Discovering Computers

Enhanced Edition ©2017

Tools, Apps, Devices, and the Impact of Technology

Chapter 11
Building
Solutions
Objectives Overview

Differentiate among a
Differentiate between
character, field, record,
file processing systems
and data file and
and the database
describe validation
approach
techniques

Describe uses of web

databases, types of
databases, and Big Data

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for Detailed Objectives in whole or in part.
Objectives Overview

Discuss functions common

Define system development,
to most database
list the system development
management systems: data
phases, and identify the
dictionary, file retrieval and
guidelines for system
maintenance, data security,
development
and backup and recovery

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for Detailed Objectives in whole or in part.
Databases, Data, and Information

Database Data Information

• Collection of • Collection of • Processed data

data organized unprocessed • Organized
in a manner items • Meaningful
that allows • Text • Useful
access, • Numbers
retrieval, and
• Images
use of that
data • Audio
• Video
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Databases, Data, and Information

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Figure 11-1 in whole or in part.
Databases, Data, and Information

• Database software, often called a database

management system (DBMS), allows users to:

Create a computerized Add, modify, and

database delete data

Create forms and

Sort and retrieve data
reports from the data

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in whole or in part.
Hierarchy of Data

• Data is organized in levels

– Characters, fields records, and files

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Figure 11-2 in whole or in part.
Hierarchy of Data

• A character is one byte

– Numbers, letters, space,
punctuation marks, or
other symbols
• A field is a combination
of one or more related
characters
– Field name
– Field size
– Data type

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8
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
Figure 11-3
Hierarchy of Data
• Common data types include:

Text Numeric AutoNumber Currency

Date Memo Yes/No Hyperlink

Object Attachment

Page 500
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duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole
or in part.
Hierarchy of Data

• A record is a group of related fields

– A primary key is a field that uniquely identifies each record
• A data file is a collection of related records

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Figure 11-4 in whole or in part.
Databases, Data, and Information

• File maintenance refers to the procedures that

keep data current

Adding Modifying Deleting

records records records

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in whole or in part.
Databases, Data, and Information

• Users add new records to a file when they obtain

new data

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Figure 11-5
Databases, Data, and Information

• Users modify a record to correct inaccurate data

or update old data

Page 502 13
Figure 11-6
Databases, Data, and Information

• When a record no longer is needed, a user deletes

it from a file

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Figure 11-7
Databases, Data, and Information

• Validation compares data with a set of rules or

values to find out if the data is correct and meets
certain criteria

Alphabetic/Numeric Consistency
check Range check
check

Completeness
Check digit Other checks
check

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in whole or in part.
File Processing Systems and Databases

File processing system Database approach

• Each department has its • Programs and users share

own set of files data
• Redundant data • Reduced data redundancy
• Isolated data • Improved data integrity
• Shared data
• Easier access
• Reduced development
time
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in whole or in part.
File Processing Systems and Databases

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Figure 11-6 in whole or in part.
File Processing Systems and Databases

• Disadvantages of a database approach

– Can be more complex than a file processing system
– Require more memory and processing power
– Data can be more vulnerable

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in whole or in part.
File Processing Systems and Databases

• Web databases offer information about:

Shopping
Television
Jobs Travel (Products and
programming
Services)

Local and
Photos Movies Videos national
weather

Sporting Legislative
events information

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in whole or in part.
File Processing Systems and Databases

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in whole or in part.
Databases Types (Data Models)

• A data model defines how users view the

organization of the data (How the database
organizes data!!)

Multidimensional
Relational Object-oriented
and other
database database (OODB)
database types

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in whole or in part.
Databases Types (Data Models)

• A relational database
stores data in tables that
consist of rows and
columns
– Each row has a primary
key
– Each column has a unique
name
• A relationship is a link
within the data among
tables

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Page 509
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole
Figure 11-7 or in part.
Database Management Systems

• A data dictionary contains data about each file in

the database and each field in those files

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Figure 11-8 in whole or in part.
Database Management Systems

• A DBMS provides several tools that allow users

and programs to retrieve and maintain data in the
database Query language

Query by example

Form

Report writer

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in whole or in part.
Database Management Systems
• A query is a request for specific data from the database
• A query language consists of simple, English-like statements
that allow users to specify the data to display, print, store,
update, or delete
• Structured Query Language (SQL) is a popular query language
that allows users to manage, update, and retrieve data

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or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Database Management Systems

• Most DBMSs include query by example (QBE), a

feature that has a graphical user interface (GUI) to
assist users with retrieving data

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Figure 11-9 in whole or in part.
Database Management Systems
• A form is a window on the screen that provides areas for
entering or modifying data in a database
• A report writer allows users to design a report on the
screen, retrieve data into the report design, and then
display or print the report

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Figure 11-10 or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Database Management Systems

A DBMS provides means to

ensure that only authorized
users access data
•Access privileges
•Principle of least privilege policy
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in whole or in part.
Database Management Systems

• A DMBS provides a variety of techniques to

restore the database to a usable form in case it is
damaged or destroyed

Backup Log

Recovery Continuous
utility backup
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in whole or in part.
System Development
• An information system is a collection of hardware,
software, data, people, and
procedures that work together
to produce information
• System development is a set
of activities used to build an
information system
• A systems analyst is responsible for designing and
developing an information system
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in whole or in part.
System Development

System development is a set of activities

used to build an information system
System development activities are
grouped into phases, and is called
the system development life cycle
(SDLC)
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in whole or in part.
System Development

• The Five phases of system

Development:
1. Planning phase
2. Analysis phase
3. Design phase
4. Implementation phase
5. Support and Security phase
-

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Figure 11-11 in whole or in part.
Summary

The advantages of the

Hierarchy of data and
database approach
the ways to validate
versus the file
data
processing approach

Characteristics and
System development
Tools of database
phases
management systems

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in whole or in part.
 Discovering Computers
Enhanced Edition ©2017
Tools, Apps, Devices, and the Impact of Technology

Chapter 11
Building
Solutions
Chapter 11 Complete