PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

SESSION = 2023-24

TOPIC: TO STUDY DIFFRACTION AND

EXPLAINS ITS INTENSITY CURVE

NAME: HARIOM SINGH

CLASS: XII SCIENCE (AISSE-2024)
ROLL NO. :

DECLERATION
I, HARIOM SINGH Roll Number ………………… of class
XII Science do hereby that the project “TO STUDY
DIFFRACTION AND EXPLAINS ITS INTENSITY CURVE ’’
has been completed in the Physic lab of K V Command Hospital
under the guidance and supervision of, Mr. Anup Kumar Shaw of the
Vidyalaya

(Hariom Singh)
SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere thanks to my physics teacher Mr. Anup
Kumar Shaw for her guidance and support in completing this project.

I would like to extend my gratitude to our principal Mr. A K Singh for

providing me with all the facilities and resources that were required to complete
the project successfully.

(Hariom Singh)
Signature of the Student
 CERTIFICATE
This is certified that roll number ………………. of class 12th Science,
Kendriya Vidyalaya Command Hospital has successfully completed the project
“TO STUDY DIFFRACTION AND EXPLAINS ITS INTENSITY CURVE
’’ Under our guidance and supervision in the Biology lab of the Vidyalaya

Teacher Principal External Examiner

CONTENTS
1) Object
2) Introduction
3) Material Required
4) Introduction
5) Bibliography
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Physics NCERT Textbook

 www.byjus.com
 www.vedantu.com

Objective:
 To Study Various Factors On Which The
Internal/EMF Of a Cell Depend
Introduction

What is electromagnetic force ?

Electromotive force is defined as the electric potential produced by either an

electrochemical cell or by changing the magnetic field. EMF is the commonly
used acronym for electromotive force.

A generator or a battery is used for the conversion of energy from one form to
another. In these devices, one terminal becomes positively charged while the
other becomes negatively charged. Therefore, an electromotive force is a work
done on a unit electric charge.

Electromotive force is used in the electromagnetic flowmeter which is an

application of Faraday’s law.

Symbol for Electromotive Force

The electromotive force symbol is ε.

What Is Electromotive Force Formula?

Following is the formula for electromotive force:

ε = V + Ir

Where,

 V is the voltage of the cell

 I is the current across the circuit
 r is the internal resistance of the cell
 ε is the electromotive force

What Is the Unit of EMF?

The unit for electromotive force is Volt.

EMF is numerically expressed as the number of Joules of energy given by the

source divided by each Coulomb to enable a unit electric charge to move across
the circuit.

Volt = joule/coulombs

Dimension of Electromotive Force

EMF is given as the ratio of work done on a unit charge which is represented as
follows:

EMF = joule/coulombs

Therefore, EMF dimension is given as M1L2T-3I-1

Various Factor On Which Internal Resistance Depend

The internal resistance of a cell depends on the following factors.

1. The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the distance
between the electrodes. This implies that, as the distance between the electrodes
increases, the internal resistance also increases and vice versa.
2. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the effective area
of the electrodes. This implies that, as the effective area of the electrodes
increases, the internal resistance decreases and vice versa.
3. The internal resistance of a cell increases with the concentration of the
solution. Because, with the increase in the concentration of the solution, the
number of ions per unit volume increases and, in turn, their bombardment also
increases.
4. The increase in temperature of the solution increases the kinetic energy of the
ions present, thus, the internal resistance of a cell also increases.
The electromotive force of a cell is always greater than the potential difference
across the same cell.

Thus, the internal resistance of a cell depends on the factors like distance
between the electrodes, the temperature, the effective area of the electrodes
and the concentration of the solution.

Additional Information: The formula for calculating the internal resistance of

a cell can be derived from the electromotive force equation, given by,

E=I(R+r)
⇒EI=R+r
Rearranging the terms in the above equation to obtain the expression in terms of
the internal resistance is,
r=EI−R

Where E is the electromotive force of the circuit, I is the current through the
circuit, R is the resistance of the load in the circuit and r is the internal
resistance of the cell.