively.

4.1.3.2.2 Measure if chalk repellent can kill/repel other insect species

The local and scientific name of insect species weren’t indicated since

the researcher and the respondents don’t have the luxury of time to classify

the insects.

Table 4.1.3.2.2A Repelled insects’ species aside from ants quantity test (Trials1-3)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Chili 5 5 5
Garlic 4 4 4
Ginger 1 2 2
Onion 4 4 3

For the first trial, the eggshell chalks with chili pepper repelled five (5)

insect species, four (4) insect species were repelled by the eggshell chalk with

garlic, four (4) insect species were also repelled by the eggshell chalk with

onion and only one (1) insect species was repelled by the eggshell chalk with

ginger.

For the second trial, the eggshell chalk with ginger repelled five (5)

insect species, four (4) insect species were repelled by the eggshell chalk with

garlic, four (4) insect species were also repelled by the eggshell chalk with

onion and two (2) insect species was repelled by the eggshell chalk with

ginger.

For the third trial, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper repelled five (5)

insect species, four (4) insect species were repelled by the eggshell chalk with

garlic, the eggshell chalk with onion repelled three (3) insect species and two

(2) insect species was repelled by the eggshell chalk with ginger.

The first table discusses the test conducted by the researcher herself.

A consumer test was also conducted through a survey.

42
 Table 4.1.3.2.2B Survey tally for the number of other insects' species repelled by the
products

. In this test, modification was done on the scale. Instead of using 5-

Excellent, 4- Very good, 3- Good, 2- Fair and 1- Needs improvement, the

researcher made use of the marking system: If it deterred 1 insect species

mark 1; 2 species, mark 2; 3 species, mark 3; 4 species, mark 4 and if it

deterred 5 species, mark 5.

Statistics showed that thirteen (13) out of nineteen (19) respondents

or 68.42% said that the eggshell chalk with chili pepper repelled five (5)

insect species, five (5) or 26.32% said that it repelled four (4) insect species,

and two (2) or 10.52% said that it repelled three (3) and two (2) insect

species respectively.

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, ten (10) or 52.63% said that the

eggshell chalk with garlic repelled five (5) insect species, six (6) or 31.58%

said that it repelled four (4) insect species, two (2) or 10.52% said that it

repelled three (3) insects and one (1) or 5.26% said that it attracted two (2)

insect species.

The tally table also displayed that eight (8) out of nineteen (19)

respondents or 42.11% said that the eggshell chalk with ginger attracted five

(5) insect species, four (4) or 21.05% said that it repelled four (4) insect

43
 species, three (3) or 15.80% said that it repelled three (3) insect species and,

two (2) or 10.52% said that it repelled two (2) species.

Out of nineteen (19) respondents, eleven (11) or 57.89% said that the

eggshell chalk with onion attracted five (5) insect species, four (4) or 21.05%

said that it repelled four (4) insect species, two (2) or 10.52% said that it

repelled three (3) species, and two (2) or 10.52% also said that it repelled

two (2) insect species.

4.1.4 Packaging

A survey regarding the product’s packaging was also done by the researcher but she

decided not to show the tally, frequency and percentage for the criteria under packaging. The

result of the tally is just intended for the researchers’ personal purposes. In fact, the results

from the packaging category won’t be significant for the analysis and evaluation of the

products’ feasibility and effectiveness. But if incase the readers would like to check what

scores did the researcher got from the tally; she included the original survey forms of the

respondents in this investigatory project.

4.1.5 Would you recommend this product to others?

A survey regarding the said question was also done by the researcher but she

decided not to show the tally, frequency and percentage for the criteria under this for this won’t

do any effect for the analysis and evaluation of the product’s feasibility and effectiveness. But if

incase the readers would like to check the result from the tally; she included the original survey

forms of the respondents in this investigatory project.

4.2 Findings

The result of the project revealed that it is really possible to produce biorepellant chalks out of

eggshells, chili pepper, ginger, garlic and onion. The products are still considered organic even though not

at its purest since plaster of Paris, an inorganic substance was included as one of the components of the

product because the large percentage of the chalks’ composition is still made up of organic materials like

eggshells, chili pepper, ginger, garlic and onion. When it comes to being environment-friendly, the chalks

44
would still be given a check for chemicals that could harm the environment was not utilized in the process

of product making. It is also not a threat to humans since no one was harmed during the consumer test.

Aside from the mentioned findings, the researcher discovered that it’s best to sterilize the

eggshells by boiling them in a 10% bleach solution for 15-20 minutes, and then put it in an oven. Boiling

the eggshells with bleach solution plus heating it in a/n oven would kill any potentially-lethal bacteria like

Salmonella which is the cause of the rapid rotting or shorter shelf life of the eggshell chalks.

The products would be at its best quality when sun dried. The drying process of the chalks

actually took only hours from the researcher’s time. But that is only the first phase. The second phase

required the researcher to remove the chalks inside the straw molders and let it dry for another 24 hours.

The researcher had a hard time waiting for the chalks to dry because of the rainy season. During rainy

seasons, relative humidity is high, evaporation of water is low; chalks dry slowly, worst, it doesn’t dry at

all, so bacteria will benefit from the moist chalk, produce a foul odour and rot.

The researcher, at the very first place knows that the chalk repellents don’t have the capacity to

write over smooth surfaces. The product is requiring the users to apply it on a rough-surfaced ground

which is usually outside the user’s houses. As mentioned earlier, the thing that is hindering the success of

the result is the rainy season. Heavy rain can drive ants into our homes in search of a dryer location. The

researcher tried to do it inside the house with the hope that the chalks would write on smooth surfaces but

she failed to obtain a positive result for the chalks didn’t left any mark on the smooth surface.

The researcher also found out that the chalks can really repel ants but it also affects the behavior

of other insects’ species.

It is funny but true that the ant repellants were also considered by the respondents as human

repellants for the very strong pungency of the product made them move away from it.

4.3 Analysis of data

45
 For the researcher to be able to know what chalk got the highest mark and what chalk got the

lowest mark, she decided to get the mean of the score from the tally for each type of chalk by using this

equation: (5*n)+(4*n)+(3*n)+(2*n)+(1*n)/N= mean.

4.3.1 Durability

Comparing in the results obtained from the first trial, there are no significant changes that

occurred that can be observed since all biorepellant chalks received a check mark. This implies that

the chalks are really durable even though tapped slightly, moderately or strongly. On table 4.1.1.1A, a

comparison of the results from durability test through different levels of tapping for trial 1 are shown.

Analyzing the results obtained from the second trial, there are no significant changes that

occurred that can be observed on the event of slightly and moderately tapping the chalks. But on the

event of strongly tapping the chalks, the eggshell chalk with onion suddenly broke after six (6) strong

taps while the rest remained sturdy. On table 4.1.1.1B, a comparison of the results from durability test

through different levels of tapping for trial 2 are shown.

Now looking at the results obtained from the third trial, there are no significant changes that

occurred that can be observed on the event of slightly and moderately tapping the chalks. But on the

event of strongly tapping the chalks, the eggshell chalk with garlic suddenly broke after eight (8)

strong taps while the eggshell chalk with onion surpassed the test again and the rest remained sturdy.

On table 4.1.1.1C, a comparison of the results from durability test through different levels of tapping

for trial 3 are shown.

The researcher to be able to rank the chalks according to durability, she strictly considered the

instances that the chalks were broken because of the intensity of tapping. The eggshell chalk with

chili pepper and eggshell chalk with ginger were considered the sturdiest or most durable because it

surpassed all the levels of tapping under three (3) trials. Next in line in terms of durability is the

eggshell chalk with garlic which surpassed all the levels of tapping under trials one (1) and two (2) but

failed to continue after eight (8) strong tapping under trial 3. The researcher considered the eggshell

chalk with onion as the less durable one for even though it surpassed all the levels of tapping under

trials one (1) and two (2) it failed to continue after six (6) strong tapping under trial 3.

46
 The researcher is not that sure of the obtained results so she decided to conduct another type

of test.

Comparing in the results obtained from the first trial, the eggshell chalk with ginger covered the

longest range which is 5.33m before breaking and the eggshell chalk with onion covered the shortest

range which is 4.52m before breaking. This implies that the eggshell chalk with ginger is the most

durable and the eggshell chalk with onion is the least durable under trial 1. On table 4.1.1.1D, a

comparison of the results from durability test through application of chalks for trials 1 to 3 are shown.

Looking on the results obtained from the second trial, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper

covered the longest range which is 5.21m before breaking and the eggshell chalk with garlic covered

the shortest range which is 4.5m before breaking. This implies that the eggshell chalk with chili

pepper is the most durable and the eggshell chalk with garlic is the least durable under trial 2. On

table 4.1.1.1D, a comparison of the results from durability test through application of chalks for trials 1

to 3 are shown.

Analyzing the results obtained from the third trial, the eggshell chalk with ginger covered the

longest range which is 5.1m before breaking and the eggshell chalk with chili pepper covered the

shortest range which is 4.65m before breaking. This implies that the eggshell chalk with ginger is the

most durable and the eggshell chalk with chili pepper is the least durable under trial 2. On table

4.1.1.1D, a comparison of the results from durability test through application of chalks for trials 1 to 3

are shown.

To find out whether what chalk is the most durable and least durable under this test the

researcher solved for the mean of all the distances that the biorepellant chalks covered and obtained

the following data:

Table 4.3.1A Mean of distance covered by each type of

chalk under durability test through application

Mean of Distance Covered

Chili 4.95m
Garlic 4.6m
Ginger 5.14m
Onion 4.6m

47
 It is apparent that from table 4.3.1A, the eggshell chalk with ginger is the most durable, next is

eggshell chalk with chili pepper, and then the least durable are eggshell chalks with garlic and onion.

To validate the researcher's test, it is important to also analyze the data gathered from the

consumers test.

Table 4.3.1B Mean of the evaluation tally for durability test of

the different types of eggshell chalks

It is apparent that from table 4.3.1B, the eggshell chalks with ginger and chili pepper is the most

durable, next is eggshell chalk with garlic, and then the least durable is eggshell chalks with onion.

Actually, the mean of the variables are just close to one another or precise. The means are also

near the true value which is 5, so it means that the chalks are really durable or sturdy. Maybe the

reason for these is that all those types of chalks just used the same ingredients, powdered eggshell

and plaster of Paris to form the main chalk. The researcher also believes that this test became a

success because the eggshell powder did not really have bits of pieces of it that might cause the

chalks to fall or break off.

Table 4.3.1C Researcher's result vs. Respondents' result (ranked from most
durable to least durable)

Table 4.3.1C shows the agreement of the researcher’s result to the respondents’ result.

.3.2 Fine-textured

48
 Table 4.3.2A Mean of the evaluation tally for fine-
texture test of the different types of eggshell chalks

It is apparent that from table 4.3.2A, the eggshell chalk with ginger has a smoothest, most fine-

grained, next is eggshell chalk with garlic, then eggshell chalk with chili pepper and least smooth and

fine-grained is the eggshell chalks with onion.

Actually, the mean of the variables are just close to one another or precise. The means are also

near the true value which is 5, so it means that the chalks are really smooth and fine-textured. Maybe

the reason for these is that all those types of chalks just used the same ingredients, powdered

eggshell and plaster of Paris to form the main chalk. The researcher also believes that this test

became a success because the eggshell powder did not really have bits of pieces of it that might

cause the chalks to fall or break off.

4.3.3 Pungency

Table 4.3.3A Mean of the evaluation tally for

pungency test of the different types of eggshell
chalks

It is apparent that from table 4.3.3A, the eggshell chalks with ginger and garlic have the

strongest pungent smell, next is eggshell chalk with chili pepper, and then the one having the weakest

pungent smell is the eggshell chalk with onion.

Actually, the mean of the variables are just close to one another or precise. The means are also

near the true value which is 5, so it means that the chalks are really very pungent. The main

49
ingredients used were all the most common and most pungent condiments in the world according to

research.

4.3.4 Dust-free

Table 4.3.4A Mean of the evaluation tally for dust-free test of

the different types of eggshell chalks

It is apparent that from table 4.3.4A, the eggshell chalk with onion is the one that doesn’t

produce the greatest amount of fine powdery material upon using, next is eggshell chalk with garlic,

and then the one having the greatest amount of fine powdery material upon using is the eggshell

chalk with ginger.

Actually, the mean of the variables are just close to one another or precise. The means are also

near the true value which is 5, so it means that the chalks do not really produce great amount of fine

powdery material upon using. The researcher believes that softer chalks tended produce a cloud of

dust that some feared might contribute to respiratory problems. Dustless chalk, like the eggshell chalk

repellants still produces dust; it's just that the dust settles faster.

4.3.5 Writing capability

50
 Table 4.3.5A Mean of the evaluation tally for writing capability
test of the different types of eggshell chalks

It is apparent that from table 4.3.5A, the eggshell chalk with onion writes very well on surfaces,

and the writings done were dark and readable, next in line when it comes to writing capability is the

eggshell chalk with garlic and the least quality for writing capability is the one exhibited by the

eggshell chalk with chili pepper and ginger.

Actually, the mean of the variables are just close to one another or precise. The means are also

near the true value which is 5, so it means that the chalks really write well on rough surfaces. One of

the reasons why the eggshell chalk with chili pepper doesn’t write on surfaces well is because of the

oil that the chili pepper solution produced while forming the product.

4.3.6 Fast-acting

Comparing in the results obtained from the first trial, the eggshell chalk with ginger repelled the

ants the fastest with the time of 4 minutes. The eggshell chalk with onion was the slowest to repel

ants. This implies that the eggshell chalk with ginger is the fast-acting repellant chalk and the slow-

acting repellant is the eggshell chalk with onion under trial 1. On table 4.1.2.1A, a comparison of the

results from the fast activity test measured by time for trials 1-3 are shown.

Analyzing the results obtained from the second trial, the eggshell chalk with ginger repelled the

ants the fastest with the time of 3 minutes and 13 seconds. The eggshell chalk with chili pepper was

the slowest to repel ants with the time of 6 minutes and 23 seconds. This implies that the eggshell

chalk with ginger is the fast-acting repellant chalk and the slow-acting repellant chalk is the eggshell

chalk with chili pepper under trial 2. On table 4.1.2.1A, a comparison of the results from the fast

activity test measured by time for trials 1-3 are shown.

Now looking at the results obtained from the third trial, the eggshell chalk with ginger repelled

the ants the fastest with the time of 3 minutes and 20 seconds. The eggshell chalk with onion was the

51
slowest to repel ants with the time of 4 minutes and 54 seconds. This implies that the eggshell chalk

with ginger is the fast-acting repellant chalk and the slow-acting repellant chalk is the eggshell chalk

with onion under trial 3. On table 4.1.2.1A, a comparison of the results from the fast activity test

measured by time for trials 1-3are shown.

The researcher to be able to rank the chalks according to fast-activity looked for the mean of

the time covered by each eggshell chalks.

Table 4.3.6A Mean of the time covered by each type of chalk under fast-activity test

The eggshell chalk with ginger with the average time of 3 minutes and 52 seconds was

considered the fastest acting chalk repellant for ants. Next in line in terms of fast activity is the

eggshell chalk with garlic which has the average time of 4 minutes and 47 seconds. Then it’ll be

followed by the eggshell chalk with chili pepper with the average time of 5 minutes and 7 seconds.

The eggshell chalk with onion was considered by the researcher as the slowest acting chalk repellant

for ants.

To validate the researcher's test, it is important to also analyze the data gathered from the

consumers test.

Table 4.3.6B Mean of the evaluation tally for fast-activity

test of the different types of eggshell chalks

52
 It is apparent that from table 4.3.6B, the eggshell chalk with ginger is fastest acting among

other chalk repellants, next is eggshell chalk with garlic, and then followed by eggshell chalk with

onion. The one considered as the slowest acting repellant is the eggshell chalk with chili pepper.

Actually, the mean of the variables are just close to one another or precise. The means are also

near the true value which is 2 which means the chalks started repelling after 4 minutes and 3 which

means the chalk started repelling after 3 minutes. So even though the eggshell chalk with ginger was

considered the fastest acting chalk repellent among the rest, still, based on the scale, it’s performance

is just an average.

The researcher without any guide papers just formulated categories on her own, future studies

will determine if the time shown on the tables in this study was accurate or just affected by other

external factors or worst, errors.

Table 4.3.6C Researcher's result vs. Respondents' result (ranked from fastest-acting to
slowest-acting)

Table 4.3.6C shows the some agreements and disagreements of the researcher’s result to the

respondents’ result.

4.3.7 Number of ants repelled

Table 4.3.7A Mean of the quantity of ants repelled

53
 It is apparent that from table 4.3.7A, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper repelled the most

number of ants, 16, next is eggshell chalk with garlic and ginger, 14, and the one that repelled the

least number of ants was the eggshell chalk with onion.

To validate the researcher's test, it is important to also analyze the data gathered from the

consumers test.

Table 4.3.7B Mean of the evaluation tally for ants-repelled-

quantity test of the different types of eggshell chalks

It is apparent that from table 4.3.7B, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper repelled for about 13 to

18 ants, which made it as the most effective in repelling numbers of ants. Next is eggshell chalk with

garlic with the mean of 2.89 meaning it repelled 7 to 12 ants, and then followed by eggshell chalk with

ginger with the mean of 2.74 meaning it also repelled 7 to 12 ants but not more than the ants repelled

by eggshell chalk with garlic. The one who repelled the fewest number of ants was the eggshell chalk

with onion with the mean 2.37 meaning it repelled 7 to 12 ants too but not more than the previously

mentioned eggshell chalks.

Even though the eggshell chalk with chili pepper was the most effective in repelling numbers of

ants among all of the other repellants, still, based on the scale, its performance is just an average.

Table 4.3.7C Researcher's result vs. Respondents' result (ranked from the chalk that repelled
the most number of ants to the lowest)

Table 4.3.7C shows the agreement of the researcher’s result to the respondents’ result.

4.3.8 Lasting Effect

54
 Table 4.3.8A Mean of the lasting effect test results
measured by hours of each eggshell chalk repellant

It is apparent that from table 4.3.8B, all the types of eggshell chalks last for the same number of

hours.

To validate the researcher's test, it is important to also analyze the data gathered from the

consumers test.

Table 4.3.8B Mean of the evaluation tally for lasting effect test of
the different types of eggshell chalks

It is apparent that from table 4.3.8B, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper was graded as 3.1

meaning it lasted for almost 14 hours, which made it as the longest lasting ant repellant. Next is

eggshell chalk with onion that is graded 2.8, meaning it lasted for 9 hours. Lastly, the eggshell chalks

with ginger and garlic that are graded 2.7 meaning it lasted for 9 hours but not longer than the

eggshell with onion.

Even though the eggshell chalk with chili pepper was the longest lasting ant repellant among all

of the other repellants, still, based on the scale, its performance is just an average.

55
 Table 4.3.8C Researcher's result vs. Respondents' result (ranked from the longest lasting to short-
lasting)

Table 4.3.8C shows the agreement of the researcher’s result to the respondents’ result.

4.3.9 Irritability

Table 4.3.9A Mean of the evaluation tally for irritability test of the
different types of eggshell chalks

It is apparent that from table 4.3.9B, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper was graded as 1.7

meaning respondents strongly disagree that it caused them itch and irritability. Next is eggshell chalk

with garlic that was graded 1.5, respondents also strongly disagree that it caused them itch and

irritability. Lastly, the eggshell chalks with ginger and onion that are graded 1.3 meaning respondents

also strongly disagree that it caused them itch and irritability.

It is nice to know that most of the respondents didn’t experience irritability to the chalks stimulus

meaning, the products are really not harmful to humans.

4.3.10 Effects to other insect species

4.3.10.1 Measure if chalk repellent can attract other insect species

56
 Table 4.3.10.1A Mean of the number of other insect species
attracted by each eggshell chalk repellant

It is apparent that from table 4.3.10.1A, the eggshell chalk with ginger got the highest number of

other insect species attracted, 3, while the rest got 2 other insect species attracted.

Table 4.3.10.1B Mean of the evaluation tally for the ability of

different type of chalks to attract other insects species

It is apparent that from table 4.3.10.1B, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper was graded as 4.4

meaning it only attracted 2 other insect species. Next is the eggshell chalk with garlic that was graded

4.3, meaning it also attracted 2 other insect species. Then it is followed by the eggshell chalk with

onion, graded with 4.2, meaning it also attracted 2 other insect species. Lastly, the eggshell chalks

with ginger, graded as 3.9, meaning it attracted 3 other insect species which is not a good indicator.

Table 4.3.10.1C Researcher's result vs. Respondents' result (ranked from the chalk that attracted the highest
number of insect species to lowest)

Table 4.3.10.1C shows the agreement of the researcher’s result to the respondents’ result.

4.3.10.2 Measure if chalk repellent can kill/repel other insect species

57
 Table 4.3.10.2A Mean of the number of other insect species
repelled by each eggshell chalk repellant

It is apparent that from table 4.3.10.2A, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper repelled 5 other

insects’ species which is a very good indicator. Next are the eggshell chalks with garlic and onion that

repelled 4 other insect species each. Then a few insects’ species, specifically 2, was repelled by the

eggshell chalk with onion.

Table 4.3.10.2B Mean of the evaluation tally for the ability of

different type of chalks to repel other insects species

It is apparent that from table 4.3.10B, the eggshell chalk with chili pepper was graded as 4.7

meaning it repelled 4 other insect species which is a very good indicator. Next are eggshell chalks

with garlic and onion that was graded 4.3, meaning it also repelled 4 other insect species. Lastly, the

eggshell chalk with ginger that was graded 3.9 meaning it only repelled 3 other insect species.

Table 4.3.10.2C Researcher's result vs. Respondents' result (ranked from the chalk that repelled the
highest number of insect species to lowest)

58
 Table 4.3.10.2C shows some of the agreements and disagreements of the researcher’s result

to the respondents’ result.

Table 4.3A Summary of results

SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS

Mean
1

4.9 4.6 4.7 4.3 2.2 3 3.1 1.7 4.4 4.7

0

59
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions

The experience gained and the data gathered led to the formulation of the following conclusions:

It is really possible to produce eggshell chalks with chili pepper, garlic, ginger and onion. The

making of repellent chalks is really simple if you will just follow the procedures. External factors like,

humidity and sterility is also needed to be observed to obtain an almost perfect chalk. If the eggshells

were not properly sterilized from the very first start, the shelf life of the product would be affected, it will

spoil in short matter of time with growth of molds and fungi too. The repellant chalks are also effective in

deterring ants, the results would also show.

5.2 Recommendations

The researcher underwent a lot of trials and errors before coming up with the somehow

appropriate methods to use for the production of eggshell chalks with chili pepper, garlic, ginger, and

onion as biorepellants for ants. Unluckily, the researcher failed to find at least two or three articles or

journals to guide her in her study, These repetitions and series of trials and errors consumed too much of

the researcher’s time, so as a result, time for the experimentation, gathering of data and observation

weren’t maximized. The researcher recommends further research on the project especially on searching

articles or journals to be read that is somehow the same with the go about of the product that was

chosen. The researcher also believes that if one is knowledgeable about all the different methods that

could be used in a scientific experiment and be able to utilize it using appropriate materials, the

60
experiment would be so significant and helpful for the attainment of results. This study also requires the

next researchers to perfect the products’ quality and test its effectiveness, to be able to do that, the

current researcher suggests that the next researcher keep that pocket money for buying the materials

over and over again. Sterilizing the empty eggshells is vital for this experiment. She also wants to take

note that one should not conduct this experiment on a rainy season for humidity affects the drying phase

of the chalks and if you failed to dry the chalks properly, spoiling would be initiated by bacteria. The

researcher would also like to advice to make use of an improvised heat source like the one used in

Berlese experiment if in case the product making is done during rainy seasons.

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