CSIS 110 - Chapter 5

Ralph M. Stair | George W.
Reynolds
Chapter 5
Database Systems and

Applications
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or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Principles and Learning Objectives: Data
Management and Modeling
• Data management and modeling are key

aspects of organizing data and information
– Define general data management concepts
and terms, highlighting the advantages of the
database approach to data management
– Describe logical and physical database
design considerations, the function of data
centers, and the relational database model
2
Principles and Learning Objectives:
Database Support in Decision Making
• A well-designed and well-managed

database is an extremely valuable tool in
supporting decision making
– Identify the common functions performed by
all database management systems, and
identify popular database management
systems
3
Principles and Learning Objectives:
Evolving Database Applications
• The number and types of database

applications will continue to evolve and
yield real business benefits
– Identify and briefly discuss business
intelligence, data mining, and other database
applications
4
Why Learn About Database Systems and
Applications?
• A huge amount of data is captured for

processing by computers every day
• Learning about database systems and
applications can help you make the most
effective use of information
• Databases and applications to extract and
analyze valuable information can help you
succeed in your career
5
Introduction
• Database: an organized collection of data

• A database management system (DBMS)
is a group of programs that:
– Manipulate the database
– Provide an interface between the database
and its users and other application programs
6
Data Management
• Without data and the ability to process it:

– An organization could not successfully
complete most business activities
• Data consists of raw facts
• Data must be organized in a meaningful
way to transform it into useful information
7
The Hierarchy of Data
• A bit (binary digit) represents a circuit that

is either on or off
• A byte is made up of eight bits
– Each byte represents a character
• Field: a name, number, or combination of
characters that describes an aspect of a
business object or activity
8
The Hierarchy of Data (cont’d.)
• Record: a collection of related data fields

• File: a collection of related records
• Database: a collection of integrated and
related files
• Hierarchy of data: bits, characters, fields,
records, files, and databases
9
An Example of Hierarchy of Data
10
Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys
• Entity: a person, place, or thing for which

data is collected, stored, and maintained
• Attribute: a characteristic of an entity
• Data item: the specific value of an attribute
• Primary key: a field or set of fields that
uniquely identifies the record
11
Keys and Attributes
12
The Database Approach
• Traditional approach to data management

– Each distinct operational system used data
files dedicated to that system
• Database approach to data management
– Information systems share a pool of related
data
13
Database Approach to Data Management
14
Data Centers, Data Modeling and
Database Characteristics
• Considerations when building a database

– Content: what data should be collected and at
what cost?
– Access: what data should be provided to
which users and when?
– Logical structure: how should data be
arranged so that it makes sense?
– Physical organization: where should data be
physically located?
15
Data Modeling
• Data model: a diagram of data entities and

their relationships
• Enterprise data modeling: data modeling
done at the level of the entire enterprise
• Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams: data
models that use basic graphical symbols
to show the organization of and
relationships between data
16
Entity-Relationship (ER) Diagram for a
Customer Order Database
17
Relational Database Model
• Relational model: a simple but highly

useful way to organize data into collections
of two-dimensional tables called relations
• Relational model databases include:
– Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL Server,
Microsoft Access, MySQL, and Sybase
• Domain: range of allowable values for a
data attribute
18
Relational Database Model (cont’d.)
19
Manipulating Data
• Selecting: eliminating rows according to

certain criteria
• Projecting: eliminating columns in a table
• Joining: combining two or more tables
• Linking: combining two or more tables
through common data attributes to form a
new table with only the unique data
attributes
20
Simplified ER Diagram
21
Linking Data Tables to Answer an Inquiry
22
Data Cleansing
• Also called data cleaning or data

scrubbing
• The process of detecting and then
correcting or deleting incomplete,
incorrect, inaccurate, irrelevant records
that reside in a database
• The cost of performing data cleansing can
be quite high
23
Tradeoff of Cost Versus Accuracy
24
Database Management Systems
• Creating and implementing the right

database system ensures that the
database will support both business
activities and goals
• Capabilities and types of database
systems vary considerably
25
Overview of Database Types
• Single-user DBMS
– Installed on a personal computer and meant
for a single user
– Examples: Microsoft Access and InfoPath,
Lotus Approach, and Personal Oracle
• Multiple-user DBMS
– Allows dozens or hundreds of people to
access the same system at the same time
– Vendors: Oracle, Microsoft, Sybase, and IBM
26
Overview of Database Types (cont’d.)
• Flat file
– Simplest database program
– The records have no relationship to one
another
– Store and manipulate a single table or file
– Examples: OneNote and Evernote
27
SQL Databases
• SQL: a special-purpose programming

language for accessing and manipulating
data stored in a relational database
• SQL databases conform to ACID
properties:
– Atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability
• 1986: SQL was adopted by ANSI as the
standard query language for relational
databases
28
Table 5.1 Examples of SQL Commands
SQL Command Description

SELECT ClientName, Debt FROM This query displays all clients (ClientName) and the amount
Client WHERE Debt > 1000 they owe the company (Debt) from a database table called
Client for clients who owe the company more than $1,000
(WHERE Debt > 1000).
SELECT ClientName, This command is an example of a join command that combines
ClientNum, OrderNum FROM data from two tables: the Client table and the Order table
Client, Order WHERE (FROM Client, Order). The command creates a new table with
Client.ClientNum=Order.ClientNum the client name, client number, and order number (SELECT
ClientName, ClientNum, OrderNum). Both tables include the
client number, which allows them to be joined. This ability is
indicated in the WHERE clause, which states that the client
number in the Client table is the same as (equal to) the client
number in the Order table (WHERE
Client.ClientNum=Order.ClientNum).
GRANT INSERT ON Client to This command is an example of a security command. It allows
Guthrie Bob Guthrie to insert new values or rows into the Client table.
29
NoSQL Databases
• A database designed to store and retrieve

data in a manner that does not rigidly
enforce the atomic conditions associated
with the relational database model
– Provides faster performance and greater
scalability
• Examples
– Cassandra used by Facebook
– DynamoDB used by Amazon
30
Visual, Audio, and Other Database
Systems
• Visual databases store images of charge

slips, X-rays, and vital records
– Images can be stored in some object-
relational databases or special-purpose
database systems
• Spatial databases provide location-based
services
– Maps are embedded into a Web site’s Web
applications and operational systems
31
Database Activities
• Providing a user view of the database

• Adding and modifying data
• Storing and retrieving data
• Manipulating the data and generating
reports
32
Providing a User View
• Schema: a description of the entire

database
• A schema can be part of the database or a
separate schema file
• The DBMS can reference a schema to find
where to access the requested data in
relation to another piece of data
33
Creating and Modifying the Database
• Data definition language (DDL)

– A collection of instructions and commands
used to define and describe data and
relationships in a specific database
– Allows the database’s creator to describe data
and relationships that are to be contained in
the schema
• Data dictionary: a detailed description of
all the data used in the database
34
Data Definition Language
35
Data Dictionary Entry
36
Storing and Retrieving Data
• When an application program needs data,

it requests the data through the DBMS
• Concurrency control deals with the
situation in which two or more users or
applications need to access the same
record at the same time
37
Logical and Physical Access Paths
38
Manipulating Data and Generating
Reports
• Query by Example (QBE) is a visual

approach to developing database queries
or requests
• Data manipulation language (DML): a
specific language, provided with a DBMS
– Allows users to access and modify the data,
to make queries, and to generate reports
39
Manipulating Data and Generating
Reports (cont’d.)
• Once a database has been set up and

loaded with data, it can produce reports,
documents, and other outputs
• A DBMS can produce a wide variety of
documents, reports, and other output that
can help organizations achieve their goals
40
Database Administration
• DBA: a skilled and trained IS professional

– Works with users to define their data needs
– Applies database programming languages to
craft a set of databases to meet those needs
– Tests and evaluates databases
– Implements changes to improve their
databases’ performance
– Assures that data is secure from unauthorized
access
41
Database Administration (cont’d.)
• Data administrator: a nontechnical position

responsible for defining and implementing
consistent principles for a variety of data
issues
• The data administrator can be a high-level
position reporting to top-level managers
42
Table 5.2 Popular Database Management
Systems
Open-Source Relational DBMS for Relational DBMS for

Relational Individuals and Workgroups and NoSQL DBMS
DBMS Workgroups Enterprise
MySQL Microsoft Access Oracle Mongo DB
PostgreSQL IBM Lotus Approach IBM DB2 Cassandra
MariaDB Google Base Sybase Redis
SQL Lite OpenOffice Base Teradata CouchDB
Microsoft SQL Server
Progress OpenEdge
43
Popular Database Management Systems
• Database as a Service (DaaS)

– The database is stored on a service provider’s
servers
– The database is accessed by the client over a
network, typically the Internet
– Database administration is handled by the
service provider
• Example of DaaS: Amazon Relational
Database Service (Amazon RDS)
44
Using Databases with Other Software
• DBMSs can act as front-end or back-end

applications
– Front-end applications interact directly with
people
– Back-end applications interact with other
programs or applications
• Spin-off database applications include:
– Big data, data warehouses and data marts,
and business intelligence
45
Big Data
• Extremely large and complex data

collections
– Traditional data management software,
hardware, and analysis processes are
incapable of dealing with them
• Three characteristics of big data
– Volume
– Velocity
– Variety
46
Table 5.3 Big Data Generators
Source Magnitude of Data Generated
Large Hadron particle 40 terabytes of data per second

accelerator at CERN
Commercial aircraft engines More than 1 petabyte per day of sensor data
Cell phones More than 5 billion people worldwide are making
cell phone calls, exchanging text messages, and
accessing Web sites
YouTube 48 hours of video uploaded per minute
Facebook 100 terabytes uploaded per day
Twitter 500 million tweets per day
RFID tags 1,000 times the volume of data generated by bar
codes
47
Challenges of Big Data
• How to choose what subset of the data to

store
• Where and how to store the data
• How to find the nuggets of data that are
relevant to the decision making at hand
• How to derive value from the relevant data
48
In-Memory Databases
• A database management system that

stores the entire database in random
access memory (RAM)
• Enable the analysis of big data and other
challenging data-processing applications
• Perform best on multiple multicore CPUs
49
Data Warehouses and Data Marts
• Data warehouse: a large database that

collects business information from many
sources in the enterprise in support of
management decision making
• ETL process
– Extract
– Transform
– Load
50
Elements of a Data Warehouse
51
Data Warehouses and Data Marts
(cont’d.)
• Data mart: a subset of a data warehouse

that is used by small- and medium-sized
businesses and departments within large
companies to support decision making
• A specific area in the data mart might
contain greater detailed data than the data
warehouse
52
Business Intelligence
• A broad range of technologies and

applications
– Enabling an organization to transform mostly
structured data obtained from information
systems to perform analysis, generate
information, and improve the decision making
of the organization
53
Business Intelligence (cont’d.)
• Technologies include:
– Data mining
– Online analytical processing
– Predictive analytics
– Data visualization
– Competitive intelligence
54
Data Mining
• An information-analysis tool that involves

the automated discovery of patterns and
relationships in a data warehouse
• Provides bottom-up, discovery-driven
analysis
55
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
• A form of analysis that allows users to

explore data from a number of
perspectives, enabling a style of analysis
known as “slicing and dicing”
• Provides top-down, query-driven data
analysis
56
Table 5.6 Comparison of OLAP and Data
Mining
Characteristic OLAP Data Mining

Purpose Supports data analysis and Supports data analysis and
decision making decision making
Type of analysis Top-down, query-driven data Bottom-up, discovery-driven

supported analysis data analysis
Skills required of user Must be very Must trust in data-mining

knowledgeable of the data tools to uncover valid and
and its business context worthwhile hypotheses
57
Predictive Analysis
• Also called predictive analytics

• A form of data mining that combines
historical data with assumptions about
future conditions to predict outcomes of
events, e.g., future product sales or the
probability that a customer will default on a
loan
58
Data Visualization
• In analyzing data, charts and graphs make

it easier to:
– See trends and patterns
– Identify opportunities for further analysis
• Software examples:
– Excel and SAS Visual Analytics
59
Data Visualization: Social Graph Analysis
• A data visualization technique in which

data is represented as networks
– Vertices are the individual data points (social
network users)
– Edges are the connections among the
vertices
60
Data Visualization: Key Performance
Indicators (KPIs) and Dashboards
• KPIs: quantifiable measurements that

assess progress toward organizational
goals and reflect the critical success
factors of an organization
• Dashboard: a data visualization tool that
displays the current status of the key
performance indicators (KPIs) for an
organization
61
Competitive Intelligence
• Competitive intelligence encompasses

information about competitors and the
ways that knowledge affects strategy,
tactics, and operations
• Counterintelligence describes the steps an
organization takes to protect information
sought by “hostile” intelligence gatherers
62
Summary – Principle 1
• Data is one of the most valuable resources

that a firm possesses
• An entity is an object for which data is
collected, stored, and maintained
• Database considerations: content, access,
logical structure, and physical organization
• The relational model places data in two-
dimensional tables
63
• A DBMS is a group of programs used as

an interface between a database and its
users and other application programs
• DBMS basic functions include:
– Providing user views
– Creating and modifying the database
– Storing and retrieving data
– Manipulating data and generating reports
64
Summary – Principle 2 (cont’d.)
• After a DBMS has been installed, the

database can be accessed, modified, and
queried via a data manipulation language
• A database administrator (DBA) plans,
designs, creates, operates, secures,
monitors, and maintains databases
• Database as a Service (DaaS) is a new
form of database service
65
• “Big data” is the term used to describe

enormous and complex data collections
• Data warehouses are relational DBMSs
specifically designed to support
management decision making
66
Summary – Principle 3 (cont’d.)
• Data mining allows the automated

discovery of patterns and relationships in a
data warehouse
• Counterintelligence describes the steps an
organization takes to protect information
sought by “hostile” intelligence gatherers
67

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Ralph M. Stair | George W.

Database Systems and

• Data management and modeling are key

• A well-designed and well-managed

• The number and types of database

• A huge amount of data is captured for

• Database: an organized collection of data

• Without data and the ability to process it:

• A bit (binary digit) represents a circuit that

• Record: a collection of related data fields

• Entity: a person, place, or thing for which

• Traditional approach to data management

• Considerations when building a database

• Data model: a diagram of data entities and

• Relational model: a simple but highly

• Selecting: eliminating rows according to

• Also called data cleaning or data

• Creating and implementing the right

• SQL: a special-purpose programming

SQL Command Description

• A database designed to store and retrieve

• Visual databases store images of charge

• Providing a user view of the database

• Schema: a description of the entire

• Data definition language (DDL)

• When an application program needs data,

• Query by Example (QBE) is a visual

• Once a database has been set up and

• DBA: a skilled and trained IS professional

• Data administrator: a nontechnical position

Open-Source Relational DBMS for Relational DBMS for

MySQL Microsoft Access Oracle Mongo DB

PostgreSQL IBM Lotus Approach IBM DB2 Cassandra

MariaDB Google Base Sybase Redis

SQL Lite OpenOffice Base Teradata CouchDB

Microsoft SQL Server

• Database as a Service (DaaS)

• DBMSs can act as front-end or back-end

• Extremely large and complex data

Source Magnitude of Data Generated

Large Hadron particle 40 terabytes of data per second

• How to choose what subset of the data to

• A database management system that

• Data warehouse: a large database that

• Data mart: a subset of a data warehouse

• A broad range of technologies and

• An information-analysis tool that involves

• A form of analysis that allows users to

Characteristic OLAP Data Mining

Type of analysis Top-down, query-driven data Bottom-up, discovery-driven

Skills required of user Must be very Must trust in data-mining

• Also called predictive analytics

• In analyzing data, charts and graphs make

• A data visualization technique in which

• KPIs: quantifiable measurements that

• Competitive intelligence encompasses

• Data is one of the most valuable resources

• A DBMS is a group of programs used as

• After a DBMS has been installed, the

• “Big data” is the term used to describe

• Data mining allows the automated

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