西南交通大学学报

第 57 卷 第 2 期 Vol. 57 No. 2
JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY Apr. 2022
2022 年 4 月

ISSN: 0258-2724 DOI：10.35741/issn.0258-2724.57.2.2

Research article

Education

CHARACTER EDUCATION OF GANDRUNG DANCE IN THE SPIRIT OF

NUSANTARA

以 努桑塔拉 精神进行 甘龙 舞蹈的品格教育

Ida Ayu Trisnawati

Institut Seni Indoensia Denpasara, Pogram Studi Tari
Denpasar, Indonesia, dayutrisnа@gmаil.com

Received: January 11, 2022 ▪ Review: February 9, 2022

▪ Accepted: March 10, 2022 ▪ Published: April 30, 2022

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

Abstract
Art is an expression of the soul that is very pure and full of the value of beauty. This pure and
beautiful soul can be realized if everyone can interpret art positively. Various positive characters can be
developed through artistic activities. Mutual respect for differences is a powerful way to strengthen the
spirit of the archipelago. Real goals that can be achieved by describing various types of Gandrung include
Gandrung Banyuwangi, Gandrung Bali, and Gandrung Lombok performances which are harmonious,
aesthetic, and full of character values reflecting multiculturalism. This research uses a qualitative
approach combined with creating works of art. This qualitative approach was carried out in the early
stages of the research to identify the existence of Gandrung arts in Banyuwangi, Bali, and Lombok.
Information about the informants was collected using the purposive method, observation and study of
documentation. Gandrung proves that art can create beauty, harmony, and financial benefits for society.
Finally, a sense of nationalism grew with the spirit of the archipelago, revealing various potentials of this
nation. This study found that the infatuation with performing arts has character values of tolerance,
cooperation, hard work, discipline, creativity, and entrepreneurial spirit, which are obtained formally and
can also be obtained informally (in a community environment).

Keywords: Arts, Characters, Gandrung, Spirit, Values

摘要 艺术是一种心灵的表达，非常纯粹，充满了美的价值。如果每个人都能够积极地诠释艺术，
那么这种纯净而美好的灵魂就可以实现。通过艺术活动可以培养各种积极的性格。相互尊重差异
是加强群岛精神的有力方式。通过描述各种类型的甘龙 可以实现的真正目标包括甘龙外南梦、甘
龙巴厘岛和甘龙龙目岛表演，这些表演和谐、美观且充满反映多元文化的性格价值观。本研究采
 Trisnawati. Character Education of Gandrung Dance in the Spirit of Nusantara, Vol. 57 No. 2 Apr. 2022
15
用定性方法与创作艺术作品相结合。这种定性方法是在研究的早期阶段进行的，以确定在外南梦
、巴厘岛和龙目岛存在的甘德龙艺术。使用有目的的方法，观察和研究文件来收集有关线人的信
息。甘龙 证明艺术可以为社会创造美丽、和谐和经济利益。最后，一种民族主义意识随着群岛的
精神而增长，揭示了这个国家的各种潜力。本研究发现，对表演艺术的迷恋具有宽容、合作、努
力、纪律、创造力和创业精神的性格价值观，这些价值观可以通过正式获得，也可以通过非正式
（在社区环境中）获得.
关键词: 艺术、人物、甘龙、精神、价值观
I. INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is a country with a very high
cultural wealth. This can be proven by the
existence of ethnicity, religion, customs, and arts.
As one of the cultural treasures of this country,
art consists of various types, namely fine arts,
dance/performance arts, and musical arts. Talking
about performing arts, Indonesia has a particular
characteristic, namely as an art figure who is very
flexible and fluid because the community
environment is always in a condition that
continues to change over a certain period of time,
is well established, and grows as a “tradition” [1].
The existence of art is significant in people’s
lives. The function of performing arts in people’s
lives is very diverse, including fertility rituals,
commemorating the life cycle from human birth
to death, repelling disease outbreaks, protecting
society from various threats of danger, personal
entertainment, aesthetic presentations
(spectacles), propaganda media, promoter of
social solidarity, binder of national solidarity, etc.
[2]. The complexity of the function of art makes
art live and dynamic. This dynamic can be seen
in the development of the performing arts itself.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
The development of art, if understood more
deeply, is not a strange thing. That art undergoes
changes in line with people’s thinking patterns
[3]. Whether we realize it or not, the mindset and
development of the times significantly impact the
development of art in society. The impact of
these developments led to various adjustments
and the creation of various arts. Such
developments occur throughout the arts
community, including in Indonesian society.
One of these changes can be seen in
developing the Gandrung dance in Banyuwangi,
Bali, and Lombok. Gandrung dances in
Banyuwangi, Bali, and Lombok are currently
experiencing a shift and being marginalized, so
efforts are needed to maintain them. Gandrung
dance in Banyuwangi is currently more identified
with a social dance, which is seen as a negative
connotation by some people, whereas the
gandrung dance is the inheritor of the value of
character education for the Banyuwangi
community. Furthermore, Gandrung was a
medium for the colonial struggle because
gandrung acted as a spy for the guerrillas during
the Dutch colonial period, conveying messages
symbolically to collect logistics for the troops in
the interior, who were eliminated by the Dutch in
the war [4].
Likewise, the gandrung dance that developed
in Lombok also experienced marginalization. The
traditional gandrung performance art was born in
the past as an expression of gratitude to God for
the rice harvest in the fields [5]. Thus, gandung
dance teaches that what is obtained from the
earth is not to forget to thank the creator.
Meanwhile, in Bali, the gandrung dance is a
sacred dance performed only at certain times and
places and only in certain areas. Its scarce
existence also causes the gandrung dance in Bali
to be not as well-known as the gandrung dance in
other areas such as Banyuwangi and Lombok. If
the condition of the Gandrung dance is not
appropriately handled by the community, it can
impact the loss of the dance, as happened in
Banyuwangi and Lombok, where it is seen as
unfavorable, this dance can be abandoned.
Alternatively, this dance is not so widely known
as in Bali because of its sacredness. Therefore,
revitalization actions in the form of
reconstruction and modification are necessary so
that this art can still be actual in today’s society
but does not leave its original identity. This
revitalization is also essential to develop
alternative tourism products that can attract
domestic and foreign tourists who come
primarily to Banyuwangi, Bali and Lombok, and
Indonesia as a whole so that the moral and sacred
values of education in this show are known by all
circles. Through this art revitalization process,

tourists can enjoy the beauty of Indonesian
culture in more straightforward and more
attractive packaging.
In addition, it is also necessary to understand
that apart from having the aesthetic value of art,
that also requires meaning and message. Art has
an important position in the education of the
nation’s character because art is very neutral and
readily accepted in society. Especially in
Indonesia, the people are multicultural and rich in
various arts and cultures with character education
values. The value of character education does not
have to be obtained formally but can also be
obtained informally in community interactions.
Messages of character education can be
developed through the media of art. The values of
discipline, hard work, love, and tolerance are so
strong in this stunning art performance. Different
movements and different sounds can be packaged
in one harmonious performance. Likewise,
today’s artists must be more open so that art can
bridge differences in society. One of them is
through staging together several regional arts into
a unified whole.
Based on the above facts, it is necessary to
innovate/new, which is still based on the
traditional gandrung philosophy in Banyuwangi,
Bali and Lombok. In addition, this performance
also aims to remind the potential and wealth of
the Indonesian nation that can be used to improve
welfare and become capital in facing global
competition. Thus, future generations will
understand the values contained in each art in
their area, especially art that has existed for
generations and is sacred in the community. This
Gandrung dance performance is ultimately
expected to be a means of tourism promotion that
will be staged sustainably as a tourist attraction
and a medium for delivering character education
values to respect each other’s cultures from other
regions. This has been implemented in the city of
Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara, entitled Untaian
Mutiara Gumi Sasak, which reproduces various
artistic potentials in the city of Mataram into
alternative tourism products [6].
III. RESEARCH METHOD
This research uses a qualitative approach
combined with creating works of art. This
qualitative approach was carried out in the early
stages of research to identify the existence of
Gandrung art in Banyuwangi, Bali and Lombok.
Furthermore, the second and third stages are
carried out to create works of art. The first step
taken by the researcher was to determine the
research location, which in this case was
Banyuwangi, Bali and Lombok. The next step of
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the research is to determine the informants who
will be interviewed using the purposive method
according to the informant’s knowledge. Data
collection was also carried out using the
observation method and documentation study.
Finally, the collected data will be analyzed using
interactive analysis [7]. In the first step, in the
form of a Gandrung dance performance,
presented three Gandrung types, namely
Banyuwangi, Bali and Lombok. The second step
is to determine the dance moves, which are the
main points in the Gandrung dance. Then the
third step is dance accompaniment.
Accompaniment significantly affects a work of
dance art so that there is a harmonization
between dance movements and the
accompaniment. Furthermore, the fourth step is
to prepare supporting facilities such as clothes,
accessories, stage, and others.
IV. RESULTS
A. The Term Gandrung
Gandrung is a dance that is synonymous with
fertility dance. In Indonesia, there are 3 regions
that have Gandrung arts, namely, Gandrung
Banyuwangi, Gandrung Bali, and Gandrung
Sasak from Lombok. In line with the meaning
and function of the Gandrung dance as a fertility
dance that also means prosperity, harmony and
difference can create beauty, meaning that
differences in identity, if understood, can be used
as capital to make our nation even better.
Conceptually, the word Gandrung contains
meanings, including love and fascination, and
substantially contains the understanding of being
loved, which is charming [8]. This feeling of
love, fascinated by the community that supports
it, is manifested in the form of dance. The dance
was then called the Gandrung dance by the
community.
Gandrung dance in each region has unique
characteristics in each region. For example, there
is a district in Banyuwangi that makes the
regional icon. The Gandrung dance is staged as a
form of gratitude and admiration for the beauty
of Dewi Sri, who provides welfare for the people
in this area [9]. Gandrung dance in Banyuwangi
is currently a cultural icon of the Banyuwangi
district and lives a vibrant life amid the
development of globalism.
While in Lombok, Gandrung is a folk dance that
originally existed among the wetu telu Islamic
community or the native Sasak population before
undergoing Islamization. The origin of this dance
is not well known, but oral information states that
this dance has existed since the time of Erlangga
 Trisnawati. Character Education of Gandrung Dance in the Spirit of Nusantara, Vol. 57 No. 2 Apr. 2022
17
in East Java. Then when the Karangasem
kingdom developed, which controlled Bali, this
dance also developed in this area [5]. This dance
does not follow the pattern of movement and
song accompaniment according to the usual
standards. It begins with an official ceremony,
where the palace soldiers see a set of Gambelan
(traditional ensemble music) and get the
opportunity to beat it and have fun without the
boundaries of the palace so that the movements
are still traditional. With time, movement
motives changed in the development of motion
and hand shape [10]. Gandrung dance in Lombok
is now widely developed to become a profane
dance used in traditional and artistic activities for
tourism promotion.
In contrast to the two areas, in Bali, the
Gandrung dance is a sacred dance that developed
in the old village (Bali Aga), whose existence is
very sacred. Historically, this dance was only
danced by a man dressed as a woman. However,
this dance was danced by women in subsequent
developments, as happened in Cempaga village,
Buleleng, Bali. Balinese Gandrung dance
generally has simple movements, uses simple
accessories, and can only be performed in certain
rituals.
Look at the characters of the three types of
Gandrung. Combining the energetic movements
of the Banyuwangi Gandrung dance, the Lombok
Sasak Gandrung dance, and the simple
movements of the Balinese sacred Gandrung
makes the Gandrung dance so unique. Another
value is the existence of a mission to show the
community that these differences can be
harmonized and collaborated to produce
something useful and mutually beneficial. This
spirit of togetherness is raised in the Gandrung
dance.
B. Character Values in Gandrung Dance
As alluded to in explaining the background
above, globalization is a necessity. However, the
narrowness of regional feelings that are getting
stronger along with regional autonomy, which
leads to hyper autonomy, consumerism culture,
and the spread of totalitarian ideologies leading
to violence, make the cultural face of the
Indonesian people challenging to recognize the
longer it looks blurry. In order to overcome this
problem, various ideas emerged, including
national character education. By adhering to the
label, national character education is essentially a
conscious and planned effort to humanize
Indonesian people and result in their typical
psychological, moral, character traits or
personalities, as reflected in their patterns of
thinking and habits, both in life, society, nation,
and state [11]. Therefore, undoubtedly, the
dimension of education must be seen not only in
the context of school but education in a broad
sense involving formal (school), informal
(family), and non-formal (community) education.
Education and art are closely related to the
content of educational values in the form of
ethical and aesthetic values. For humans as whole
persons, ethical values are related to morals and
values associated with the right and the wrong
held by groups or communities [12]. One of the
ways for non-formal education is through the art
of Gandrung dance. In the context of the
character, the art of Gandrung dance has
character content. Some of the main character
values possessed by Gandrung, such as:
1) Multiculture Paradigm
Gandrung dance is created from
regional/regional differences, namely,
Banyuwangi, Bali and Lombok (Sasak). This
difference can be harmonious; of course, it must
be based on an awareness of the difference. This
awareness is currently known as the attitude of
multiculturalism, namely an attitude or
perspective that accepts differences as a gift and
must be accepted and used as guidelines in
nation-building. Furthermore, an anti-racial
attitude, not discriminating against other people
based on SARA, is essential to continue to be
nurtured so that this nation is getting stronger.
Because actually, this nation is like the slogan
Bhineka Tunggal Ika, different but still one,
namely Indonesia. These values are the strong
foundation for the creation of the Gandrung
Tridatu dance, which is based on the awareness
of the differences that are owned by the
Indonesian people.
Multicultural education denotes a process of
developing attitudes and behavior of a person or
group of people to mature humans through
teaching, training, processes, actions, and ways
that educate [13]. The owned differences are then
made a way out in the gandrung dance, which
seeks to provide facilities so that everyone has
the same understanding of taking care of each
other, respecting differences as a mutual gift.
Furthermore, the introduction of regional culture
must be expanded with introductions to other
regional cultures, either in districts or certain
provinces, to become a national culture. Such an
attitude is undoubtedly instrumental in protecting
the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia
from various threats of radicalism and intolerance
that are currently developing.
2) Tolerance
After realizing a difference with the attitude

of multiculturalism, the realization is with an
attitude of tolerance. Tolerance is attitudes and
actions that respect differences in religion,
ethnicity, opinions, attitudes, and actions of other
people who are different from themselves [14].
Meanwhile, Tolerance is one of the core
teachings of Islam. Moreover, tolerance parallels
other fundamental teachings, such as compassion
(rahmah), wisdom (hikmah), universal benefit,
and justice [15]. The form is that this Gandrung
dance respects the differences in regional origins,
supporting tribes, dance movements, and clothing
styles, but the differences are harmonized and
accepted wholeheartedly. The whole attitude is
the real tolerance shown by this Gandrung dance.
It is hoped that this value of tolerance can be
transmitted to everyone who watches this dance
to positively impact our nationality’s
development in the future.
3) Cooperation
Then after having multicultural awareness and
tolerance to realize shared goals, we must work
together. The value of cooperation is shown by
the mutual respect for differences, desire to
collaborate with friends, understanding of the
feelings of others, etc. [14], [16]. This
cooperative attitude is clearly seen in the three
types of gandrung dance performances, unity,
beauty, and harmony. If there is cooperation
between dancers and musicians, dancers and
dancers, musicians and musicians, the
performance will undoubtedly be carried out well.
Besides that, the character of cooperation can be
seen from the aspect of preparation,
implementation to the end of the performance,
and how all supporting components of this
gandrung dance must work together to realize the
planned performance.
4) Hard Work
Cooperation alone cannot create a beautiful
and monumental suit. Therefore, it requires hard
work. Hard work is a behavior that shows a
genuine effort in overcoming various learning
and task barriers and completing tasks as well as
possible [11]. This hard work character is
undoubtedly the main asset in realizing the
Gandrung dance performance. The hard work of
dancers, musicians, choreographers, dance
stylists, and other components can be seen from
the initial idea, from practice to performance.
This attitude needs to be implemented in the life
of the nation and state so that we are given the
awareness that it is not easy to achieve something
without any effort because the actual results will
not betray the effort and hard work that has been
done.
18
5) Discipline
Dancers and musicians in the context of art
are very disciplined figures. Discipline is an
action that shows orderly behavior and obeys
various rules and regulations. This means that
dancers and musicians must follow the
performance rules regarding movement,
expression, clothing, makeup, etc. Likewise, each
musician has duties and functions under the rules
of percussion that have been made. All must obey
the rules that have been agreed upon. With the
implementation of a disciplined attitude, the
performance can run well. This is where we as
Indonesian citizens must organize ourselves
always to obey the rules that have been made.
6) Creativity
Without discipline, we will not develop if it is
only like that, so innovation and creativity must
be developed. Creativity is thinking and doing
something to produce a new way or result from
something already owned [16]. Imagination and
extraordinary creativity continue to be developed
to produce something innovative and
competitive. This is the starting point for the
emergence of the Gandrung dance, creative
thinking to develop a new dance based on the
uniqueness of each region, namely Banyuwangi,
Bali and Lombok. This high creativity must
continue to be developed to meet the increasingly
fierce global competition. Therefore, there needs
to be higher innovation and creation to meet the
global competition.
7) Entrepreneurship Spirit
After all these values exist and are united to
realize the Gandrung dance, there needs to be a
final touch so that it has broad benefits, namely
the existence of an entrepreneurial character.
Entrepreneurship is the attitude or courage that
people have to mobilize all resources and efforts,
including the ability to recognize new products,
determine production methods, and arrange
operations, marketing, manage capital to produce
something of high value. This character makes
Gandrung beneficial for tourism development in
Indonesia by becoming a promotional media and
a tourist attraction that can be packaged in
various forms such as DVDs, online media shows
(YouTube), brochures, and so on. If this can be
realized, the existence of Gandrung dance can
provide broad benefits to dancers and musicians
and the wider community, and the Indonesian
nation as a whole.
V. DISCUSSION
The character values mentioned above comply
with Magnis-Suseno’s view on the component of
Indonesian character, which was developed to
 Trisnawati. Character Education of Gandrung Dance in the Spirit of Nusantara, Vol. 57 No. 2 Apr. 2022
19
strengthen Indonesian nationalism. Stated that
overcoming the problem of the blurry image of
the Indonesian nation could be done through
three humanist values of national ethics: first, the
idea of pluralism, which requires that as an
Indonesian with a Pancasila personality, one must
accept plurality as a blessing [17]. This cannot be
separated from the pattern of Indonesian society,
which is multicultural. Acceptance of plurality is
not only cognitive but also treats other people
with different religions, ethnicities, cultures,
regions, and other aspects in an equal and fair
manner or without discrimination. Second,
democracy is the most appropriate political
system for the multicultural Indonesian nation
because “a chaotic country, as diverse as
Indonesia cannot be united by force. Indonesia
will only remain united if all components of the
nation want to unite, and they will only unite if
they can take care of it. That is what democracy
guarantees” [17]. Third, social justice is reflected
in various aspects of life, especially related to
creating a social space where Indonesians can
live as fully human beings who can optimally
actualize themselves as Indonesian people. This
is very important for realizing national solidarity.
Without social justice, the integrity of the Unitary
State of the Republic of Indonesia or social
integration in society is difficult to realize, even
turning into conflicts, ranging from latent
conflicts to violent conflicts. Through this
Gandrung dance, our society is expected to be
aware of its pluralism and then respect each
other’s differences so that they can live
democratically. Then, in the end, it can realize
social justice to achieve prosperity by developing
tourism entrepreneurs based on regional arts.
Another idea can also be observed; it states
that character should rely on nine pillars [18].
The nine pillars referred to are as follows: (1)
Love to Allah, trust, reverence, loyalty, (2)
Responsibility, excellence, self-reliance,
discipline, orderliness, (3) Trustworthiness,
reliability, honesty, (4) Respect, courtesy,
obedience, (5) Love, compassion, caring attitude,
empathy, generosity, moderation, cooperation,
(6) Confidence, assertiveness, creativity,
resourcefulness, courage, determination, and
enthusiasm, (7) Justice, fairness, mercy,
leadership, (8) Kindness, friendliness, humility,
modesty, and (9) Tolerance, flexibility,
peacefulness, unity [18].
Based on the various opinions mentioned
above, deradicalization can be done through art
because true art, especially dance, is full of
positive values and beauty. The development of
nationalism, as stated above, is certainly not so
easy. Therefore, a different approach is needed;
this is where the role of art, especially dance, is
needed. Art is usually more widely accepted and
seen as neutral and detached from interests.
Gandrung dance proves how differences, if
managed properly, can produce something
worthwhile. The benefits provided are not only
for the dance workers but also extend in the
context of people’s welfare with its potential in
the tourism sector.
Character values such as multiculturalism can
be a strong fortress in reducing radicalism and
ethnocentrism. The true multiculturalism
education, according to [19], has a very noble
goal, as shown below. “The goal of multicultural
education is an education for freedom.
Multicultural education should help students
develop the knowledge, attitudes, and skills to
participate in a democratic and free society.
Multicultural education promotes the freedom,
abilities, and skills to cross ethnic and cultural
boundaries to participate in other cultures and
groups.
Still, according to James A. Banks, the
substance of multiculturalism is freedom (as
education for freedom); it disseminates inclusive
movements to strengthen relations between
others (as an inclusive and cementing
movement). Thus, the value of multiculturalism
through the art of Gandrung dance is also a
medium for multicultural education, where
multicultural education is anti-racist,
fundamental, necessary (beneficial) for all
students, pervasive, for social justice, and is a
critical process and pedagogy. If described in
more detail, multicultural education has at least
five objectives. First, it improves self-
understanding and good self-concept. Second, it
increases sensitivity in understanding other
people, including various cultural groups in their
own country and other countries. Third, it
increases the ability to feel and understand the
plurality, sometimes conflicting interpretations of
nationality and culture, regarding an event,
values, and behavior. Fourth, it opens the mind
when responding to issues. Fifth, it helps
understand the background of the emergence of
cliché or ancient views, stay away from
stereotypical views, and respect all people [20].
Departing from this, the artists and the
government must join hands to continue to
promote art that requires a value. People
unconsciously, through artistic activities and
enjoying art such as watching the Gandrung
dance performances build awareness of diversity
awareness of differences. With this awareness, it
will indirectly strengthen nationalism and

cultivate our Indonesian spirit. These values must
be promoted through various artistic activities,
both traditional and modern, to realize a stronger
nationalist attitude in the era of globalization
VI. CONCLUSION
Gandrung dance performances are not just
artistic performances; the process of art creation,
performance, and production of gandrung dance
are full of nationalist values. The values of
nationalism character, Gandrung dance try to
penetrate differences in ethnic, religious, racial,
and inter-group backgrounds. Opening the eyes
and understanding of the whole community that
differences can provide positive benefits if we
develop them into innovative products by
reproducing the art of dance into new packaging
that is simpler, more attractive, and has a high
selling value. The whole process requires
character values. This study found educational
values embedded in good Gandrung art to
increase a sense of unity and mutual respect from
multiculturalism, tolerance, cooperation, hard
work, discipline, creativity, and an
entrepreneurial spirit. These character values are
instrumental in fostering nationalism and
preventing various currently emerging horizontal
and vertical conflicts. With the performance of
this gandrung dance, we can re-fertilize the
values of Indonesian nationalism.
This research is only limited to the character
values of multiculturalism, tolerance, cooperation,
hard work, discipline, creativity, and
entrepreneurial spirit. It is hoped that further
research can discuss the values contained in the
art of gandrung Banyuwangi, Bali and Lombok
both in terms of motion, clothing, and philosophy
that exist in the gandrung art lover community.
So traditional arts that are considered
unimportant by the next generation can survive in
global competition and support the government
in developing cultural tourism by instilling
character values.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author is thankful to the Indonesian
Institute of the Arts Denpasar as the place where
the author dedicates all the knowledge gained to
be disseminated and applied in society.
Furthermore, the author would like to express his
gratitude to the Banyuwangi Government and
Buleleng-Bali Regency Government, particularly
Sidetapa Village (Bali Aga Village) and the
Lombok Government, for their permission to
conduct research.
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